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Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Ceropegieae) in India

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Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Ceropegieae) in India Vol. 29(1): 01–115 (2019) ISSN: 0971-2313 (Print edition) Rheedea RESEARCH ARTICLE Journal of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy https://dx.doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.1.01 Taxonomic revision of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Ceropegieae) in India S.S. Kambale1,2 & S.R. Yadav2 1Department of Botany, Maratha Vidya Prasarak Samaj’s Arts, Commerce & Science College, Tryambakeshwar, Maharashtra – 422 212, India. 2Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra – 416 004, India. * E-mail: [email protected] The genus Ceropegia can be easily distinguished Abstract: The genus Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: from other genera of Ceropegieae viz. Brachystelma Ceropegieae) is revised for India based on field R.Br. and Caralluma R.Br. by its cage-like observation, literature survey and extensive herbarium structure of flowers formed by corolla lobes, which studies. Sixty one taxa are recognized under seven are apically connate to various degrees (Hooker, sections. Nomenclatural anomalies are resolved. 1883; Huber, 1957; Ansari, 1984; Li 1995; Distribution status is given for each species. A lectotype is et al., Meve, 2009; Kullayiswamy 2013; Kidyoo & designated for and second step lectotypes et al., C. schumanniana Paliyavuth, 2017). are designated for C. hookeri and C. lucida; C. karulensis is reduced here as a variety of C. sahyadrica; C. mizoramensis Subsequent to the revision of Ceropegia in India and C. murlensis are reduced to the synonymy of C. (Ansari, 1984), a number of new species have been longifolia subsp. sinensis. Detailed descriptions, notes, described from different parts of the country by colour photoplates and taxonomic keys for sections, various authors (Swarupanandan & Mangaly, 1992; species and infra-specific taxa are presented. Sreekumar et al., 1998; Daniel & Umamaheshwari, Keywords: Apocynaceae, Ceropegia, Distribution, 2001; Yadav et al., 2004; Malpure et al., 2006; Endemism, Lectotypification, Taxonomy, Western Punekar et al., 2006; Yadav et al., 2006; Yadav Ghats. & Shendange, 2010; Diwakar & Singh, 2011; Kambale & Yadav, 2012; Kullayiswamy et al., 2013; Rahangdale & Rahangdale, 2012; Sujanapal Introduction et al., 2013; Manudev et al., 2016). The present study is a comprehensive treatment The genus L. comprises 244 species Ceropegia of , based on extensive field survey distributed in Africa and Madagascar, extending Ceropegia throughout its distributional range in India. The in the east to Arabia, India and China, northern descriptions of majority of the species are based on part of Australia as far as Canary Islands (Bruyns, 2014). Highest diversity of the genus occurs in live collections. South Africa, followed by Kenya, Madagascar and Materials and Methods India (Sri Rama Murthy et al., 2012). In India, the genus is represented by 53 species, 2 subspecies and The specimens were collected from different 6 varieties of which 37 are endemic to Peninsular regions of India. Live plants were grown in earthen India (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1987). Majority of pots in the Botanic Garden of Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Herbarium specimens were prepared Ceropegia species in India occurs along steep hill following Vogel (1987) and Forman and Bridson slopes amidst Strobilanthes callosa Nees, several others in rock crevices at low to high elevation (1992). Plants were photographed with Nikon lateritic plateaus, along with bushes, forest margins, D80 / D90 DSLR cameras and photomicrographs grasslands of dry deciduous forests, shola forest using Zeiss Stemi SV11 Stereo microscope attached margins and still others prefer to grow at drier with a Nikon Coolpix 4500 camera. All voucher habitats (Figs. 1 & 2). specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Shivaji University, Kolhapur (SUK). Digital Received: 12.11.2018; Revised & Accepted: 15.03.2019 images of the type specimens at BM, E, G, GH, Published Online: 31.03.2019 PDA and K were also consulted. The specimens 2 Taxonomic revision of the genus Ceropegia in India Fig. 1. Habitat of Ceropegia species: a. High elevation lateritic plateaus; b. Dry-deciduous scrub forest; c. Scrub open rocky areas dominated by succulent Euphorbias; d. Steep mountain slopes (inset shows typical representative species of the habitats: a. C. jainii Ansari & B.G. Kulk.; b. C. juncea Roxb.; c. C. spiralis Wight; d. C. sahyadrica Ansari & B.G. Kulk. var. sahyadrica). S.S. Kambale & S.R. Yadav 3 Fig. 2. Habitat of Ceropegia species: a. Shola forests associated with grasslands; b. Grasslands at high elevations with less rainfall; c. Bushes of Strobilanthes callosa (inset shows typical species of the habitat: a. C. gardneri Thwaites; b. C. ravikumariana Kambale & Gnanasek.; c.C. fantastica Sedgw.). 4 Taxonomic revision of the genus Ceropegia in India from the following herbaria were also examined: stiffed hairy. Pollinarium erect; pollinia yellow to ARUN, ASSAM, BLAT, BAMU, BSI, BSID, reddish, with pellucid margin, attached to red brown CAL, CALI, FRLH, MH, PBL, KFRI, RHT, SUK, corpusculum by short caudicles. Follicles usually in SKU, TBGT, Goa University herbarium. pairs, rarely single, erect or horizontal, tapering to a Taxonomic treatment fine point, glabrous. Seeds ovate-oblong, marginate, comose; coma white silky (Fig. 3 & 4). Ceropegia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 211. 1753; Roxb., Pl. : Throughout the year. Coromandel 1: 11, t. 7. 1795; Wight, Contr. Bot. Flowering & fruiting India 30. 1834; B. Heyne ex Decne, Prodr. 8: 641. Distribution: 244 species in the world, distributed 1844; Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 4(1): 14. 1848; in Africa (except Mediterranean region), Canary Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 2: 779. 1876; Hook.f., Islands, India, Madagascar, New Guinea, northern Fl. Brit. India 4: 66. 1883; K. Schum. in Engl. & Australia, southeast Asia and tropical Arabia Prantl, Pflanzenr. 4(2): 270. 1895; H. Huber, Mem. (Good, 1952; Bruyns, 2003). Ceropegias are found Soc. Brot. 12: 20. 1957; Ansari, Fasc. Fl. India at an elevation ranging from 16–2500 m. In India, 16: 1. 1984; F. Albers & Meve (eds.), Ill. Handb. majority of the species are distributed in peninsular Succ. Pl. Asclepiadaceae 63. 2002. Type: Ceropegia part. Out of 61 Indian taxa, 44 (72 %) are endemic. candelabrum L. All northeast Indian species (9), extend their Vernacular names: Kandilpushp and Kharpudi distribution to neighboring countries. Highest (Marathi). diversity is found in Maharashtra with 25 species, of which 17 are endemic. Perennial geophytic herbs. Rootstock tuberous; tubers depressed globose, globose-discoid; roots Notes: Majority of the Indian species of the genus fibrous or fleshy. Stem prostrate, erect, twining or are threatened due to the habitat modification and climbing, usually one or rarely 2–3 from a single exploitation of tubers for food. Few species are not tuber, 0.1–1 m tall in erect species, 4–6 m tall collected after type collections. in twining, terete or quadrangular, succulent or Key to the sections of Ceropegia in India non-succulent, glabrous to sparingly hairy. Leaves simple, opposite-decussate, rarely whorled, sub- 1. Plants with well developed discoid to globose sessile to petiolate; lamina ovate, elliptic, ovate- tubers ..................................................................2 lanceolate or broadly ovate, sometimes reduced 1. Plants without well developed tubers ...............4 to scales, succulent or non-succulent, glabrous or 2. Tubers with fibrous roots ..................................3 scabrous. Inflorescence a solitary flower or few to many-flowered umbellate cymes. Calyx 5-partite; 2. Tubers with fleshy roots ............. sect. Ceropegia sepals linear-subulate or triangular. Corolla tubular; 3. Herbs geophytes, short, erect (except tube abruptly, gradually or much dilated at the C. ) .......................................... sect. base, straight or curved, glabrous or hairy within at arnottiana Tiloris middle, with or without a ring of hairs at the mouth 3. Herbs climbing (except C. lawii, C. maccannii, C. of dilated part, cylindrical or funnel-shaped at throat, panchganiensis, C. rollae, C. sahyadrica) ................ equal or longer than corolla lobes; lobes connate at ..................................................... sect. Indopegia the tip, rarely free, forming long conical, globose, 4. Leaves reduced to scales ................sect. Phalaena ampuliform, ellipsoid cage, coiled, beaked or spirally twisted, glabrous, finely pubescent or with 4. Leaves well developed, not reduced to scales ...5 glandular clavate, hollow clavate, conical uni-seriate 5. Leaves succulent ......................... sect. Esculentae trichomes, linear, cordate, obovate, oblong, usually multi-coloured, blotched or striped, reflexed along 5. Leaves not succulent ..........................................6 their back. Corona uni-seriate or bi-seriate, sessile 6. Roots fibrous .................................. sect. Janthina or stipitate; outer of entire to bifid lobes, cupular, 6. Roots fleshy/swollen ............... sect. bowl or saucer-shaped, glabrous or ciliate along Chionopegia margins and within; inner if present is of 5 erect to erecto-divergent lobes, linear-clavate to spathulate, alternate or opposite with outer corona, glabrous or S.S. Kambale & S.R. Yadav 5 Fig. 3. Diversity of rootstock in Ceropegia species: a & b. Globose tubers with fleshy roots in C. ravikumariana Kambale & Gnanasek.; c. Globose tuber with fibrous roots in C. sahyadrica Ansari & B.G. Kulk. var. sahyadrica; d & e. Stolon like tubers in C. juncea Roxb. (d) & C. intermedia
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