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Year 11 Geography 2019 Extreme Natural Events – Hurricanes

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Year 11 Geography 2019 Extreme Natural Events – Hurricanes Name: Year 11 Geography 2019 Extreme Natural Events – Hurricanes By the end of the unit I will be able to explain: - Why places are vulnerable to hurricanes / tropical cyclones / typhoons - How the natural processes operate to produce hurricanes - How natural and cultural environments are vulnerable to hurricanes - The effects of hurricanes on the natural and cultural environments - How different groups have responded to hurricanes Hurricane Maria devastated a number of Caribbean countries in 2017. It is regarded as the worst natural disaster on record to affect those islands. When: September 2017 Fatalities: 3057 people died as a result of this hurricane Economic cost: nearly $US92 billion in damages (that is nearly $NZ142 billion) One of the most intense storms on record world-wide. St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 1 St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 2 Vocab list Natural and cultural characteristics which either increase or decrease risk to an Vulnerability extreme natural event. St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 3 St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 4 What are Extreme Natural Events? An extreme natural event is one that is caused by nature and has large impacts on the environment and on peoples’ lives. An extreme natural event (ENE) is defined as the occurrence of a significant natural event happening from when it starts to develop till the time when people stop responding to it. ENEs, because of their size (magnitude) and/or duration make them extreme. ENEs are said to become Natural Hazards when they have the potential to affect people and property, or cultural resources. When large scale loss of life or property damage occurs, an Extreme Natural Event is said to become a Natural Disaster. This relationship can be remembered using a Venn-diagram. Highlight the extreme natural events from the list below: Beside each disaster write down the main cause(s) of the disaster Oil Spill Cyclone Bush Fire Tsunami Nuclear explosion Landslide Plane Crash Hurricane Volcanic Eruption Earthquake St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 5 INTRODUCTION TO EXTREME NATURAL EVENTS For the following extreme natural events, complete the table on how significant the event was in terms of damage to property, loss of human lives and injuries. Find the answers using a search engine of your choice. Year of the ENE Amount of Loss of human Injuries to people and location damage to lives property 1931 China Floods 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami 2011 Christchurch EQ 2011 Cyclone Yasi 1970 Huascaran avalanche (Peru) 1931 Napier Earthquake 1970 Huascaran avalanche (Peru) 2008 Sichuan Earthquake 1883 Krakatoa – volcanic eruption 2009 Melbourne Bushfires 2016 Kaikoura earthquake 1997 Sumatran Fires St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 6 THE GLOBAL PATTERN OF EXTREME NATURAL EVENTS Extreme Natural Event: St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 7 1. Working in pairs choose ONE type of ENE from the list on page 6 2. Find at least 10 examples of your chosen event from around the world (as many different locations as possible). Wikipedia is a good place to start. 3. Locate and name these different extreme natural events on the world map on page 7. There are atlases in the cupboard by the door, or you can use Google Earth. 4. Read through the power point on MyCollege ‘Global Pattern of ENE’. Consider the patterns and why some areas are more vulnerable to types of ENE than others. Answer the questions on page 8 and 9. 5. Complete the activities on the last slide of the power-point on page 9. St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 8 ‘Global Pattern of Extreme Natural Events A country/area can be more vulnerable to an extreme natural event BEFORE and AFTER the event takes place because of partIcular natural and cultural characteristics about that location. An extreme natural event cannot be prevented but how people respond to and prepare for It before It occurs and, In the hours, days, weeks and even years after It occurs can either Increase or decrease the effects of the event. CharacterIstIcs that can Increase the vulnerabIlIty of an area include: Natural Cultural LocatIon PopulatIon ClImate Economy RelIef (shape of the land) Government Using the PPT1. Global Pattern and Vulnerability of ENEs (found on MyCollege) complete the following questions: What ENE’s will low-lying areas be more vulnerable to? What ENE will different areas of the world be more vulnerable to because of climate? E.g. tropical, dry areas What areas of the world are more vulnerable to extreme natural events because of the population density? Why? What countries/regions across the globe will be more prepared and be able to respond with resources and skilled people after an ENE? Why? Describe the pattern of drought across the globe and what might make those areas vulnerable to drought? Describe the pattern of earthquakes/volcanic eruptions across the globe and what might make those areas vulnerable to earthquakes/volcanic eruptions? St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 9 Compare this with the map showing the location of earthquakes around the world - how is the pattern different? Where are the “deadliest” earthquakes concentrated? Why? Describe the pattern of flood hazard across the globe and what might make those areas vulnerable to floods? Referring to the map showing: World Flood risk Mortality rates (slide 13) - Why are there likely to be more deaths in particular areas of the world? (Give 2-3 different reasons) What factors and/or circumstances make an area more vulnerable to the effects of an Extreme Natural Event? Use the following paragraph structure to cover 2 natural and 2 cultural factors: Paragraph 1- A natural factor that can make an area more vulnerable to an extreme natural event is……. An example of this is……. Paragraph 2- Another natural factor is…. Paragraph 3- A cultural factor that can increase or decrease the vulnerability of an area….. For example,…… Paragraph 4- Another cultural factor……. St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 10 Hurricanes, Tropical Cyclones and Typhoons St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 11 So what is a hurricane? Tropical cyclone? Typhoon? HurrIcanes are large, swIrlIng storms. They produce wInds of 119 kilometres per hour or higher. WInds from a hurrIcane can damage buildings and trees. HurrIcanes form over warm ocean waters and sometImes they strIke land. When a hurrIcane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge. Heavy rain and storm surge from a hurrIcane can cause flooding. Once a hurrIcane forms, weather forecasters predIct Its path. They also predIct how strong It wIll get. ThIs information helps people get ready for the storm. There are fIve types, or categorIes, of hurrIcanes. The scale of categorIes is called the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The categories are based on wInd speed. • Category 1: Winds 119-153 km/hr - faster than a cheetah • Category 2: Winds 154-177 km/hr - as fast or faster than a baseball pitcher's fastball • Category 3: Winds 178-208 km/hr - similar, or close, to the serving speed of many professional tennis players • Category 4: Winds 209-251 km/hr - faster than the world's fastest rollercoaster • Category 5: Winds more than 252 km/hr) - similar, or close, to the speed of some high-speed trains What’s the difference between a hurricane, a typhoon and a cyclone? The short answer Is that there Is none. They are all organIzed storm systems that form over warm ocean waters, rotate around areas of low pressure, and have wInd speeds of at least 119 km per hour. The reason for the three names is that these storms are called dIfferent thIngs in dIfferent places. ScIentists often use “tropIcal cyclone” as a generic term, whIle “hurricane,” “typhoon,” and “cyclone” are regional terms. A tropIcal cyclone Is a generIc term used by meteorologists1 to describe a rotating, organIzed system of clouds and thunderstorms that orIginates over tropical or subtropical waters and has closed, low-level circulatIon. The weakest tropIcal cyclones are called tropical depressions. If a depressIon intensIfies such that Its maxImum sustaIned wInds reach 39 mIles per hour, the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm. Once a tropIcal cyclone reaches maxImum sustaIned wInds of 119 km per hour or higher, It Is then classifIed as a hurrIcane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone, depending upon where the storm originates in the world. In the North Atlantic, central North PacIfic, and eastern North PacIfic, the term hurricane is used. The same type of dIsturbance In the Northwest PacifIc Is called a typhoon. MeanwhIle, In the South PacIfIc and IndIan Ocean, the generIc term tropical cyclone is used, regardless of the strength of the wInd assocIated wIth the weather system. We are goIng to use the term HurrIcane throughout thIs topIc as our case study is Hurricane MarIa which struck Islands In the CarIbbean In September 2017. 1 A meteorologist is a weather forecaster. St. Cuthbert’s College Geography Department 2019 12 HurrIcane-level storms that occur in the northern Atlantic Ocean and northeast Pacific Ocean are called hurrIcanes, while those In the Northwest PacIfIc are called typhoons. HurrIcanes may hIt the CarIbbean, the Gulf of MexIco, and/or the east coast of the UnIted States—and also can occur In the Northeast PacifIc Ocean. Typhoons occur In the Northwest PacIfIc and may hIt VIetnam, the east coast of ChIna, and/or Japan, among many other locatIons. So If one term or the other sounds more famIlIar to you, It’s probably because of where you lIve. In other parts of the world, these storms are called severe tropical cyclones, severe cyclonic storms, and tropical cyclones.
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