DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissertation Predatory and Energetic Relations of Woodpeckers to the Engela~N

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissertation Predatory and Energetic Relations of Woodpeckers to the Engela~N DISSERTATION PREDATORY AND ENERGETIC RELATIONS OF WOODPECKERS TO THE ENGELA~N SPRUCE BEETLE Submitted by James Ray Koplin In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado June, 1967 COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY June 1967 IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE DISSERTATION PREPARED BY ---- JAMES RAY KOPLIN ENTITLED PREDATORY AND ENERGETIC RELATIONS OF V\UODPECKERS TO THE ENGELMANN SPRUCE BEETLE BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIRE~ffiNT FOR THE DEGREE OF OOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. Committee £Q Graduate Work Major Professor Examination Satisfactory Chairman Permission to publish this dissertation or any part of it must be obtained from the Dean of the Graduate School. ii Abstract of Dissertation PREDATORY AND ENERGETIC RELATIONS OF WOODPECKERS TO THE ENGELMANN SPRUCE BEETLE A general theory of the population dynamics of predator­ prey systems was developed from a survey of pertinent literature. According to the theory, populations of simplified predator-prey systems fluctuate wildly and periodically. Complicating factors dampen the amplitude of the population fluctuations and thus exert a stabilizing influence on the systems. The predator-prey system between the Northern Three-toed, Hairy and Downy Woodpeckers, and the Engelmann spruce beetle was chosen for an investigation of the population dynamics of a natural predator-prey system. The population densities of several species of bark beetles attracted to trees killed and damaged by a fire on the study area in Northern Colorado, increased to levels that attracted the feeding attention of the woodpeckers. The numerical response of the woodpeckers to prey density was graded, that of the Northern Three-toed Woodpecker was the most pronounced and that of the Downy Woodpecker was the least pronounced. Spatial and temporal differences were noted in the foraging behavior of the three species of woodpeckers; similar but less apparent differences were also noted in the foraging behavior between the sexes of the Northern Three-toed and Hairy Woodpeckers. Both the interspecific and intersexual differences in foraging behavior were correlated with morphological and dietary iii differences. The metabolic demands of free-living woodpeckers were estimated by feeding diets of known caloric content to active woodpeckers in cages at several different ambient temperatures. Estimates were also made of the caloric content of Engelmann spruce beetle larvae and the rate at which they are digested by the woodpeckers. Combining these estimates with the estimates of the relative densities of woodpeckers, and the average number of spruce beetle larvae found per woodpecker stomach made it possible to calculate the number of larvae consumed by each species of woodpecker. This method gave results very similar to the usual method whereby the number of larvae surviving in bark protected from woodpeckers is compared with the number surviving in bark exposed to woodpeckers. Every aspect of the predator-prey system between woodpeckers and the Engelmann spruce beetle, except the number of larvae destroyed, conforms to general theory. The number of prey destroyed in this predator-prey system is higher than that known for any other sy·stem between vertebrate predators and invertebrate prey. James Ray Koplin Department of Zoology Colorado State University June, 1967 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported in part by cooperative aid from the u. s. Forest Service, through the auspices of Dr. Noel Wygant, principal Entomologist, of the Forest Insect Research Laboratory of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. The study was also supported by National Science Foundation Grants, GB-753 and G-2478, awarded to Dr. Paul H. Baldwin. I wish to thank Dr. Baldwin for his assistance and guidance throughout the study. I am grateful to Drs. 0. Wilford Olsen, David Pettus, Noel Wygant, and Harold Steinhoff for their services as committee members and for their many helpful comments and suggestions. Donald Beaver, Douglas Post, Gerald Lorentzson and James Gibson assisted in the field work and George M. Matthews assisted in the metabolic experiments. I had many helpful discussions of the subject of this dissertation with Douglas Post, Patrick Stallcup and Albert W. Spencer. A special note of thanks is due Mrs. Bernice M. George for her many acts of assistance during my tenure in the field on the Deadman study area. Finally, I am most grateful to my wife, Phyllis, for her patience and encouragement throughout the study, and for her help in preparing the manuscript. Most of the field equipment used in this study was supplied by the Forest Insect Research Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Statement of Problem • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Development of a General Theory • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 The Need for a General Theory • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Models of Predator-Pr~y Interactions • • • • • • • • 5 Field Studies of Interactions Between Vertebrate Predators and Vertebrate Prey • • • • • • • • • • 16 Field Studies of Interactions Between Invertebrate Predators and Invertebrate Prey • • • • • • • • • 18 Field Studies of Interactions Between Vertebrate Predators and Invertebrate Prey • • • • • • • • • 20 Efficacy of Predators and Ecological Efficiency • •. • 21 Competition and Niche • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Summary Statement of the General Theory • • • • • • • 29 METHODS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 Study Area • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 Measurement of Forest Composition and Stand Density • • • 31 Temperature Records • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 Techniques for Manipulating the Spruce Beetle Population • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 Spruce Beetle Census Technique • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 Woodpecker Census Techniques • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 Measurement of Realized Niche • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 Metabolic Techniques • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 RESULTS ••• • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • 44 Forest Composition and Stand Density • • • • • • • • • • 44 Temperature • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Wind Thrown Trees • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Bark-Beetle Populations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 Woodpecker Populations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 Foraging Behavior • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64 Food Habits • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 Linear Measurements of Morphological Characters • • • • • 95 Energetics • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 116 Components of Character Displacement • • • • • • • • • • • 116 Spatial and Temporal Differences ••••••••••• 117 Dietary Differences ••••••••••••••••• 129 Morphological Differences • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 136 Components of Predation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 145 Spruce Beetle Densities ••••••••••••••• 145 Numerical Response of Woodpeckers to Prey Density •• 151 Functional Response of Woodpeckers to Prey Density •• 155 Spruce Beetle Mortality from Woodpecker Predation •• 156 Factors Regulating the Effectiveness of Predation by Woodpeckers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 166 Nesting Territoriality •••••••••••• . 168 Differential Selections of Prey ••••••••• 169 CX>NCLUSIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 174 SUMMARY . 177 LITERATURE CITED • . • • • . 179 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Density and basal area of Engelmann spruce in each two-inch diameter class on the Deadman study area • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45 2 Density and basal area of subalpine fir in each two-inch diameter class on the Deadman study area • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 47 3 Density and basal area of lodgepole pine in each two-inch diameter class on the Deadman study area • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 4 Relative location and year of initial invasion by bark beetles of blowdowns discovered on the Deadman study area •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 5 Number of acres censused and woodpeckers observed per census period on the Deadman study area • • 60 6 Number of acres censused and woodpeckers observed per census period outside the area of the 1962 burn • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 7 Number of acres censused and woodpeckers observed per census period within the area of the 1962 burn • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • . 62 8 Comparisons of relative use of tree types and of foraging positions within trees for Northern Three-toed and Hairy Woodpeckers for the period July 16 to October 15, 1962 to 1965 •••• 68 9 Comparisons of relative use of tree types and of foraging positions within trees for Northern Three-toed and Hairy Woodpeckers for the period October 16 to May 10, 1962 to 1965 ••••••• 69 10 Comparisons of relative use of tree types and foraging positions within trees for Northern Three-toed and Downy Woodpeckers for the period October 16 to May 10, 1964 to 1965 ••••••• 70 viii LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 11 Comparisons of relative use of tree types and foraging positions within trees for Hairy and Downy Woodpeckers for the period October 16 to May 10, 1964 to 1965 ••••••• 71 12 Comparisons of total amount of time, in minutes, each tree type and foraging position was occupied by Northern Three-toed and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix C - Roadless Areas
    Appendix C - Roadless Areas Purpose The purpose of this appendix is to describe roadless areas and the analysis factors used in evaluating individual roadless areas on the Routt National Forest. It includes a description of the physical and biological features, primitive recreation and education opportunities, resources, and present management situation for each area. Background Roadless Area Review and Evaluation In 1970, the Forest Service studied all administratively designated primitive areas and inventoried and reviewed all roadless areas in the National Forest System greater than 5,000 acres. This study was known as the Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE). RARE was halted in 1972 due to legal challenge. RARE identified 711,043 acres of roadless area on the Routt National Forest. In 1977, the Forest Service began another nation-wide Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) to identify roadless and undeveloped areas within the National Forest System that were suitable for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Twenty nine areas, totalling 566,756 acres, were inventoried on the Routt National Forest (including the Middle Park Ranger District of the Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest). As a result of RARE II, four areas on the forest - Williams Fork, St. Louis Peak, Service Creek, and Davis Peak - were administratively designated as Further Planning Areas (FPA). This further planning area designation meant that more information was needed before the Forest Service would recommend any of these areas to Congress for wilderness designation. In January 1979, the Forest Service issued nationally a Final Environmental Impact Statement documenting a review of 62 million acres of roadless and undeveloped areas within the 191-million-acre National Forest System.
    [Show full text]
  • Boreal Toad (Bufo Boreas Boreas) a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Boreal Toad (Bufo boreas boreas) A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project May 25, 2005 Doug Keinath1 and Matt McGee1 with assistance from Lauren Livo2 1Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, P.O. Box 3381, Laramie, WY 82071 2EPO Biology, P.O. Box 0334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 Peer Review Administered by Society for Conservation Biology Keinath, D. and M. McGee. (2005, May 25). Boreal Toad (Bufo boreas boreas): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/ assessments/borealtoad.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Deb Patla and Erin Muths for their suggestions during the preparation of this assessment. Also, many thanks go to Lauren Livo for advice and help with revising early drafts of this assessment. Thanks to Jason Bennet and Tessa Dutcher for assistance in preparing boreal toad location data for mapping. Thanks to Bill Turner for information and advice on amphibians in Wyoming. Finally, thanks to the Boreal Toad Recovery Team for continuing their efforts to conserve the boreal toad and documenting that effort to the best of their abilities … kudos! AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES Doug Keinath is the Zoology Program Manager for the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, which is a research unit of the University of Wyoming and a member of the Natural Heritage Network. He has been researching Wyoming’s wildlife for the past nine years and has 11 years experience in conducting technical and policy analyses for resource management professionals.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Mountain Birds: Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rockies
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Zea E-Books Zea E-Books 11-4-2011 Rocky Mountain Birds: Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rockies Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Poultry or Avian Science Commons Recommended Citation Johnsgard, Paul A., "Rocky Mountain Birds: Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rockies" (2011). Zea E-Books. 7. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/7 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Zea E-Books at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Zea E-Books by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIRDS Rocky Mountain Birds Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rockies Paul A. Johnsgard School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska–Lincoln Zea E-Books Lincoln, Nebraska 2011 Copyright © 2011 Paul A. Johnsgard. ISBN 978-1-60962-016-5 paperback ISBN 978-1-60962-017-2 e-book Set in Zapf Elliptical types. Design and composition by Paul Royster. Zea E-Books are published by the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries. Electronic (pdf) edition available online at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/ Print edition can be ordered from http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/unllib Contents Preface and Acknowledgments vii List of Maps, Tables, and Figures x 1. Habitats, Ecology and Bird Geography in the Rocky Mountains Vegetational Zones and Bird Distributions in the Rocky Mountains 1 Climate, Landforms, and Vegetation 3 Typical Birds of Rocky Mountain Habitats 13 Recent Changes in Rocky Mountain Ecology and Avifauna 20 Where to Search for Specific Rocky Mountain Birds 26 Synopsis of Major Birding Locations in the Rocky Mountains Region U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • What's New in Steamboat Springs, Colorado 2019 Welcoming (And
    What’s New in Steamboat Springs, Colorado 2019 Welcoming (and Rewarding) CDT Hikers The Continental Divide Trail Coalition (CDTC) recently named Steamboat Springs a Continental Divide Trail (CDT) Gateway Community. Gateway Communities are recognized for their part in promoting awareness and stewardship of the CDT and creating a welcoming environment for people traveling along the Trail. In that spirit, the Steamboat Springs Chamber has joined with several local trail advocacy groups, the U.S. Forest Service and locally-based brands Big Agnes and Point6 to champion the designation and provide a welcome bag for thru-hikers who will pass through Steamboat Springs, including a pair of Point6 socks, Big Agnes swag, a free pint of beer at Mountain Tap, discounted entry to Old Town Hot Springs and more. Big Agnes announced in January it will donate $30,000 to the CDTC to help reroute a 14-mile section of the trail from a busy road to single track along Highways 14 and 40 near Rabbit Ears Pass. Taking it to the Gravel: SBT GRVL SBT GRVL, Colorado’s first large-scale gravel cycling event, will host its inaugural race August 18, 2019. The race is the first of its kind in Colorado and its $28,000 prize purse will be equally divided among male and female athletes. The race will take place on the many miles of unpaved roads surrounding Steamboat, weaving through historic ranch lands and western landscapes. Art Along the Yampa Local artists and outdoor enthusiasts have joined together to create the Yampa is Wild mural project, the latest art installation along the Yampa River in Steamboat.
    [Show full text]
  • A 2009 Supplement to Birds of the Rocky Mountains
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Birds of the Rocky Mountains -- Paul A. Johnsgard Papers in the Biological Sciences 11-2009 A 2009 Supplement to Birds of the Rocky Mountains Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscibirdsrockymtns Part of the Ornithology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "A 2009 Supplement to Birds of the Rocky Mountains" (2009). Birds of the Rocky Mountains -- Paul A. Johnsgard. 3. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscibirdsrockymtns/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Birds of the Rocky Mountains -- Paul A. Johnsgard by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A 2009 Supplement to Birds of the Rocky Mountains Paul A. Johnsgard More than 20 years have elapsed since the publication of Birds of the Rocky Mountains, and many changes have occurred in that region’s ecology and bird life. There has also been a marked increase in recreational bird-watching, and an associated need for informative regional references on where and when to look for rare or especially appealing birds. As a result, an updating of the text seemed appropriate, especially as to the species accounts and the technical lit- erature. The following update includes all those species that have undergone changes in their vernacular or Latin names, have had important changes in ranges, or have shown statistically significant population trends or conserva- tion status warranting mention.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Rockies Lynx Linkage Areas
    Southern Rockies Lynx Amendment Appendix D - Southern Rockies Lynx Linkage Areas The goal of linkage areas is to ensure population viability through population connectivity. Linkage areas are areas of movement opportunities. They exist on the landscape and can be maintained or lost by management activities or developments. They are not “corridors” which imply only travel routes, they are broad areas of habitat where animals can find food, shelter and security. The LCAS defines Linkage areas as: “Habitat that provides landscape connectivity between blocks of habitat. Linkage areas occur both within and between geographic areas, where blocks of lynx habitat are separated by intervening areas of non-habitat such as basins, valleys, agricultural lands, or where lynx habitat naturally narrows between blocks. Connectivity provided by linkage areas can be degraded or severed by human infrastructure such as high-use highways, subdivisions or other developments. (LCAS Revised definition, Oct. 2001). Alpine tundra, open valleys, shrubland communities and dry southern and western exposures naturally fragment lynx habitat within the subalpine and montane forests of the Southern Rocky Mountains. Because of the southerly latitude, spruce-fir, lodgepole pine, and mixed aspen-conifer forests constituting lynx habitat are typically found in elevational bands along the flanks of mountain ranges, or on the summits of broad, high plateaus. In those circumstances where large landforms are more isolated, they still typically occur within 40 km (24 miles) of other suitable habitat (Ruggerio et al. 2000). This distribution maintains the potential for lynx movement from one patch to another through non-forest environments. Because of the fragmented nature of the landscape, there are inherently important natural topographic features and vegetation communities that link these fragmented forested landscapes of primary habitat together, providing for dispersal movements and interchange among individuals and subpopulations of lynx occupying these forested landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Snowmobile Impacts on Snowpack Physical and Mechanical Properties
    The Cryosphere, 12, 1121–1135, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1121-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Snowmobile impacts on snowpack physical and mechanical properties Steven R. Fassnacht1,2,3,4, Jared T. Heath1,5, Niah B. H. Venable1,3, and Kelly J. Elder6 1Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability – Watershed Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523-1476 CO, USA 2Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Fort Collins, 80523-1375 CO, USA 3Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, 80523-1499 CO, USA 4Geographisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 5City of Fort Collins, Water Resources & Treatment, Fort Collins, 80521 CO, USA 6Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Fort Collins, 80526 CO, USA Correspondence: Steven R. Fassnacht ([email protected]) Received: 21 February 2017 – Discussion started: 18 April 2017 Revised: 20 February 2018 – Accepted: n 6 March – Published: 28 March 2018 Abstract. Snowmobile use is a popular form of winter recre- 1 Introduction ation in Colorado, particularly on public lands. To examine the effects of differing levels of use on snowpack properties, In the United States snowmobiling accounts for between experiments were performed at two different areas, Rabbit USD 7 billion (American Council of Snowmobile Associa- Ears Pass near Steamboat Springs and at Fraser Experimen- tions, 2014) and USD 26 billion (International Snowmobile tal Forest near Fraser, Colorado USA. Differences between Manufacturers Association, 2016) in annual revenue, and no use and varying degrees of snowmobile use (low, medium much of the snowmobile use occurs on public land.
    [Show full text]
  • RMAC 2015-Program Steamboat
    HOSTED BY PaleoResearch Institute, Inc. and the Steamboat Grand welcome you to the 12th Biennial Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. It is a pleasure to return to this portion of the Rocky Mountains exactly 20 years after our 2nd conference. Our venue at the base of Mount Werner and near the Steamboat Ski Resort offers a special mountain flavor. In addition to our conference papers and posters and events at The Grand, we are hosted by the Tread of Pioneers Museum for a special Saturday evening when they will open their doors to our group exclusively. PaleoResearch Institute staff has been assisted by the Uni- versity of Oklahoma Deptartment of Anthropology (Bonnie Pitblado and Misty Wilson), who did a terrific job handling registration to make our conference successful. Steamboat Springs and surrounding areas such as Rabbit Ears Pass have much to offer visitors. Whether you hike on your own, participate in our excursion to Windy Ridge Quartzite Quarry, or attend the Farson to Grand Teton National Park excursion, please enjoy the natural beauty of the area. Linda Scott Cummings Jennifer L. B. Milligan PaleoResearch Institute, Inc. Overnight Parking: Ski Time Square Parking $5.00/night Self-Parking in Hotel Underground Garage $10.00/night Hotel Valet $15.00/night 4 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Association Board of Directors: Mike Metcalf (President) Jacqueline St. Claire (Vice-President) Christopher Morgan (Secretary) William Eckerle (Treasurer) Casey Dukeman Jennie Lee Meg Van Ness Brian Vivian Conference Committee: Linda Scott Cummings (PaleoResearch Institute) Jennifer L. B. Milligan (PaleoResearch Institute) Mike Metcalf (Metcalf Archaeological Consultnats) Conference Treasurer: Bonnie Pitblado & Misty Wilson (Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Snowmobile Impacts on Snowpack Physical and Mechanical Properties 2 Steven R
    1 Snowmobile Impacts on Snowpack Physical and Mechanical Properties 2 Steven R. Fassnacht1,2,3,4*, Jared T. Heath1,5, Niah B.H. Venable1,3, Kelly J. Elder6 3 4 1 Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability – Watershed Science, Colorado State 5 University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA 80523-1476 6 2 Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Fort Collins, Colorado USA 80523-1375 7 3 Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado USA 80523-1499 8 4 Geographisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 9 5 City of Fort Collins, Water Resources & Treatment, Fort Collins, Colorado USA 80521 10 6 Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado USA 80526 11 *Corresponding author: [email protected]; phone: +1.970.491.5454 12 13 Short title: Snowpack Changes due to Snowmobile Use 1 14 Abstract 15 Snowmobile use is a popular form of winter recreation in Colorado, particularly on public 16 lands. To examine the effects of differing levels of use on snowpack properties, experiments 17 were performed at two different areas, Rabbit Ears Pass near Steamboat Springs and at Fraser 18 Experimental Forest near Fraser, Colorado USA. Differences between no use and varying 19 degrees of snowmobile use (low, medium and high) on shallow (the operational standard of 30 20 cm) and deeper snowpacks (120 cm) were quantified and statistically assessed using 21 measurements of snow density, temperature, stratigraphy, hardness, and ram resistance from 22 snow pit profiles. A simple model was explored that estimated snow density changes from 23 snowmobile use based on experimental results.
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeological Assessment of the Gunsight Pass Site: 5Ga4251 Archaeoastronomy and Landscape Archaeology in Middle Park, Grand County, Colorado
    For Official Use Only: Disclosure of Site Locations Prohibited (43 CFR 7.18) AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE GUNSIGHT PASS SITE: 5GA4251 ARCHAEOASTRONOMY AND LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY IN MIDDLE PARK, GRAND COUNTY, COLORADO. Revised 06/15/2017. Completed for The Colorado Historical Society State Historical Fund Project No. 2013-AS-003 Prepared By Brian O’Neil and Cheryl A. Harrison with contributions by Holly Shelton and Nicole Inman Michael S. Berry, Principal Investigator Dominquez Archaeological Research Group, Inc. 2832 Unaweep Avenue P.O. Box 3543 Grand Junction, Colorado 81502 ARPA Permit No. C-67009 DARG Project # D-2012-7 Submitted to History Colorado, the Colorado Historical Society 1200 Broadway Denver, Colorado 80203 ABSTRACT The Gunsight Pass Site (5GA4251) is in the Middle Park region of the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province, Grand County, Colorado. It is situated atop a prominent north-south trending ridge, southeast of Gunsight Pass, at an average elevation of 8500 feet. The site was first identified in July 2011, as an open architectural and open lithic scatter consisting of multiple surficial and half-buried rock alignments. The purpose of the archaeological assessment was to provide a detailed recording of the stone features and determine whether they represent domiciles or ceremonial features associated with vision quests, or possible astronomical alignments. Additionally, orientations toward potential sacred landscapes such as Whitely Peak, Wolford Mountain, or the Sulphur Gulch area were examined. Another significant goal of the assessment was to provide data on the site for its consideration as a Traditional Cultural Property (TCP) relevant to historic Ute, Arapahoe, and eastern Shoshoni tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • BOREAL TOAD (Bufo Boreas Boreas)
    CONSERVATION PLAN AND AGREEMENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND RECOVERY OF THE SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN POPULATION OF THE BOREAL TOAD (Bufo boreas boreas) Prepared by The Boreal Toad Recovery Team and Technical Advisory Group Chuck Loeffler, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Coordinator/Editor sed February 2001 Revised February 2001 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service U.S. Forest Service, Region 2 U.S. Forest Service, Carson National Forest Colorado Division of Wildlife Wyoming Game & Fish Department New Mexico Department of Game & Fish U.S. Bureau of Land Management USGS/Biological Resources Division NPS/Rocky Mountain National Park U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Colorado Natural Heritage Program DEDICATION This Conservation Plan is dedicated to Mr. Chris Garber who died in an avalanche on January 7, 1996, while cross-country skiing in the Snowy Range Mountains of Wyoming. Chris spent many hours searching for the boreal toad and was a key source of information on the toad in Wyoming. The Boreal Toad Recovery Team and his many friends and colleagues will sorely miss him, and the world will miss his dedication to wildlife conservation. We hope his spirit has found the joy and tranquility he sought in life. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . .1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................................2 BACKGROUND, BASIS, & PURPOSE ........................................................................................4 BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION & STATUS Species Description &
    [Show full text]
  • Grand County Explorer: Grand Lake, Kremmling, Granby
    Published on Colorado.com (https://www.colorado.com) Grand County Explorer: Grand Lake, Kremmling, Granby, Winter Park & More 5 days More Itineraries Grand County's beautiful destinations vary from quaint, small towns and ski villages to lakeside escapes, mountain views and Rocky Mountain National Park's western entrance. Sustainability Activity Travel Like a Local: Participate in one of Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado's many trail-repair projects. Day 1 ACTIVITY Grand Lake Visitor Center At the western edge of Rocky Mountain National Park sits the historic town of Grand Lake, Colorado. It is a town where one steps back into time, where the store owners proudly manage their... LUNCH Squeaky B's Craft burgers, farm salads, hand-crafted cocktails, premium wine list and beer selection. Boozy milkshakes and champagne floats! ACTIVITY Hike to Adam Falls This hike, just under a mile, is an easy semi-loop trail to a roaring waterfall. COTREX Map the Trail DINNER Rocky Mountain Outfitters and The Bait Shop Grill Rocky Mountain Outfitters and The Bait Shop Grill offers guided fishing excursions and has a restaurants serving up breakfast, lunch and dinner from 7am to 8pm daily. ACTIVITY Watch the Sunset Bordered by Grand Lake and the Shadow Mountain Connecting Channel, Point Park offers ample access to non-motorized boats and fishing but it's best for sunset photos. LODGING Western Riviera Lakeside Lodging On Grand Lake we offer lakeside motel & cabin rooms, and condos with breathtaking views of mountain vistas reflecting on Colorado's largest natural lake at the west entrance to Rocky Mountain... Day 2 BREAKFAST Sagebrush BBQ & Grill Not just great barbecue! Historical setting - original jail doors from the 1880s.
    [Show full text]