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Publicacao.Pdf> sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21c/2019/06.27.17.03-TAE REGIME INTERNACIONAL APLICÁVEL A PEQUENOS SATÉLITES DE BAIXA COMPLEXIDADE: PROPOSTAS PARA SALVAGUARDAR ATORES ESPACIAIS E MITIGAR IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS NO ESPAÇO EXTERIOR. Márcia Alvarenga dos Santos Tese do Programa de Pós Gra- duação da Universidade Católica de Santos defendida como requi- sito à obtenção do Grau de Dou- tor em Direito. Área de Concen- tração: Direito Ambiental Interna- cional. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Olavo de Oliveira Bittencourt Neto. Co- orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Lo- pes de Oliveira e Souza. URL do documento original: <http://urlib.net/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3THHFCB> INPE São José dos Campos 2019 PUBLICADO POR: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE Gabinete do Diretor (GBDIR) Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SESID) CEP 12.227-010 São José dos Campos - SP - Brasil Tel.:(012) 3208-6923/7348 E-mail: [email protected] CONSELHO DE EDITORAÇÃO E PRESERVAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO INTELECTUAL DO INPE - CEPPII (PORTARIA No 176/2018/SEI- INPE): Presidente: Dra. Marley Cavalcante de Lima Moscati - Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CGCPT) Membros: Dra. Carina Barros Mello - Coordenação de Laboratórios Associados (COCTE) Dr. Alisson Dal Lago - Coordenação-Geral de Ciências Espaciais e Atmosféricas (CGCEA) Dr. Evandro Albiach Branco - Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre (COCST) Dr. Evandro Marconi Rocco - Coordenação-Geral de Engenharia e Tecnologia Espacial (CGETE) Dr. Hermann Johann Heinrich Kux - Coordenação-Geral de Observação da Terra (CGOBT) Dra. Ieda Del Arco Sanches - Conselho de Pós-Graduação - (CPG) Silvia Castro Marcelino - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SESID) BIBLIOTECA DIGITAL: Dr. Gerald Jean Francis Banon Clayton Martins Pereira - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SESID) REVISÃO E NORMALIZAÇÃO DOCUMENTÁRIA: Simone Angélica Del Ducca Barbedo - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SESID) André Luis Dias Fernandes - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SESID) EDITORAÇÃO ELETRÔNICA: Ivone Martins - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SESID) Cauê Silva Fróes - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SESID) sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21c/2019/06.27.17.03-TAE REGIME INTERNACIONAL APLICÁVEL A PEQUENOS SATÉLITES DE BAIXA COMPLEXIDADE: PROPOSTAS PARA SALVAGUARDAR ATORES ESPACIAIS E MITIGAR IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS NO ESPAÇO EXTERIOR. Márcia Alvarenga dos Santos Tese do Programa de Pós Gra- duação da Universidade Católica de Santos defendida como requi- sito à obtenção do Grau de Dou- tor em Direito. Área de Concen- tração: Direito Ambiental Interna- cional. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Olavo de Oliveira Bittencourt Neto. Co- orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Lo- pes de Oliveira e Souza. URL do documento original: <http://urlib.net/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3THHFCB> INPE São José dos Campos 2019 Esta obra foi licenciada sob uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 3.0 Não Adaptada. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Li- cense. ii [Dados Internacionais de Catalogação] Departamento de Bibliotecas da Universidade Católica de Santos ________________________________________________________________________________________ Santos, Márcia Alvarenga dos S237r Regime Internacional Aplicável a Pequenos Satélites de Baixa Complexidade: Propostas para Salvaguardar Atores Espaciais e Mitigar Impactos Ambientais no Espaço Exterior / Márcia Alvarenga dos Santos; orientadores Olavo de Oliveira Bittencourt Neto e Marcelo Lopes de Oliveira e Souza.-- 2019. 258 f.; 30 cm Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Católica de Santos, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Direito Ambiental Internacional, 2019 Inclui bibliografia 1. Direito ambiental internacional. 2. Direito espacial. 3. Satélites. I.Bittencourt Neto, Olavo de Oliveira. II.Souza, Marcelo Lopes de Oliveira e. III. Título. CDU 1997 -- 34(043.2) ________________________________________________________________________________________ Viviane Santos da Silva – CRB 8/6746 “There is freedom waiting for you, On the breezes of the sky, And you ask “What if I fall?” Oh but my darling, What if you fly?” - Erin Hanson Em homenagem ao Prof. Júnior Torres de Castro: um brasileiro, um visionário, um sonhador. AGRADECIMENTOS Esta tese foi possível porque, em meu caminho, recebi o apoio, o carinho e o respeito de muitas pessoas. Relembro a caminhada enquanto escrevo estes agradecimentos. O Prof. José Monserrat Filho sempre foi uma referência em Direito Espacial para mim e para o Brasil. Ele recebeu-me em sua casa, deu-me o incentivo que eu precisava para ingressar no Programa de Doutorado e apresentou-me o Prof. Olavo. Muito obrigada! O meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Olavo de Oliveira Bittencourt Neto, acolheu-me prontamente no Programa e me proporcionou oportunidades de crescimento acadêmico pelas quais nunca será suficiente agradecer. Muito obrigada! O meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Marcelo Lopes de Oliveira e Souza, um verdadeiro mestre do Céu aqui na Terra, iluminou minhas ideias e aprumou os meus passos. Ter convivido com ele foi um privilégio. Muito obrigada! A Universidade Católica de Santos e a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) viabilizaram minha bolsa de estudos, que foi imprescindível para esta conquista. Muito obrigada! O Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), ao qual tenho orgulho de servir, proporcionou minha licença parcial, fundamental para a qualidade de minhas pesquisas. A Dra. Ana Paula de Sá Santos Rabello, cuja tese inspirou minhas propostas, contribuiu com ideias e melhorias, que conferiram mais qualidade aos resultados. Muito obrigada! Os professores do Programa de Doutorado da Universidade Católica de Santos depositaram confiança nos meus trabalhos e propiciaram-me um desenvolvimento acadêmico sólido. Em especial, agradeço ao Prof. Fernando Cardozo Fernandes Rei, que me inspira por sua postura e sua sabedoria. Muito obrigada! Minhas amigas de Doutorado, Luciana Lima e Patrícia Gorisch, serviram-me de exemplo de profissionais e de mulheres, e deixaram marcas indeléveis em mim. Meus colegas do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Tecnologia Espaciais do INPE acolheram-me com muito respeito. Muito obrigada! Meus primos, Gilberto de Oliveira e Denise Lyra Verano de Oliveira, ofereceram-me lar e carinho na cidade de Santos, o que tornou esse sonho viável. Muito obrigada! Meu amor, Júlio César Lima d’Alge, esteve ao meu lado todo o tempo, nas curvas da estrada de Santos, nos momentos de celebração e naqueles mais desafiadores. Muito obrigada! Meus filhos, Isabela, Gabriel e Manuela Alvarenga de Mattos Landim, são meus tesouros preciosos. Por eles, para eles, todos os dias, sou capaz de fazer aquilo que parece impossível. Muito obrigada! Minha mãe, Mércia Maria Alvarenga, e minha tia, Marly Aparecida Alvarenga, além de minhas irmãs Ângela e Amanda Alvarenga, são o meu porto-seguro. Porque elas estiveram a meu lado nesta jornada, eu me senti mais fortalecida. Muito obrigada! Deus é minha fonte eterna de amor e de perseverança. Nele tenho a certeza de que vencerei. Muito obrigada! RESUMO Desde o início da era espacial mas, sobretudo, recentemente, a possibilidade de acessar o espaço instiga, em atores não comuns no cenário espacial, o desenvolvimento de aparatos menores, mais leves, dotados de tecnologias mais habituais, mais baratas. A série de satélites OSCAR, desde 1961, e a intensificação de lançamentos de cubesats, desde 2000, ilustram isto. Tecnicamente, esses satélites representam um risco muito grande aos grandes artefatos, pois são muitos, crescentemente numerosos, pouco ou nada controláveis ou observáveis, e, por vezes, são lançados em órbitas em que irão permanecer por muitos anos. O cenário que se compõe é um desafio às esferas técnica e jurídica. Na 1ª., são necessárias medidas para mitigar os impactos ambientais e outros, causados por tais objetos. Na 2ª., são necessárias novas regulamentações que deem um tratamento específico e confiram segurança jurídica aos Estados e proteção ao ambiente espacial. Assim, esta Tese apresenta propostas aplicáveis a Pequenos Satélites de Baixa Complexidade (PSBCs) para salvaguardar atores espaciais e mitigar impactos ambientais no espaço exterior. Para isto: 1) revisa a literatura e a legislação afins, especialmente do Direito Ambiental Internacional, do Direito Espacial, da Mecânica Orbital, da Teoria do Risco; 2) adota a caracterização por complexidade proposta por Bearden para conceituar PSBCs; 3) adota a Teoria do Risco, as terminologias do IPCC, da Suprema Corte Americana, e da FAA para propor uma classificação semi- quantitativa dos PSBCs por palavras, cores, e níveis; 4) busca, tabela e caracteriza a série OSCAR para ilustrar 1-3 e como caso de estudo; e 5) classifica alguns dos seus mais característicos satélites pelos níveis de risco/criticidade de seus impactos ambientais no espaço exterior. Tais itens sugerem que tais propostas são aplicáveis a PSBCs e visam salvaguardar atores espaciais e mitigar impactos ambientais no espaço exterior. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Direito Ambiental Internacional; Direito Espacial; Pequenos Satélites; Baixa Complexidade. ABSTRACT Since the beginning of the space age, but especially recently, the possibility of accessing space has encouraged the development of smaller, lighter devices equipped with more usual, cheaper technologies. The OSCAR satellites series, since 1961, and the intensification of cubesats launches since 2000 illustrate this. Technically, these satellites pose a very great risk to large artifacts, as they are many, increasingly numerous, almost or
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