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Spectrum Literature Postfaktisches Erzählen? spectrum Literaturwissenschaft/ spectrum Literature Komparatistische Studien/Comparative Studies Herausgegeben von/Edited by Moritz Baßler, Werner Frick, Monika Schmitz-Emans Wissenschaftlicher Beirat/Editorial Board Sam-Huan Ahn, Peter-André Alt, Aleida Assmann, Francis Claudon, Marcus Deufert, Wolfgang Matzat, Fritz Paul, Terence James Reed, Herta Schmid, Simone Winko, Bernhard Zimmermann, Theodore Ziolkowski Band 71 Postfaktisches Erzählen? Post-Truth − Fake News − Narration Herausgegeben von Antonius Weixler, Matei Chihaia, Matías Martínez, Katharina Rennhak, Michael Scheffel und Roy Sommer Die freie Verfügbarkeit der E-Book-Ausgabe dieser Publikation wurde durch 39 wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken ermöglicht, die die Open-Access-Transformation in der Deutschen Literatur- wissenschaft fördern. Die Übersicht der teilnehmenden Bibliotheken befindet sich am Ende des Buches. ISBN 978-3-11-069273-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-069306-5 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-069307-2 ISSN 1860-210X Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Lizenz. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020951307 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2021 Antonius Weixler, Matei Chihaia, Matías Martínez, Katharina Rennhak, Michael Scheffel und Roy Sommer, publiziert von Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Dieses Buch ist als Open-Access-Publikation verfügbar über www.degruyter.com. Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Inhalt Antonius Weixler, Matei Chihaia, Matías Martínez, Katharina Rennhak, Michael Scheffel, Roy Sommer Postfaktisches Erzählen? Post-Truth – Fake News – Narration | 1 Teil I: Theoretische Perspektiven Matías Martínez Können Erzählungen lügen? | 13 Nicola Gess Versuch über die Halbwahrheit | 23 Teil II: Politik Roy Sommer Dolus Trump: Presidential Lies and the 2016 Masterclass on Truth-Bending | 47 Christian Baier „I Reject Your Reality and Substitute My Own!“ Zur narrativen Legitimation sogenannter ‚alternativer Fakten‘ | 65 Hans J. Lietzmann „Postfaktischer Populismus“ Das politische Narrativ der Mehrheitsgesellschaft | 83 Raphael Zähringer Markus Söders Kreuzerlass – eine postfaktische Erzählung aus der Politik | 103 VI | Inhalt Teil III: Massenmedien Antonius Weixler Make Control Great Again Zur narrativen Konstruktion ‚eingeweihten Wissens‘ in Verschwörungserzählungen | 127 Sandra Nuy Gegen die Zumutungen der Wirklichkeit Zur filmischen Arbeit am politischen Mythos | 157 Andreas Langenohl Die Konstellation nach den Massenmedien Zur Begründbarkeit von Normen öffentlicher Kommunikation | 177 Ulrich Tückmantel Dem Sascha sein Bruder seine Frau | 199 Teil IV: Literatur Katharina Rennhak Learning from Best Practice Reality, Truth, and the Novel as a Vehicle of the ‘Liberal Narrative’ | 215 Brigitte Rath Hoaxes gegen die Erfindung faktualer Texte Edgar Allan Poes „Hans Phaall“ als Beitrag zur Debatte um Faktualität in US- amerikanischen Periodika im ersten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts | 233 Lars Bernaerts Narrative Constellations of Empathy in the Contemporary Novel | 263 Rüdiger Heinze Almost True: (Non)Fictionality in Contemporary US-American Migration Narratives | 281 Inhalt | VII Janine Hauthal Explaining Brexit (Re-)Thinking the Nexus of Nation and Narration in Pre- and Post-Referendum British Fiction | 297 Namenregister / Index of Names | 323 Sachregister / Index of Subjects | 329 Antonius Weixler, Matei Chihaia, Matías Martínez, Katharina Rennhak, Michael Scheffel, Roy Sommer Postfaktisches Erzählen? Post-Truth – Fake News – Narration Das Oxford English Dictionary wählte den Begriff ‚Post-Truth‘ zum Wort des Jah- res 2016, eine deutsche Jury wiederum ‚Alternative Fakten‘ zum Unwort des Jah- res 2017. Diese Wahlen sprechen für eine zeitgeschichtliche Besonderheit in der Kultur öffentlicher Meinungsbildung: Der strategische Einsatz bewusster Falsch- aussagen – ‚Fake News‘ – wird in manchen Kontexten explizit und offensiv in Kauf genommen, der Wahrheitswert oder die Nachprüfbarkeit medial vermittel- ter Fakten insgesamt in Frage gestellt. Diese Nivellierung der Grenze zwischen Information und Desinformation (ein Begriff, der bezeichnenderweise nur noch selten verwendet wird) hat nicht nur Konsequenzen für die Politik und den Jour- nalismus, sondern auch für das Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft. Das Leugnen em- pirisch nachweisbarer Phänomene wie des Klimawandels erscheint dann ebenso unproblematisch wie das opportunistische, adressatenbezogene Ändern der ei- genen Meinung, solange das Grundgerüst einer attraktiven und eingängigen Er- zählung die jeweiligen Aussagen stützt. Zugleich wächst die Sehnsucht nach neuen, ebenso glaubhaften wie visionären Narrativen, die wesentliche Grundla- gen unseres sozialen, kulturellen und politischen Miteinanders in einer als kri- senhaft empfundenen Umbruchsituation neu erzählen und die sich, so die Hoff- nung, gegen die Lügengeschichten der Populisten durchsetzen können. Das Erzählen, die ‚Narration‘, wird in diesem Zusammenhang also oft als ein Werk- zeug betrachtet, das als Storytelling diese Nivellierung – zusammen mit anderen rhetorischen Verfahren – unterstützt. Aber die Literatur hat seit jeher auch die Produktion von Instrumenten – den Begriffen von Poetik und Fiktionstheorie – gefördert, um die Grenzen zwischen eigener und fremder Rede, zwischen Ge- schichtsschreibung und Dichtung zu reflektieren. So beobachtet beispielsweise Aristoteles, „dass es nicht Aufgabe des Dichters ist mitzuteilen, was wirklich ge- schehen ist, sondern vielmehr, was geschehen könnte, d. h. das nach den Regeln der Wahrscheinlichkeit oder Notwendigkeit Mögliche“ (Poetik 9, 1451a36-38). Das Verhältnis von Fakt und Fiktion und die Aufgabenstellung an Wissenschaft und Literatur hat sich seit der Antike weiterentwickelt, und vielleicht sind wir Zeitge- noss*innen eines entscheidenden Einschnitts. Satiresendungen wie die US-ame- rikanische Daily Show schöpfen das komische Potenzial dieser Möglichkeit aus Open Access. © 2021 Antonius Weixler, Matei Chihaia, Matías Martínez, Katharina Rennhak, Michael Scheffel und Roy Sommer, publiziert von De Gruyter. Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Lizenz https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110693065-001 2 | Weixler, Chihaia, Martínez, Rennhak, Scheffel, Sommer und inszenieren beispielsweise einen Trauergottesdienst für „Facts“, der die Ver- storbenen ein letztes Mal feiert. Die deutsche Lehnübertragung für „post truth“, postfaktisch, wird durch die ‚Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache‘ gleich in einer kulturgeschichtlichen Perspektive eingeführt, die ähnlich finster klingt: „Nicht der Anspruch auf Wahrheit, sondern das Aussprechen der ‚gefühlten Wahrheit‘ führt im ‚postfaktischen Zeitalter‘ zum Erfolg“, so heißt es in der Pressemitteilung der GfdS (2016). Wie gelangt man von dieser Charakteristik, die selbst als ein un- scharfes, satirisch-finsteres Stimmungsbild formuliert wird, zu einer wissen- schaftlichen Bestimmung der Merkmale dieser postfaktischen Epoche? Der vorliegende Band konzentriert sich auf die Analyse eines besonders her- vorstechenden und immer wieder in diesem Zusammenhang angesprochenen Merkmals: das Erzählen. Gewiss gibt es nicht eine spezifisch postfaktische Art des Erzählens im Sinne eines wiedererkennbaren, identifizierbaren ‚postfakti- schen Narrativs‘. Vielmehr ist in den unterschiedlichen medialen, generischen, sozialen, politischen etc. Kontexten stets nach dem Verhältnis des Postfaktischen zum Narrativen zu fragen. Entsprechend bietet das Erzählen einen thematischen, teilweise auch methodischen Ansatzpunkt, um das Postfaktische transnational und aus der Perspektive verschiedener wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen genauer zu bestimmen. Wie wird erzählt? Was wird erzählt? Welche Funktionen erfüllen Erzählungen in unterschiedlichen Zusammenhängen? Literaturwissenschaft, Medienwissenschaft, Soziologie, Politikwissenschaft, Kulturwissenschaft und Philosophie bringen einen eigenen Blick auf das Verhältnis von Erzählen, von Erzählungen zum Postfaktischen mit sich – und spezifische Korpora bzw. Klas- sen von Texten, die ein weites Feld der Anwendung öffnen: Gerüchte, Hoaxes, Tweets, Filme, Romane, Mythen, etc. Dass in diesem Bereich die Felder alle mit- einander vernetzt sind, erschwert allerdings den Versuch einer Klassifizierung und unterstreicht die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den betrachteten Äußerun- gen. Auch die Titel der Gliederung des vorliegenden Bandes sind also eher als eine pragmatische Schwerpunktsetzung zu verstehen, denn als eine trennscharfe Systematik. In der ersten Sektion werden Theoretische Perspektiven einerseits auf das Er- zählen und andererseits auf ‚die Halbwahrheit‘ entwickelt. MATÍAS MARTÍNEZ zeigt in seinem Beitrag, dass in Debatten über ‚alternative facts‘ und postfaktisches Er- zählen der Begriff des Erzählens gern als moralisch und politisch problemati- scher Gegenbegriff zu soliden Fakten und Beweisen erscheint. Erzählungen als solche, scheint es, sind nicht wahrheitsfähig, sondern nichts als manipulative rhetorische Instrumente. Erzählungen wären dann nicht nach ihrer Wahrheit oder Falschheit zu beurteilen, sondern nach ihrer Überzeugungskraft – und al- lenfalls nach ihrer politischen oder moralischen Legitimität. Diese Auffassung, Postfaktisches
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