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Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Descriptions of Larvae and Adults, Biological Notes, and Generic Affiliation

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Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Descriptions of Larvae and Adults, Biological Notes, and Generic Affiliation PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 110(2), 2008, pp. 417–438 GONZAGA NIGRICEPS (MCLACHLAN) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE): DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE AND ADULTS, BIOLOGICAL NOTES, AND GENERIC AFFILIATION CATHERINE A. TAUBER,GILBERTO S. ALBUQUERQUE, AND MAURICE J. TAUBER (CAT, MJT) Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (GSA) Laborato´rio de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 28013-602 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract.—The larvae (three instars) of Gonzaga nigriceps (McLachlan, 1868) from Brazil are described; adults are redescribed (including male and female genitalia); and biological notes are provided. The morphology of both the larvae and adultsofG. nigriceps indicates that the species could fall within Gonzaga or Leucochrysa,a closely related leucochrysine genus. We retain its placement in Gonzaga, but we question the ultimate validity of the genus. Resumo.—As larvas (treˆsı´nstares) de Gonzaga nigriceps (McLachlan, 1868) do Brasil sa˜o descritas, adultos sa˜o redescritos (incluindo a genita´lia do macho e da feˆmea) e informac¸o˜es biolo´gicas sa˜o fornecidas. A morfologia das larvas e adultos de G. nigriceps indica que esta espe´cie pode ser incluı´da tanto em Gonzaga como em Leucochrysa,geˆnero de Leucochrysini proximamente relacionado. Sua inclusa˜o em Gonzaga e´ mantida, mas a validade deste geˆnero e´ questionada. Key Words: Leucochrysini, adult, larva, morphology, biology, Brazil, distribution, asymmetry As currently constituted, the New there are no reports on the biological World, largely Neotropical, chrysopid characteristics of any species within the tribe Leucochrysini (Chrysopidae: sub- genus. Moreover, the genus is only family Chrysopinae) contains six genera weakly distinguished from other leuco- (Tauber 2007). Of these, Gonzaga Nava´s, chrysine genera (Penny 2001); as a con- with eight described species, is the second sequence questions persist concerning its largest. Gonzaga specimens are infre- systematic status. quently encountered in the field or in The lack of information on Gonzaga collections. And, except for its inclusion larvae is particularly regrettable. Recent in the generic review of the green studies encompassing a wide range of lacewings of the world (Brooks and chrysopid taxa reveal that larval mor- Barnard 1990), the genus has not re- phology often provides exceptionally ceived detailed, modern systematic treat- distinctive, stable characters for differ- ment (Table 1). The male genitalia of entiating chrysopid genera and for ana- only one Gonzaga species and the female lyzing their taxonomic relationships genitalia of another have been described; (e.g., Tauber 1974, 2003, 2004; Dı´az- Gonzaga larvae are undescribed; and Aranda and Monserrat 1995; Tauber Table 1. Catalogue of Gonzaga species and available information. 418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Gonzaga Species Original Description Subsequent Feferences Type Specimen* Larvae Known Distribution amabilis Nava´s 1932: 32 Penny 1977: 22 prob. Univ. Torino, Unknown Ecuador (as Gonzaga) Brooks and Barnard 1990: 276 Italy callipterus Banks 1944: 33 Penny 1977: 22 MCZ Unknown Brazil, Guyana (as Gonzaga) Brooks and Barnard 1990: 276 nigriceps McLachlan 1867: (as Leucochrysa): BMNH Described here Bolı´via, Brazil, Ecuador, 251 (as Chrysopa) Nava´s 1913a: 303 Guyana, Surinam, Nava´s 1913b: 96, 104 Venezuela (as Gonzaga): Banks 1944: 34 Penny 1977: 22; Penny 2001: 13 Brooks and Barnard 1990: 247, 276, (female terminalia illustrated), this publication notatus Nava´s 1929: 861 Penny 1977: 22 Unknown** (Dresden? Unknown Peru (as Gonzaga) Brooks and Barnard 1990: 276Sa˜o Paulo?) [Penny’s 1977 listing of Brazil is unconfirmed.] palliatus Nava´s 1929: 860 Penny 1977: 22 Unknown** (Dresden? Unknown Brazil (as Gonzaga) Brooks and Barnard 1990: 276 Sa˜o Paulo?) palliceps McLachlan 1867: (as Leucochrysa): BMNH Unknown Brazil, Costa Rica, 251 (as Chrysopa) Nava´s 1913b: 149; Penny 2001: 13 Guyana Brooks and Barnard 1990: 277 (as Gonzaga): Penny 2002: 191, 306 (wings, head, thorax illustrated) soroanus Alayo 1968: 60 Penny 1977: 22 IZAC Unknown Cuba (as Gonzaga) Brooks and Barnard 1990: 276 torquatus Nava´s 1913a: 318 (as Allochrysa): BMNH Unknown Brazil, Guatemala, Type species (as Gonzaga) Banks 1914: 624 Panama of Gonzaga (as Gonzaga): Banks 1944: 34, 1945: 172 Penny 1977: 22 Brooks and Barnard 1990: 246, 277 (wing, male terminalia illustrated) Penny 2002: 191, 307 (head, thorax, wings illustrated) * Abbreviations: MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London; IZAC, Instituto de Ecologı´a y Sistema´tica, Ministerio de Ciencia, Technologı´a y Medio Ambiente, La Habana, Cuba. ** Additional information may be available in Phillip A. Adams’ extensive notes which were bequeathed to the California Academy of Sciences; our request to see the pertinent sections was refused. VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2 419 and de Leo´n 2001; Tsukaguchi 1995; body, primary setae are designated with Tauber et al. 2000, 2001, 2006). an ‘‘S’’ followed by a number; primary In this paper, we describe the larvae setae that are associated with thoracic (three instars) of Gonzaga nigriceps sclerites are designated with a setal num- (McLachlan, 1868); we also redescribe ber. Body segments are referred to as T1 the adult, with emphasis on the previously to T3 (thorax) and A1 to A10 (abdomen). undescribed male genitalia. To examine Thus, e.g., T1-S1Sc1 is the first seta possible generic relationships, we compare associated with sclerite 1 on the protho- G. nigriceps larvae and adults with those rax. Notations for other abbreviations are of other leucochrysine species that have on the captions to the pertinent figures. received modern attention. Also, to The number of setae in rows on the foster research on the genus, we provide thorax and abdomen are reported to the a catalogue of published work on the nearest even number; these figures are known Gonzaga species, including refer- approximate because the left and right ences to descriptions and taxonomic sides are often asymmetrical. In general, changes, location of the type specimen, G. nigriceps setae are smooth. Occasion- and reported distribution of each species. ally some of the long setae on the lateral tubercles of the third instar thorax appear MATERIALS AND METHODS to have very small, sparse thorns (barely Larvae.—We collected six living G. visible under 2003 magnification). We nigriceps adults (two females) over three categorize these setae as smooth. years, at forested sites in northern Rio de Adults.—We examined adult speci- Janeiro State, Brazil. These adults were mens from several localities in Brazil’s provided a diet of yeast autolysate, Atlantic forest and Amazonia (see below), fructose, and honey (1:1:1 volumetric and we confirmed our identification of mixture) (e.g., Tauber 2004), and one G. nigriceps by comparing our specimens female oviposited. The larvae were with McLachlan’s type, which is depos- reared individually in 40 ml glass vials ited in The Natural History Museum, on a diet of moth eggs [Anagasta London (BMNH). Methods follow those kuehniella (Zeller)]. Specimens were described earlier (Tauber 2007). killed in KAAD solution (Stehr 1987) All measurements (larvae and adults) ,2 days after hatching (first instar) or were made with NIH ImageJ software moulting (second and third instars) and (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Unless noted transferred to 95% ethyl alcohol for otherwise, voucher specimens (larvae preservation. Subsequently, representa- and adults) from our study currently tive larvae were cleared, stained and reside in the insect collection at the mounted as described in Tauber (2004). Universidade Estadual do Norte Flumi- Measurements of head capsule width nense and the research collection of M. J. were made across the widest part of the and C. A. Tauber. head and include the eyes; head length was Images of representative G. nigriceps determined along the midline from clyp- specimens (adults and larvae) are avail- eus to cervix. Body length was measured able on the MorphoBank website: http:// along the curved midlateral line of dis- morphobank.geongrid.org/permalink/?P105. tended specimens (tip of clypeus to tip of abdomen). Mandible length was mea- Gonzaga nigriceps (McLachlan) suredalongthecenterofthemandibles’ Chrysopa nigriceps McLachlan 1868: 251 curved dorsal surface. Terminology for [description]. larval morphology follows previous usage Gonzaga nigriceps: Banks 1944: 34 [spe- (Tauber 2004). For both the head and cies transferred to Gonzaga, new ma- 420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON terial]; Penny 1977: 22 [distribution]; with lateral section absent; mesal section Brooks and Barnard 1990: 247 [three paired, not fused mesally, mottled figures: apex of female abdomen, brown to dark brown, with irregular spermatheca, subgenitale]. margins, confluent with postfrontal marking; extending longitudinally from Diagnosis.—Gonzaga nigriceps adults near mid-dorsal base of cranium almost have the features that are typical of to midregion of head; together with leucochrysine chrysopids – e.g., very long postfrontal mark, extending anteriorly antennae with long flagellar segments from mesal base of head to mesal edge (length:width , 3:1), dark mark on base of antennal base; base extending lateral- of stigma, and pseudomedia that curves ly ,1/5 distance to
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