1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2271 ology and to authorize installation ot Gov­ COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ernment telephones in certain private resi- LABOR dences ~ · FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1961 S. 683. An act to amend the Communica­ Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask ! ! tions Act ot 1934,' as amended, by eliminat­ · unanimous consent that the Roosevelt The House met at 12 o'clock noon. ing the requirement ot an oath or affirma­ subcommittee of the Committee on Edu· Rev. Joseph Gedra, pa.Stor, St. Paul's tion on certain documents filed with the Federal Communications Commission. cation and Labor may be permitted to sit Church, Damascus, Md., offered the fol· this afternoon during the special. orders. lowing prayer: The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there We pray Thee, o Heavenly Father, in SELECT COMMITTEE TO CON­ objection to the request of the gentleman behalf of many of Thy faithful people, DUCT STUDIES AND INVESTIGA­ from Massachusetts? living in our own and in other free lands, TIONS OF THE PROBLEMS OF There was no objection. who are sadly commemorating the in· SMALL BUSINESS dependence of their small nation, Lithu­ ania, which by .Thy grace, it regained 43 The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro-· visions of House Resolution 46, 87th Cort­ IDEOLOGICAL FALLACIES OF years ago, only to lose it later to an ag- .CQMMUNISM . gressive and atheistic· neighbor. To· _gress, the Chair .appoints as additional gether with them, we humbly and rever­ members of the Select Committee To Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask ently beseech Thee to be mindful of the Conduct Studies and Investigations of unanimous consent to address the House plight of those who are at t:hi_s moment the Problems of Small Business the fol­ for 1 minute and to revise and extend bravely enduring the hardships of en­ lowing Members of the House: my remarks and to include extraneous slavement at the hands of Thy enemies; Mr. McCuLLOCH, Ohio; Mr. MooRE, matter. and we implore Thee to keep alive in West Virginia; Mr. AVERY, Kansas; Mr. The SPEAKER. Is there objection their hearts the hope that Thou wilt not SMITH, California; Mr. ROBISON, New to the request of the gentleman from abandon them who remain loyal to Thee. York; and Mr. DERWINSKI, Illinois. Pennsylvania? Assure them, 0 Lord, that their strug­ There was no objection. gle to glorify and worship Thee in pri­ U.S. DELEGATION OF THE CANADA­ Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, I am in vate and in public; to live decently ac­ UNITED STATES INTERPARLIA- receipt of a telegram sent to me as cording to Thy laws and principles; to chairman of the House Committee on associate freely and honorably and MENTARY GROUP Un-American Activities by Dr. Daniel A. peaceably with other nations, will not The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro­ Poling, editor of the Christian Herald be in vain. visions of section 1, Public Law 86-42, magazine. Dr. Poling appeared before · And we pray Thee also, inspire us with the Chair appoints as members of the the committee in 1957 as one of three Thy heavenly wisdom and courage to as­ U.S. delegation of the Canada-United prominent clergymen of the Jewish, sist Lithuania, her Baltic neighbors and States Interparliamentary Group for the Catholic, and Protestant faiths, respec­ other persecuted peoples, to realize their meeting to be held in Ottawa, Canada, tively, who took part in a consultation national aspirations and to take their from February 22 to February 26, ·1961, on the subject "Ideological Fallacies of rightful place in the society of free and the following Members on the part of Communism." Along with Rabbi A. godly nations,· so that it may not be said the House: Andhill Fineberg and Bishop Fulton J. of us, who are so richly blessed by Thee, Mr. GALLAGHER, New Jersey, chairman; Sheen, Dr. Poling proved himself a for­ that the children of darkness are wiser Mrs. KELLY, New York; Mr. YATES, illi-­ midable adversary of the Communist than the children of light. Through nois; Mr. IKARD, Texas; Mr. DULSKI, New conspiracy in a trenchant expose of its Jesus Christ Thy beloved Son and our York; Mr. PHILBIN, Massachusetts; Mr. philosophy of universal regimentation Divine Mediator with Thee. Amen. STRATTON, New York; Mr. CURTIS, Mas­ and enslavement of the individual and sachusetts; Mr. BROOMFIELD, Michigan; complete denial of God. Dr. Poling has Mr. CUNNINGHAM, Nebraska; Mr. HAR­ never ceased in his efforts toward alert­ THE JOURNAL VEY, Michigan; and Mr. TUPPER, Maine. ing our citizem·y to the tactics of the The Journal of the proceedings of Communist forces and to the urgency for yesterday was read and approved. meeting them head on. READING OF WASHINGTON'S FARE­ Dr. Poling's telegram is as follows: WELL ADDRESS A petition to the House of Representa­ MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask tives ot the 87th Congress to eliminate the Committee on Un-American Activities carries A message from the Senate by Mr. unanimous consent that on Wednesday, some 400 signatures. Among these are 62 McGown, one of its clerks, announced February 22, 1961, Washington's Fare­ Protestant clergymen and 18 Jewish rabbis. that the Senate had passed a resolution, well Address may be read by a Member I dissent. Also, I find no Roman Catholic as follows: to be designated by the Speaker. bishops or priests included among these S. RES. 89 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to 400. And in sharp contrast with the petition Resolved, That the Senate has heard with the request of the gentleman from Mas­ was the speech of Frederick H. Boland, Presi­ profound sorrow the announcement of the sachusetts? dent of the United Nations General Assem­ death of Honorable W. F. Norrell, late a There was no objection. bly, received with enthusiasm by more than Reprenentative from the State of Arkansas. The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the spe­ 1,200 Roman Catholic high school teachers, Resolved, That a committee of two Sen­ cial order agreed to today, the Chair calling upon religious E!ducators to take the ators be appointed by the Presiding Officer to "offensive against atheistic communism." join the committee appointed on the part of designates the gentleman from Nebraska President Boland's address was carried by the t he House of Representatives to attend the [Mr. BEERMANN] to read Washington's same press that printed the . paid advertise­ funeral of the ·deceased Representative. Farewell Address immediately following ment of the 400. I believe that these 400 Resolved, That the Secretary communicate the reading of the Journal on February do not represent but that they do misrepre­ these resolutions to the House of Re-pre­ 22, 1961. sent the vast majority of their fellow Protes­ sentatives and transmit a copy thereof to the tants and Jews, indeed the vast majority family of the deceased. of their fellow Americans. Few, if any, of Resolved, That, as a further mark of re­ ADJOURNMENT UNTIL MONDAY, these 400 have ·ever signed petitions against spect to the memory of the deceased, the FEBRUARY 20, 1961 subversion or have ever identified themselves Senate do now adjourn. against un-American activities. Few, if any, Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask of these 400 have ever engaged in an unequiv­ The message also announced that the unanimous consent that when the House ocal campaign against atheistic commu­ Senate had passed bills of the following adjourns today it adjourn to meet on nism. J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Fed­ titles, in which the concurrence of the Monday next. eral Bureau of Investigation, warns the Na­ tion that· communism was never more alert House is requested: The SPEAKER. Is there objection to and never more dangerous to American free­ S. 681. An act to authorize . the Secretary the request of the gentleman from Mas· dom than right now. · Whatever the mistakes of Commerce to enter into contracts for the sachusetts? ot the Hause Committee on Un-Amer1can conduct of research in the field of meteor- There was no objection. Activities, this committee has never made 2272 CONGRESSIONAL trnCORD - .HOUSE February 17 the fatal mistake of being soft · to commu­ need to.encourage higher education. · We The SPEAKER. Is there objection nism. To discontinue or discredit it now need to make higher education available to the request of the gentlewoman from would be a disservice to America and to the to those who might not otherwise se­ Ohio? free world. The committee should be con­ tinued and constructively strengthened. cure it because of their financial situa­ There was no objection. DANIEL A. PoLING, tion, and we need in particular to en­ Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, one of Editor, Christian Herald Magazine. courage those institutions which con­ the very dangerous elements in the Chi­ tinue to operate as private centers of nese cold war is the spreading of the use American higher education. The bill I A SENSmLE PROGRAM FOR AID TO of narcotics. In the old days, imperial have introduced, H.R. 4171, would not China became convinced that poppy cul­ maHER EDUCATION only give them a real assist from the tivation ·was .destructive to the nation, Mr. STRA'ITON. Mr. Speaker, I ask Federal Government by providing this and made it illegal. It appears that the unanimous consent to extend my re­ help indirectly through our tax laws, but Communist Chinese are encouraging not marks in the body of the RECORD at this would also insure that there would be only the growing of poppies on a large point. no possible question as to Federal inter­ scale, but the exportation of dope in all The SPEAKER. Is there objection to vention or control of education itself. forms. In various ways and sometimes the request of the gentleman from New actually by force, narcotics are forced York? PROBLEM OF STEAMSHIP upon a victim until he becomes ari addict There was no objection. CONFERENCES and must have the drug. Mr. STRA'ITON. Mr. Speaker, one Mr. Speaker, I am inserting in the of the major issues facing this Congress Mr. BONNER. Mr. Speaker, I ask RECORD, together with these remarks, an has been the need to provide assistance unanimous consent to address the House article which is a reprint from Christian· for education. We passed a bill on this for 1 minute and to revise and extend Economics of December 13, 1960. I hope· subject last year, and it is my under­ InY ren1arks. . . . that those who ·are interested in these standing that the President is sending The SPEAKER. Is there objection to matters will be made more knowledge­ up a message on Monday with some­ the request of the gentleman from North able of this very serious problem by read­ what similar recommendations for this Carolina? ing the article, which is as follows: year. This assistance is important and There was no objection. certainly desperately needed. Yet in our Mr. BONNER. Mr. Speaker, I have DOPE--RED CHINA'S SECRET WEAPON effort to improve our elementary and introduced this week for appropriate ref­ (By Lawrence Sull1van) secondary education let us not forget the erence the bill, H.R. 4299, to amend the Communist China, the world's biggest dope importance of higher education. as well, Shipping Act, 1916, as amended, to pro­ peddler today, has launched a. new world­ ani the need to recognize-our obligation vide for the operation of steamship con,-· wide drive for admission into tlle United to provide assistance to it, too. ferences. Nations. One of the doubts raised by those op­ This bill represents an attempt to meet She needs this new badge of prestige badly posing aid· to education has been the most of the major complaints made by if she is to protect and expand her $1-billion-· charge that such assistance might lead to interested witnesses during the course a-year tra.mc in narcotics. · . For the first time in human history, the Federal control. I do not favor Federal of the 2-year study of the problem of systematic production and distribution of control of education, and I would oppose steamship conferences by the Committee narcotic drugs has become an organized· legislation which I felt might lead to that on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. I government monopoly in Red China. In 10 kind of situation. When it comes to think this bill, in its present form, will years, Mao Tse-tung has built up a virtuar higher education there is, in fact, a very. provide the mechanism needed to main­ world monopoly in opium, heroin, and mor­ simple remedy which completely avoids tain stability in the waterborne foreign phine. any possibility of Federal control. This commerce of the United States and Membership in the U.N. would give the is to supply assistance through the thereby protect the legitimate interests Chinese Communists lawful and open ac­ parents or guardians who h~ve made this of both shipper and carrier. By bring­ cess, through pro forma trade missions, to every major city in the United States of education possible, namely by tax relief ing together in legislat~ve form the prin­ America, Latin America, and Western Eu­ for the funds expended on this highly cipal points and issues raised in the rec­ rope. At present, all these dope outlets are useful purpose. ord of our extensive hearings, I believe maintained through illicit underground con­ Accordingly, Mr. Speaker, I have in­ this bill provides a reasonable basis from nections, at grtlat cost to the narcotics trust troduced a bill, H.R. 4171, to extend to which we may hope to produce much inPeiping. the parents of college students a special needed corrective legislation in this ses­ Details of the flourishing Chinese drug tax credit for funds spent toward their sion of Congress. traffic came to light in a recent report from higher education. Under the terms· of · Full scale hearings held by the Anti­ the United Nations Commission on Narcotic my bill parents or g_uardians would be trust Subcommittee of the House Judi­ Drugs. Harry J. Anslinger, Chief of the Narcotics allowed to claim as a credit on their ciary Committee, as well as the Mer­ Bureau, U.S. Treasury Department, was the Federal income tax 30 percent of the chant Marine Committee hearings, U.S. delegate to the special U.N. conference amount paid out during the year to insti­ strongly indicated that additional regu­ on the rapidly expanding narcotics trade. tutions of higher education as tuition latory power should be given to the Fed­ Ans~inger named Fang Jung Ho as China's or fees for the education of any person eral Maritime Board. We have made no chief of special trade. He is the cabinet at a level above the 12th grade. atten1pt to cover this aspect of the prob­ officer in charge of dope operations the world In introducing this legislation, Mr. len1 in the current bill, but in all proba­ around. Speaker, I am carrying out a pledge I bility it will come up for active consider­ "Spreading narcotic addiction and obtain­ made during my recent campaign, At ation in the course of hearings on this ing funds for political purposes through the that time I considered introducing legis­ bill. Moreover, it is believed that much sale of heroin and opium is not just the lation to permit taxpayers to deduct the benefit can be gained by considering the policy of one man in the Communist re­ total of educational payments from their matter of regulatory powers in the gime. It is the policy of the entire Com­ taxable income. On closer examination, light of the Judiciary subcommittee's munist regime in mainland China," Anslinger however, it became clear that such a hearings and findings. Much valuable told the U.N. Commission. "There is a close relation with the People's Bank of China, :Program would be of much greater bene­ material has been developed by that sub­ both of which have local branches through­ fit to those in the higher tax brackets committee in its extensive investigations. out the country, With special counters to for whom a deduction in taxable income The Subcommittee on Steamship Con­ handle loa,ns, credits, and mortgages for would mean a proportionately greater ferences has scheduled hearings to begin opium. The transportation of opium ship­ reduction in the tax to be paid. By au­ on this bill on March 7. ments is guarded by the armed forces." thorizing a tax credit of 30 percent in lncoming shipments of raw opium from place of a deduction, however, the ad­ DOPE-RED CHINA'S SECRET the countryside. are analyzed and graded by vantage accrues instead to those in the WEAPON the Shanghai hygienic department, just as lower income brackets who will· actu­ eggs are candled and graded in New York ally need this kind of assistance most Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask or Chicago before shipment. anyway. unanimous consent to address the House When an international narcotics contract Mr. Speaker, education is one of our for 1 minute and to revise and extend is signed, through the Red China tobacco most important problems today. We my remarks and include an article. monopoly, the papers are turned over to the 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ·-· 'HOUSE 22'73 regional ·army commander. The army ar­ problem we have is in New-York €ity. The ProsT; of ldaho; 'the Honorable WALTER ranges the landing at the specified foreign city a::nd State of New York: . jointly .set· up MeV~, . of_ .. Karisa.S; . tb~ Honqral;>le port. a special hospital fqr adolesc _ent . drug . a~dicts~ JOSEPH MONTOYA, of New Mexico; the Narcotics experts attached to the Conuriis­ They have had a daily population, roughly, Honorable VERNON W. THOMSON, of WiS:­ sion estimate that more than 5 million between 60 and 100 patients." acres of land· in starving China are now The narcotics traffic serves international consin; and by myself. devoted exclusively to intensive cultivation communism in two very· practical ways. It Conditions in the lead and zinc min­ of narcotic poppies. provides tremendous dollar and sterling ex­ ing area of the country are much more Everyone connected with the Communist change pools all around· the world; secondly, serious today. than they were in 1960, dope traffic is charged.with the daily respon­ the traffic is a fiendish weapon of sabotage when this body. recogl'lized the need for sibility and duty of recruiting new addicts against the free world, for every new addict this legislation after careful considera­ to chase th~ dragon, as the habit is described impairs and undermines in some degr~e the tion on the floor. throughout the Orient. total productive power of the victim nation. Anslinger documented for the U.N. Com­ Should the United Nations vote to admit I trust the hearings beginning on mission the case of a young · Japanese ·sea­ the world's foremost dope mobster? March 9 may be speedily concluded and man, Saito, who signed on one of the ships the Members of Congress will soon have in the Chinese dope fieet from Yokohama. an opportunity to vote once again on During his first voyage Saito, who was not COLD WAR GI BILL this measure of vital importance to our an addict, was tied hand and foot and depressed lead and·zinc mining districts. forcibly given heroin injections until he Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I manifested a craving for the drug. He be­ ask unanimous consent to extend my re­ comes a confirmed addict. marks at this point in the RECORD. THE LATE MR. PAUL WOOTON Youngsters thus forced to chase the The SPEAKER. Is there objection dragon become ready servants of the Chinese to the request of the gentleman from Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. Speaker, I ask dope mobsters, eager for any criminal assign­ Oklahoma? unanimous consent to address the House ment or violence which will assure their daily There was no objection. for 1 minute, and to revise and extend narcotic requirements. By this technique, my remarks. Communist China has built up a ready army Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I have today introduced a measure already The SPEAKER. Is there objection of fiendish criminals in all the principal port to the request of the gentleman from cities of the world. sponsored by Senator RALPH YAR- · Despite intensified police work throughout BOROUGH and more than 30 Members of Mississippi? the United States, new addicts are cultivated the other body, and by the Honorable There was no objection. daily in every major city, chiefly because WRIGHT PATMAN, of Texas, and 5 other Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. Speaker, I am Communist sources send in a constant dope colleagues in this body, which is known sure that other Members of this body supply for their pushers. as the cold war GI bill. . were as gre.:ttly shocked and saddened "All the documents examined by the as I this morning to learn of the sudden United Nations coming from all governments This legislation would provide educa­ tional and vocational benefits for more tragic passing of one · of A.Iilerica's in that area point to the fact that Commu­ greatest American newspapermen, Mr. nist China is the major source of supply than 4 million GI's who have served our Paul Wooton. He was ·for many years of narcotics for the ent~re world," Anslinger country in the post.:.Korean war period. reported. The benefits· provided in this bill are head of the·NewOrleans Times-Picayune New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wash­ not so great as those provided in the Bureau in Washington, and was· known ington, D.C., Illinois, and all of California World War II and Korean war GI bills, as the dean of the Washington press were· cited by AnsJinger as the principal retail but they do provide genuine incentives corps. I am certain no newspaperman dope markets in the United States. in America was better loved than he. "In California, after months of fntensive to military service and to make provi­ investigation, which took a lot of money .sion for the saving of the benefits until It was my privilege to have known Mr . and very dang~rous undercover work, we the time for retirement from the serv­ Wooton rather intimately durlng the ·14 came up. with a group of Chinese who had ice, on completion of 20 years in uniform. years I have been in Washington, and beet;t smuggling from Communist China. In the final analysis, there is no ques­ I can say with complete sincerity that They had a direct ·connection with Hong tion about who is the chief beneficiary he·was one of the finest men I have ever Kong. A fellow in Hong Kong by the name_ of legislation of this kind. It was dem­ known. Indeed, he had received virtu­ of' Judah Isaac Ezra, whom ·we had sent to onstrated conclusively in both the World ally every honor that could come to a the· penitentiary years ago, had the connec­ man of his profession, apd was perhaps tions inside China, and was taking care of War II and Korean war programs. That most of the traffic into the United States. beneficiary is Uncle Sam himself-the Washington's most honored and most "For several years I have presented docu­ Nation at large-which is much ·stronger distinguished newsman. mented facts which establish that narcotic and better equipped today by reason of Mr. Speaker, I include as part of my trafficking from the Chinese mainland is ·an these highly successful programs. remarks the following account of. Mr. insidious, calculated scheme of the Chinese I hope and trust the Congress will soon Wooton's passing which appears in to­ Communist regime to obtain operating funds act to place this much needed and well day's Washington Star, which outlines· and, at the same tim~. spread the debauchery of narcotic addiction among· the free na­ proved program in operation for the vet­ briefly some of Mr. Wooton's accom­ tions," Anslinger's report to the U:N. con­ erans of today. plishments and which gives a brief a.c-' tinued. count of his career: · "In most instances the heroin was brought PAUL WOOTON DIES AT 79; DEAN OF PRESS into the country concealed on the persons SMALL PRODUCERS BILL CORPS of seamen. Ornately carved camphorwood Mr. _ EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I Paul Wooton, 79, Washington correspond­ chests with specially built compartments ask unanimous consent to extend my re­ ent of the New Orleans Times-Picayu:ne since were also used for ·iihe smuggling operations." marks at this point in the RECORD. 1914 and known as "dean of the Washington Opium poppies are bid in by the Bank of press corps," died yesterday in a District taxi­ China at $72 per pound, American, and The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from cab. refined heroin at $500 per pound. · Mr. Wooton, who was stricken after cover­ "In Kwangtung Province the opium poppy Oklahoma? ing a meeting of the National Labor Rela­ planting is about three times what it was in There was no objection. tions Board, was taken by the cab driver to · 1951. The yield must be sold to the Com­ Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, the Doctors Hospital wher·e he was pronounced munist cooperatives." chairman of the House Committee on dead. He lived .at. 3016 Tilden Street NW. In one recent year Los Angeles accounted The veteran reporter had headed practi­ for 7,000 narcotics arrests, out of a total of Interior and Insular Affairs, the Hon­ orable WAYNE AsPINALL, has today an­ cally all the important press organizations 24,000 for the entire United States. in Washington and was an intimate friend of New York City now has increased its police nounced that hearings will begin on six Presidf:nts during his long career. Presi­ narcotics squad to 200 men. March 9, before the Subcommittee on dent Kennedy yesterday said he was "ex­ "The teenage . problem is still with us," Mines and Mining on the measure known tremely saddened" to learn of the death of Anslinger told the House Appropriations to this body as. the small lead and zinc Mr. Wooton. He described Mr. Wootori as Committee, "but that is spotty. It certainly producers bill. "a distinguished journalist and a man who is not general. You will ·not find it, say, This measure, which passed both has contrib;uted much to his profession and through the South, or even in Pittsburgh, his country." and there are very few teenage cases in Houses of Congress in 1960 only to be Philadelphia. The real teenage problem is vetoed, has been reintroduced in the 87th· KIND TO MARGARET in New York, Cpicago, D~troit, a;nd Los Congress. by the Honorable .WALTER' Mr. Wooton was particularly close to :for­ Angeles. In re!~tion to schools, the only BARING, pf Nevada; the Honorable GRACIE mer President Trmnan; who as ·a Senator 2274 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE Februa1·y 17 lived in the same apartment building with The following editorial, which appears lived a useful life and died-as he would the newsman in the 1930s. "And he was as also in today's Washington Star, speaks have wished-in harness. kind to Margaret as ·anybody can be," the the sentiments of all of us, I am sure, Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. former President once said of Mr. Wooton's who had the pleasure and privilege of Speaker, will the gentleman yield? friendship to his daughter, adding, "and when anybody is kind to Margaret, I never knowing Mr. Wooton during his lifetime: Mr. WILLIAMS. I yield. forget it." PAUL WoOTON Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. Mr. Wooton, recognized as an authority Paul Wooton's sudden death yesterday at Speaker, I want to join in the remarks on politics, business, and trade, had served the age of 79 is in the nature of a closely which the gentleman has made on the as president of the White House Correspond­ personal loss to literally scores of newspaper­ life of a truly great correspondent, Paul ents Association, t~e Overseas Wl'iters, the men in Washington. In his long career here, Wooton-every inch a gentleman; a man National Press Club, Business Papers Corre­ dating from the Wilson administration back whose word was his bond; whose integ­ spondents and the National Conference o! in the teens, he did many things for them Business Editors. He also was a member of collectively and individually. He had served rit y was never questioned; whose ability the Sigma Delta Chi journalism fraternity. as president of most of their organizations. was transcendent in the field that he Mr. Wooton also had been president of the His office haSoviet Union. Thus ended read his forceful articles. thought of another war. But-in the past ·· two decades of glad tidings for Lithu­ I have no misgivings regarding the fu­ there has been no easy way to break the anians and thus vanished the independ­ ture of the press of our Nation as long as chain which held down helpless nations ent and sovereign state of Lithuania. men with the caliber, abilities, and in- unde1~ tyrannical regimes except through Since those fateful days unfortunate . tegrity of Paul Wooton remain in posi­ wars and revolutions. The war of 1914- . Lithuanians have been living under the tions of prominence. He has left to the 18 was such a war: when it was over worst tyrannies known in modern his­ Capital press and to the Nation a rich many oppressed nationalities regained tory. For a short time during the last heritage of honor, integrity, and fair their freedom and attained national in­ . war they suffered under the Nazis. To­ dealing which those of us who follow dependence. Lithuania, whose inde­ ward the end of that war, when the Nazis may well emulate. pendence day is being celebrated today, were evicted, their place was taken by Mr. Wooton is survived by three sis­ is one of the countries which attained ·the equally cruel and heartless minions ters, Florence Nicholas, 1330 Irving its independence in the course of that of the Kremlin. The Communist regime Street NW.; Georgiana Roberts, of Rock war. has been there ever since with all its Hill, S.C.; and Margaret Wooton, of The Lithuanians are justly proud of attendant evils, its commissars and spy Muskegon, Mich. To all of them, in this their long and glorious history, as they rings, its informers and executioners, dark hour, goes our deep and abiding are of their ceaseless struggle against . and it has succeeded in changing the life sympathy. their oppressors for freedom. Late in in Lithuania to one of regimented hor­ Mr. WILLIAMS. I thank the gentle­ middle ages and early in modern times rors. They owe their success' in this re­ man. theirs was a powerful kingdom, one of spect to their deadly efficiency, but the largest in Eastern Europe. For cen­ fortunately for the Lithuanians, and also turies they not only succeeded in repel­ for their friends and sympathizers, these LITHUANIA ling some of the incursions of ferocious . cruel taskmasters have not been able to The SPEAKER. Under previous. order barbarian invaders coming from the subdue and suppress the native spirit of . of the House, the gentleman from Penn­ east into northeastern Europe, but they freedom and independence of the Lithu­ sylvania [Mr. FLoonJ is recognized for . were also gallant champions of Christi­ anian people. That is the one bright as­ 60 minutes. anity and formed its advance guard in pect of their miserable and unenviable Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I have that part of Europe. Then late in the existence. taken this time this year, as we have for 16th century they united with the Poles Unfortunately, also, there is the fact many years in this House, in order to and formed a dual monarchy. This vol­ · that while these champions of freedom pay tribute to a freedom-loving nation, untary union lasted 200 years. In late in that borderland of totalitarian dark­ now a captive country of the Soviets. 18th century when Poland was parti­ ness and democratic light have been suf­ This ceremony is in commemoration and tioned and most of it fell to. Russia, fering, during all these years the free in tribute of the independence of Lithu­ Lithuania was incorporated into the world has not been able to help them in ania. February 16 is the day set aside Russian Empire. any effective way. Thus far no ma.tter for this ceremony, but because of the That marked the loss of freedom for how hard the leaders of the West have passing ·of our beloved late colleague Mr. . the Lithuanian people, but the loss of tried to better the lot of these unfortu­ Norrell, of Arkansas, we were set over national independence did not mean the nate people, it has not been possible to until today. loss of the Lithuanian spirit of freedom. work out a way whereby Lithuanians Further, Mr. Speaker, on this day, the Throughout their trying years, for more could regain some of their lost freedom world day of prayer, it is ·fitting and than a century, under czarist domination and enjoy some of the fruits of their hard proper that I begin my tribute to Lithu­ · the Lithuanians learned that individual . labor in their beloved homeland. How­ ania with a prayer, and to speak for the or group well-being could not be fully ever, we pray and hope on this 43d an­ American citizens in whose veins flows achieved or enjoyed without national po­ niversary celebration of their inde­ the proud blood of Lithuanian ancestors, litical independence. They learned that pendence day that soon the people of a great religious, Christian organization in order to enjoy the fruits of their labor, Lithuania will have freedom to enjoy life for centuries. they must have freedom in their home­ in their historic homeland. On this world day of prayer I would land, be masters of their own destiny. Mr. Speaker, I now yield to the distin­ offer the following supplication: Consequently, they wiited and worked guished majority leader, the gentleman Eternal God, Maker and Master of the ceaselessly for the realization of their from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoRMACK]. universe, look kindly upon Your children most cherished dream, for the independ­ Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, in of all races and nations. Forgive us our ence of Lithuania. None of the repres­ the world arena of great power politics · selfishness and anger and teach us to live sive measures of the Russian Govern­ the fate of small nations is usually de­ at peace with one another. Forgive us ment, none of its harsh brutality, nor its cided by forces over which they have no our foolish pride in the little knowledge proscription of the Lithuanian language control. They are often the victims of we have gained in Your vast universe, and culture, none of these could prevent events originating beyond their geo­ and in the fumbling attempts we are the patriotic and freedom-loving Lith­ graphic boundaries, in the chancelleries making to use the power, and to explore uanians from striving for the realization of certain great powers. This is particu­ the space, that are Your gift. Grant us of their national goal. They fought for larly true today, but it was hardly less so the grace to be kind, a good sense to be it openly as well as clandestinely. They in recent past. The tragedy of the humble, a practical wisdom to be at one staged open rebellion against their op­ Lithuanian people is a case in point. with our fellow men as we prepare for pressors more than once, but they had These sturdy and stouthearted people earth's greatest adventure, the voyaging to await until World War I for the actual had lived in freedom for centuries and tc other realms in space. achievement of their national independ­ had their glory, but since the early 16th Help each one of us to see his duty and ence. Finally on February 16, 1918, they century their country had united with to do it, and to walk a straight path of proclaimed their independence. Poland and formed a dual monarchy. virtue in daily labor and business deal­ Thereafter for .more than two decades Late in the 18th century when Russia ings, in relations with family and friends, the Lithuanians lived in freedom and en­ appropriated most of Poland, Lithuania, in all that we may do to affect neighbor­ joyed it to the full. Then early in the too, was absorbed. Thus, freedom had hood and national and international con­ Second World War came the rude shoclt vanished for the Lithuanian people for ditions. Help us in our endeavor to at­ from the sudden unleashing of evil in­ some 100 years before they regained it in tain honesty, and a clear view of our- ternational forces. Hemmed in between 1918. selves in our relationships with the world two totalitarian dictatorsbips, and with­ During .the. First World War when around us, so that each one, of us may out the effective aid of her friends in the czarist Russia was overthrown, the Lith­ strive effectively toward making the West, little Lithuania could not hope to ua.nians felt· free·, and proclaimed their world a better place for all of us to ward off the dangers to her very existence independence on February 16, 43 years ·nve in. from either tyr~nnies. Actually commu- ago. At that time they rejoiced over 2276 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 17 their success, as did all their · friends tion of . its country by the tyrannical · national groups in Europe regained their everywhere, and it was hoped that in czars. In each l'ebellion, the Lithuanian independence. Among these were the time they would be enabled to safeguard people fought against terrific odds in Lithuanian people who, having suffered their richly deserved freedom. This they numbers, armament, and power, but under Russian autocracy for more than did for two decades. During those anx­ never at any time gave up their battle 100 years, proclaimed their independ- ious interwar years they worked hard to for freedom and independence. ence on February 16, 1918. make Lithuania a happy place .for its During recent years, the Communist Lithuanians have a distinct place in people. They were justly proud of their . tyranny has practically isolated the the turbulent history of northern Eu­ splendid record of performance. Then Lithuanian people. The Iron Cw·tain rope. They have the most numerous of at the approach of the Second World has been lowered further on this nation the three Baltic national groups-about War all their achievements, even their than the average satellite nation by the 3 million in all-and they have always independence, seemed to be in jeopardy. Communists. The Lithuanian people been stout defenders of liberty. During They were one of the first victims of that have suffered by reason of the rigid reg- their subjection to Russian regime, they war. As the Red army moved into the ulations, prison camps, and other crimes managed to keep their love of liberty and Baltic countries as a scourge and terror, inflicted on helpless people in order to · their patriotic sentiments alive. Their independent Lithuania vanished, its in­ subjugate them under Soviet enslave- · sturdy and unyielding spirit, fortified by habitants became prisoners behind the ment. The Lithuanian people will con- their firm belief in Christian principles, extending net of the Red army, and the tinue their struggle for independence served them well. Throughout their country became part of the Soviet Union. and freedom until · self-government is eventful history· they have clung to The conclusion of the war in 1945 did restored to these valiant and heroic peo- Christianity with the same fervor and not bring about any change in Lithu­ ple. The Communist tyranny is today tenacity as they have to their historic ania. The Communist hold over the exerting every effort to discredit and de- homeland. There they waited for the country was tightened, and its helpless feat the purposes of the United Nations opportune moment to assert their free­ inhabitants were imprisoned behind the organization. The demonstration which dom, and that moment came soon after Iron Curtain. Today the country is took place in the United Nations yester- the overthrow of the czarist regime in practically closed to the outside world. day when U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stev- Russia, during the First World War. On No Lithuanian is allowed to leave it, and enson was speaking on freedom for all February 16, 1918, they proclaimed their no one except a very few with special nations in Africa to avoid communistic independence and established the Lithu­ guides and permits are allowed to enter colonialism, was another evidence that anian Republic. it. We have some disheartening news the Communist leaders have not given The next two decades were the hap- about Lithuanians: thousands of them up their fight for world domination. piest years ·in the modern history of the were uprooted from their homes and I know the people of Lithuania, and Lithuanian people. Under their chosen people from Asiatic areas were brought all satellite nations now under the Com- form of democratic government, they in to take their place. All Lithuanians munist heel, will support every effort be- made remarkable strides in many walks living on the seashore were forced to ing made by our Government as the of life, and their little country became move to the interior, and they have been leader of the free world, to continue the a model democracy in that part of the forced to work on collective farms. fight against Communist expansion and world. There they were contented and They have lost their personal posses­ to aid all enslaved nations in their battle happy in perfect. freedom. But the sions, and all are in the employ .of the to regain freedom. World history re- rise of aggressive dictatorships in Ger­ state. It is unthinkable that they should veals that no ty'rant or group of tyrants many and Russia and the strengthening have freedom under such a system: through the force of prison camps, of implacable communism in Russia freedom of speech, of assembly, and of massacres, t01'tures, and so forth, can caused serious apprehensions. movement is forbidden. The activities permanently enslave human beings. The Then with the outbreak of the last of individuals and groups are closely spirit for human freedom burns in the war, the worst apprehensions of the watched, as everyone lives in constant hearts of all mankind and cannot be de- Lithuanian people were confirmed. The fear of arrest and imprisonment. Un­ stroyed by tyrants, regardless of their presence of greedy Soviet forces on der such conditions it is hardly expected force and power. Someday the enslaved Lithuania's borders almost terrorized its that these people are able to rebel nations will gain self-government and inhabitants. Early in 1940 the country against their ruthless oppressors. At freedom and Lithuania will continue its was invaded and occupied by the Red the same time there is no question that valiant fight for freedom until victory is army, and then it was incorporated into they are keeping up their love for free­ won. the Soviet Union. Thus vanished the dom and are striving for its attainment. Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I thank the Lithuanian Republic and also the free­ On the 43d anniversary of their inde­ gentleman from Indiana [Mr. MADDEN]. dom of its people. pendence day though we cannot be of I might say that these words said here During the war the country changed real positive assistance to them, we today by the Members of this great its master, for about 2 years it was held fervently pray that some day and soon forum of liberty will go out through the and occupied by the Nazis, but of course, they attain their goal, their freedom, and Voice of America, will go out through that was no better as far as the people independence in their homeland. the facilities of Radio Free Europe, be- were concerned, they suffered much Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, will the. hind the Iron Curtain, to all of these under Nazi occupation. In 1944 victori­ gentleman yield? captive nations, including Lithuania, ous communists returned and since then Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman where there are millions, as the gentle- they have been there. They have robbed from Indiana. man from Indiana well knows, waiting the Lithuanians of all their worldly pos­ Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, today is to be reassured and to hear these voices sessions, and they have also deprived the 43d anniversary of the Declaration spoken here by the Representatives of them of all forms of freedom. And they of Independence of the Lithuanian na­ the people of this great country, that are forbidden to leave the country. tion which day will always stand out as they are not forgotten here and will not Under these depressing, almost disheart­ one of the memorable events in the long be forgotten here. That is why I am so ening conditions, unhappy Lithuanians battle for freedom by the Lithuanian pleased that my colleagues are saying carry on, and cling to the conviction that people. these words. in the end their righteous cause will No nation over the centuries can boost Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Speaker, will the triumph, they will regain their freedom of a more valiant struggle to win self­ gentleman yield? and live in peace in their beloved home- government and maintain national free­ Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentle- land. dom than Lithuania. The powerful man from Illinois [Mr. MuRPHY]. On the 43d anniversary of the declara- Russian Government under the czar, for Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Speaker, I want tion of Lithuanian independence, the long years at different intervals of time, to commend my colleague from Penn- free world should meditate upon the imposed its tyrannical rule upon this sylvania [Mr. FLOOD] for reserving this hardships of the Lithuanian people and nation. During five different periods of time and handling this hour. He has that of her sister nations. The free its long history, the Lithuanian people handled this hour for many years. nations should consider what we can do rose in open rebellion against terrific Mr. ·speaker, at the end of the First to encourage them as to what can be odds in opposition to Russian domina- World War all submerged and suppressed done to bring about their eventual lib- 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2277 eration. I wish them power and forti• In Litnuania today brave people are The end of Lithuanian ihdependence tude in their struggle against Commu• forced to lead a life. which is as foreign back in 1940- left the same kind of empty nist tyranny. · to their character as the Russian oppres:.. void. · Until the day when· Lithuania The spirit of freedom is rooted deeply sors should be to their co'untry. once again is free, we· shall hold a place in the minds and hearts of the Lithu­ Since the 13th century Lithuania has for her in-the family of an free nations. anian people. No communistic country enjoyed its freedom only !or brief inter­ And until that place is filled, our impor­ will ever gag their hopes and prayers for vals between the conquests of power­ tant member of the family of free na­ freedom. The Littuanians stand firmly hungry neighbors. Their years of strug­ tions is missing and the dignity of man in their love for national liberty. I can gle against the czarist regime finally re­ suffers· to that extent. wholeheartedly state that we in America gained for them their independence. Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I thank the are bound in bonds of unity to the peo­ This independence lasted less than a gentleman from New York [Mr. STRAT­ ple of Lithuania, and our effort continues generation. In this generation a greater TON] for his contribution. to be for the restoration of national oppressor, with a more terrible power, Mr. Speaker, I would like to say that sovereignty and the return of freedom grew in the East. And in 1940 the ugly the statements that are made today and and liberty. head of tyranny, this time in the person hereafter in connection with the Lithu­ May this commemoration also serve of Joseph Stalin, once again cast its anian Day program will be reprinted in to tell the people of Lithuania that we in shadow over this noble country. The pamphlet form by the Lithuanian Infor­ America will never relax our efforts to Lithuanian people again lost their inde­ mation Center in New York City at a help them secure their freedom and in­ pendence. future date, and if there are any Mem­ dependence. The face of the tyrant has changed bers who do not wish to have their re­ Mr. FLOOD. I thank the gentleman since 1940, but the lot of the Lithuanian marks and statements reprinted, they from illinois who has always been with people remains unimproved. They are should so stat-e during the course of to­ us in this pr~gram. He gives clear evi­ still denied their freedom and independ­ cay's program. dence of his interest in the Lithuanian ence. The Public Printer, the C'ONGRESSIONAL But while the Kremlin can deny the RECORD Clerk, the Committee on Print­ people. freedom to work, talk, or travel as they ing, . and the Lithuanian American In­ Mr. Speaker, I yield to the gentleman please, the Lithuanian people still re­ formation Center will, by such an an­ from New York [Mr. STRATTON}. main the masters of their own hopes; nouncement as this, have the necessary Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I com­ their own minds and souls. And within authorization to have the reprints made mend the gentleman from Pennsylvania the Lithuanian people the passionate de­ in accordance with the rules and regu­ for his forthright statement with regard sire for freedom remains. This desire, lations on printing. to the Lithuanian people and our enthu­ that is a common heritage of the people This will save a tremendous amount siastic dedication to the ultimate free-:­ of Lithuania and the people of the United of time for the Members who are par­ dom of Lithuania. I should like to join States, forms a bond no Iron Curtain can ticipating in today's program. with him and other Members not only to break. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent pay tribute to the people of Lithuania on And, therefore, the privilege we have that at this point in the RECORD the re­ the 43d anniversary of their freedom but today of celebrating the Lithuanian in­ marks of my colleagues on this subject also to express the hope that the day will dependence, like all privileges, carries be inserted as follows-the gentleman not be too far away when Lithuania will with it a responsibility. We here today, from Indiana [Mr. BRADEMAsl, the gen­ again be free. and the entire free world, have the heavy tleman from New York [Mr. DuLSKI], the Today we pay tribute not only to the responsibility and the awesome chal­ gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. people of Lithuania who are living be­ lenge to be sure that someday Lithuania CuRTIS], the gentleman from Michigan hind the Iron Curtain, holding together again will be free. We have this respon­ (Mr. FoRD], the gentleman from Illinois their national spirit in spite of Commu­ sibility not only because Lithuania de­ [Mr. ROSTENKOWSKI], the gentleman nist oppression, but we pay tribute as serves her freedom, but also because the from Illinois [Mr. KLUCZYNSKI], the gen­ well to the fine Americans of Lithuanian free world will not long remain free, if tleman from New Jersey [Mr. AD­ descent who have contributed to our na­ those who are free forget those who are DONIZio], the gentleman from New Jersey tional life so much of the same burning not. [Mr. RoDINO}, the gentleman from New ideals of freedom and patriotism which It is on this anniversary that the York [Mr. KEOGH], the gentleman from made their homeland so great. American people take the opportunity to New York [Mr. BucKLEY], the gentleman Mr. Speaker, the fine people must gain tell the people of Lithuania that their from New York [Mr. ANFusoJ, the gen­ hope not merely from any words that are plight is not forgotten and their hopes tleman from Rhode Island [Mr. spoken here on the floor of Congress·to­ are also our hopes. This is an oppor­ FoGARTY], the gentleman from Pennsyl­ day, but from the sentiments that were tunity too to give notice to the Soviet vania [Mr. GREEN], the gentleman from so eloquently expressed by our great jailers that we have not forgotten the New York [Mr. SANTANGELO], and the President in his state of the Union mes­ brave people of Lithuania they hold as gentleman from Connecticut [Mr. sage when he made it clear that regard­ prisoners. The Kremlin may have re­ KOWALSKI]. less of the efforts that may be made to leased the RB-47 fliers. But we can let The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without preserve the peace and freedom of the them know today that the people of the objection, it is so ordered. world and achieve some sort of working free world will continue to insist that There was no objection. relationship with the Soviet Union, we they also free the enslaved people of Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, the have not by any means forgotten our Lithuania. blessing of liberty which we enjoy in this friends in Lithuania and other countries And so today is primarily a day to re­ country should not blind us to the fact that the Soviets today hold captive. I dedicate ourselves to the age-old that oppression still exists in many parts for one am proud that our President has struggle for freedom that has character­ of the world. We should be particularly pledged his administration, as we here ized the history of both the United mindful of this fact on February 16, the on the floor of the Congress have pledged States and of Lithuania, a struggle for 43d anniversary of the restoration of ourselves so many times before, to the the dignity of man, a struggle to free Lithuanian independence. cause of freedom in the not too distant him from oppression of all kinds, a One of the first nations to be over­ future for all these brave people who are struggle full of hope for the coming day whelmed by Soviet power, Lithuania to­ today held in oppression by their Soviet of deliverance. day stands as a reminder that the strug­ captors. Edward Markham once wrote in a gle for freedom will not be wholly won Mr. Speaker, today we have the honor poem dedicated to Abraham Lincoln until this small, brave land is free of of celebrating the 43d anniversary of the whose birthdate we celebrated earlier foreign domination. independence of the brave Lithuanian this week: Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, on this, nation. Throughout the free world this And when he fell in whirlwind, he went the 43d anniversary of Lithuanian inde­ is an occasion which we celebrate· not down pendence, the struggle of the Lithuanian only for ourselves but also for a people As when a lordly cedar, green with boughs peoples to achieve tb,eir ind~pendence is who cannot at the moment celebrate a Goes down with a great shout upon the hills recalled to our minds with great vivid­ freedom that once was their owh. And leaves a lonesome place against the sky. ness. Eem .emb~ring the courage of the ·2278 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 17 Lithuanian peoples who live today under The unhappy upshot is that since 1945 uation is in direct violation of iihe pi·in­ Communist domination, I wish particu­ Lithuania has become a prison camp for ciple of the "self-determination of peo­ larly to praise the efforts of the Lithu­ its helpless inhabitants. The country is ples" which all of us in the free world anian-Americans who keep the memory almost completely sealed from the out­ value. We sympathize with the Lithu­ of the independence of their fatherland side. No one except a few favored per­ anHm people wherever they are and we before us. We owe much to those1 who sons from the free world are allowed to want them to know that neither they nor remind us that many peoples of the enter, and of course no one is permitted their unfortunate political situation has world are not as lucky as we, but live to leave the country. There is no doubt been forgotten. under the domination of hostile rulers. that these years have been trying years Today marks the 43d anniversary of Although the Lithuanian-Americans had for the people of Lithuania. They have the independence of Lithuania achieved to leave their country in time of stress, lost all their worldly possessions, and after World War I. This tiny country of we rejoice that they selected the United they all are in the employ of the state, noble people experienced two decades of States in which to live. They have en­ · for the state ·owns and ·operates every­ freedom and liberty. ·· only when World riched our culture with their artistic and thing in that part of the Communist War II came along was this nation with inteliectual talents, as well as wl.t'h th~ "paradise." It is unthinkable under others the object of foreign conquest. work of their skilled hands and strong such circumstances and under such a It is the sincere desire of all Americans bodies. Through their Lithuanian system to enjoy any freedom: freedom of and of freedom-loving people.everywhere groups and national organizations, they speech, of. assembly, and of movement is that the future may again see an inde­ keep alive the spirit of Lithuanian inde­ rigidly controlled. All activities of pendent Lithuania. . .our efforts in the pendence from their adopted land, re­ groups and individuals are closely United Nations as in all our interna­ minding us always of the oppression that watched, and everyone lives in constant tional endeavors must be directed to the exists in the world today. Let us cele­ fear of arrest and imprisonment. There achievement of freedom for all peoples brate this anniversary in the profound is nothing for poor Lithuanians to do everywhere. hope it will not always be so. except work and pray for their de­ Mr. ROSTENKOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, liverance from Communist totalitarian today, mankind's greatest menace, com­ tyranny. munism, I'ules one-fourth of the world's LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY In voicing their genuine sentiments on surface and one-third of the people. Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, ideals the anniversary celebration of their in­ Amongst these people is the small na­ are important in the life of nations, and dependence day, I devoutly hope that tion of Lithuania, who today celebrate sometimes they are rated higher than freedom may again be theirs and that it their 43d anniversary of their declara­ mere material gains. will come in the near future. tion of independence-in spite of · the Individuals as well as nations do not Mr. CURTIS of Massachusetts. Mr. slave rule imposed upon them by com­ live on bread alone; for their spiritual Speaker, it was exactly 708 years ago munism. The celebration of this anni­ sustenance they cling to ideals. Freedom that Lithuania first became a nation. versary is the spark that is needed to fire and independence are among the. most Although it was a small country, the up their ambitions to continue to work cherished of these ideals. National in­ hopes, dreams, and ambitions of its toward the day when they can again dependence is a condition under which courageous people more than made up enjoy national independence with politi­ group freedom may be attained, since it for its size. For more than 540 years cal and social justice. is difficult to conceive of freedom in a these people worked hard to develop We, in America, as the great symbol land where the people are subjected to Lithuania, and they succeeded. For out of democracy, must convey every word of a stern alien regime. of their hopes, dr~ams, and ambitions encouragement to these brave people, to Late in the 18th century when was born peace and progress. continue with vigpr their quest for the Lithuanians lost their national inde­ We all know what has happened to God-given right ·to enjoy liberty and pendence and were brought under the this once peaceful little country through freedom. Let it· be known today that czarist regime of Russia, they lost much the years. In the 18th centw·y it was the people of the Eighth Congressional of their individual freedoms. For more incorporated as part of czarist Russia. District of Illinois are shouting to the than a century these stalwart and stout­ Its people were suppressed, held down brave Lithuanians to carry on their fight r..earted Lithuanians suffered under the for generations--and freedom became with renewed vitality. For in the end brutalities of czarist agents. During only a word without meaning. The Rus­ justice will prevail and they will once that unhappy period they did not lose sian Revolution in 1918 made Lithuania again join us as an independent nation sight of their objective: the attainment free again. The nation proclaimed its opposed to any form of tyrant rule. of their independence. independence on February 16, 1918, and We, in America, have embarked on In 1918, that detested regime was there was peace once more. Unfortu­ a new frontier, to advance our way of overthrown. On February 16, 1918, nately, it was short lived. Early in life to a level of great self-respect for Lithuanians proclaimed their independ­ World War II Lithuania was again ab­ all classes. This goal, that we are work­ ence. That day marked a turning point sorbed by the Russians. In time, the ing for, will eventually lead to the de­ in their national history, for from then Red army was driv.en out by a then more struction of all slave rule-set by good on a new day had dawned for them. powerful, equally tyrannical force-a example and not forceful means. For The next two decades were to become a Nazi army. Eventually, the Nazis, too, no minority group possesses the power kind of golden age in Lithuania's modern withdrew-and Russia was again firmly to enslave, when the full force of the ma­ history. The Lithuanians were justly entrenched in Lithuania. jority works as a unit to rid the world proud of their splendid record of per­ Through it all, the unquenchable spirit of these sadistic principles. Only in a formance during those 2 peaceful of the Lithuanian people has been kept free world can we enjoy peace, prosper­ decades in every walk of their national alive by those same hopes, dreams, and ity, and full happiness. life. Unfortunately that happy inter­ ambitions that enabled them to build a I salute the inspiring example of re­ lude did not last long. :flourishing, prosperous, and progressive sistance and determination shown by the The Second World War proved to be nation many years ago. Lithuanian people, and other captive na­ a national tragedy for the Lithuanians. On this February 16, the 43d aniver­ tions behind the iron curtain, and de­ They were one of the first victims of that sary of the independence of Lithuania, nounce the Soviet Union for its brutality war. Communist dictators of Russia we in the United States join our prayers, and imperialism. robbed them of their independence and our hopes, and our dreams with those of The soul of Lithuania will never die, of their freedom. During that war they the Lithuanian people for peace and and it is my· hope to see the day when suffered much and lost nearly all their freedom in their proud little country. these fine people again join the ranks worldly possessions, but they still had And with our prayers, our hopes, and our of free nations. the hope of regaining· their freedom dreams, we include our profound respect Mr. KLUCZY:NS:J{I, Mr. Speaker, last after that war . . In that expectation and admiration for the courageous spirit year over a dozen countries in Africa they were sadly disappointed. Even be­ of these people. were given their independence, among fore the end of that war, the Red army Mr. FORD. Mr. Speaker, Lithuania them the Congo. The tragic events that made sure that Lithuania would remain is one of the homelands presently domi­ followed are only too well known to us part of the Soviet Union. nated by a foreign conqueror. This sit- all to recall here the slaying of Patrice 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2279 Lumumba by his rival forc.es, which may As today we are . celebrating . the 43d· into efficient working order. Perhaps still have much deeper repercussions ~nd anniversary of the declaration of inde-. the most important and crucial ·of all consequences. I believe that the man­ pendence of Lithuania; our thoughts go was the organization ·of the country's ner in which he and his two colleagues back to this brave and wonderful na­ defense forces for the maintenance of were killed is contrary to .the concepts tion, which became one of the many So­ its newly won freedom. In time, "how­ of our American democracy. However, viet Republics. Most of its. population, ever, these difficulties were overcome, the history of the independent Congo, since the Soviets have occupied it, have many problems were solved, and Lithu­ its· violence, and its present most com­ been deported and there is still no end ania's independence safeguarded. In plicated situation should be a lesson. to in sight to this tragedy. That is why I due time Lithuania became a member . all of us who help to gain liberty, inde- would suggest, for perhaps the hun­ of the League of Nations, and played her pendence, and justice for those who dredth time, why don't we ask the pa1:t in· world affairs. In the course of have never experienced it. There are Khrushchevs, Zorins, and Gromykos, to two 'decades, during the interwar years, those who believe that most of these lay off their hands in the Congo and it was regarded as a prosperous and newly born nations received their inde­ grant· liberty and independence to those progressive country. Unfortunately this pendence too soon: They say that one non-Russian nations that have known happy situation did not last long; Lithu- has to first educate them so that in the and experienced independence for ages. ania's powerful and aggressive neighbors , future they' will be' Jtble to operate and On this day when our Lithuaribtn 'd.id not want It 'to last. . Then as now, administrate their own government. We people, outside that country, are able the deadliest and the most implacable know that these backward countries can­ to celebrate their 43d anniversary of of Lithuania's enemies was the Soviet not cope with their daily problems inside independence, this occasion would be Union, ·and the masters of the Kremlin and abroad without the proper assist­ most proper. Mr. Khrushchev, how saw to it that democratic Lithuania did ance. Yet it is the Soviet Government long will you keep Lithuania, Estonia, not remain free and independent. The that exercises all the pressure upon us and Latvia enslaved. outbreak of the Second World War fore­ to back their demand for independence. As long as you are unable to answer shadowed the doom, in the first instance, Undoubtedly the Soviets are good sales­ that question, isn't it futile for you to of all three Baltic Republics. Early in men in this respect and their propaganda talk about the Congo? 1940, under a flimsy and outrageous pre­ has, psychologically speaking, had a Mr. ADDONIZIO . . Mr. Speaker, to­ text, Stalin's forces invaded and occu­ tremendous effect on all those who have ward the end of the First World War and pied the country, and in July of that little knowledge of how the Soviet oper­ soon after the overthrow of the czarist year it was annexed to the Soviet Union. ates. The recent history of the Congo regime in Russia, Lithuanians were During the war years Lithuanians serves as a typical example. Lumumba, among the first of many subject na­ suffered under both the Soviet regime the Premier was released of his duties by tionality groups to proclaim their na­ and under the Nazis. While the Soviets his superior, the President. When vio­ tional independence. That historic were in occupation of the country many lence broke out--instigated by Moscow-:­ event of 43 years ago marked the cul­ thousands of Lithuanians were exiled to Lumumba was thrown in jail by his own mination of their long-cherished dream, distant parts of the Soviet Union, and people and the Soviets really screamed. the regaining of their freedom, and those allowed to remain in their home­ The Soviets blamed the United Na­ ushered in a new era for them. land were forced to work as slaves for tions for the events that have followed The Lithuanian people had lost their their Communist overlords. Then for and they demanded that Dag Ham­ independence in the 18th century, but about 2 years the country was taken marskjold be relieved. of his duties as their real suffering under foreign domi­ over by the Nazis, but this change Secretary Qeneral of the United Na­ nation began late in that century, when hardly improved the lot of the Lithu­ tions, something which in itself is con­ they were brought under the autocratic anian people; they were compelled to trary to the principles of the United regime of Russia. Their country then wo'rk in Hitler's labor force to keep his Nations Charter. On this occasion, became part of the Russian Empire, and fighting machinery going. · Toward the however, I would like to point out the they had to submit to the detested alien end of the war the Communists returned Soviet Union's own record going back rule. Under the autocratic czarist re­ once more, this time with more fury as far as 1939. Here are just some gime they suffered materially and physi­ and ferocity. Since then the fate of examples of the cynicism and treachery cally, but in all. the subsequent misery Lithuania has been in the hands of the of that Government that calls itself the and misfortune they were spiritually un­ ruthless men in the Kremlin. foremost frontline-soldier in the battle scathed. The inefficient and unwieldy Today Lithuania is one large prison for other oppressed nations. · government of the czars could not stamp camp in which some 3 million helpless First. On September 17, 1939, Stalin out Lithuanian national traits and feel­ but courageous people are driven to joined hands with Hitler in the name of ings; autocratic and callous agents could work under wretched and miserable con­ mutual socialism by dividing Poland. not eliminate the Lithuanian spirit of ditions for their Communist masters. As a result 1% million Poles were freedom and independence. Stoutly and All their worldly possessions are owned deported deep into the Soviet Union's courageously these few million people and operated by the state. They are the slave labor camps. held their own against the overwhelming slaves of the most totalitarian dictator­ Second. Some 14,000 Polis.h officers­ power of the czars, and repeatedly de­ ship known to man. There they are previously all mobilized to fight the fied Russian authorities whenever at­ deprived of all forms of freedom, ·and German invaders-were coldbloodedly tempts were made to Russianize them, since they are practically sealed off from murdered by their Soviet captors in the and thus submerge them in the one big the outside world, we in the free world Katyn Forest. Russian maelstrom. They were ready to hear little of their actual status. Of Third. Sixteen Polish underground sacrifice their all worldly possessions and, one thing we can fortunately be certain: leaders headed by Genei·al Okolnicki if necessary, submit to imprisonment and They have not given up their traditional were lured into a plane under the pre­ exile, but were unwilling to give up their and national ideals of freedom, and they text of being flown to London for a beliefs and their national ideals. They cherish the hope that they will regain bipartisan · meeting. Instead they·· all clung to these tenaciously and steadfast­ their national independence and be free found themselves in the Lubianka ly, and when the time came in 1918 to of Communist totalitarianism. I join in Prison and were later court-martialed assert their independence, they seized the celebration of the 43d anniversary for anti-Soviet activities. Most of them upon the occasion and proclaimed the of Lithuanian Independence Day and were executed. birth of the Lithuanian Republic. That echo their genuine patriotic sentiment, Fourth. The Hungarian revolution was done on February 16, 43 years ago their love of freedom and independence. topped everything. Soyiet tanks rolling today. . Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, on this over Hungarian soil squelched the upris­ Thenceforth for several years the peo .• 43d anniversary of the declaration of ing, which the Soviet henchmen called pie went through great difficulties. The independence of Lithuania, February 16, an internal affair of the Hungarian war-ravaged country had to be built, the 1961, we once again hail Lithuanians the p·eople. hungry had to be fed, the needy had to world over .. , Alas, we must again com­ This is only a small part of the Soviet be cared for, and the governmental ma­ miserate with them over the plight of deeds. chinery just instituted had to . be . put their country. But, if the past points 2280 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD- HOUSE February 17 the way, as we believe. it does, we can by the Russian dictators. Their annexa­ have the privilege and right to control hope with some confidence that this is a tion and incorporation into the Soviet their own destinies. temporary plight. Lithuania has been a Union bas ,deprived them of any .sem­ lt is to the (:redit of our Govexnment captive nation more than once. Each blance of independence--for unlike Fo­ and the American people that never time she has wrenched free. We believe land and other countries upon whom the once have we waivered in our policy of she win again. Communists infiicted their peculiar form supporting the principle of freedom for The present domination of this of "liberation" the Lithuanians do not all captive nations. We rightfully con­ doughty little .country dates from June even have a puppet government of their tinue to refuse to recognize "dejure" the 1940, when the Soviet regime was ruth­ own. invalid and unjust annexation of Lithu­ lessly imposed upon her people. The The valiant Lithuanian people who ania by the Soviet. U.S.S.R., with all of its anticolonial talk, during a century of Rusian dominance May we on this 43d anniversary once perpetuates a domination far more dreamed of freedom still foster that again reaffirm our belief in the rights of heavy handed, far more restrictive, and dream. Along with their aspirations for fTeedom that we cherish so dearly under far more distasteful to the native popu­ liberty they have continued to adhere to our own Declaration ·of, Independence lace than any form of colonialism their native culture despite the Russian and Constituti-on and may we hope that throughout the world. The colonies born attempts to impose foreign ideologies and in the inexorable movement of time once to other countries in another era are fast customs upon them. When they again again Lithuania and the Lithuanian being liberated or assisted toward self­ attain their longed-for independence, people wi11 be their own masters in their government. The Soviet satellites, on they will have intact their eternal love own house. the other hand, have in this generation of country, customs, and freedom. De­ Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, the 43d had their fully developed independence spite the practice of brainwashing which anniversary of the restoration of Lithu­ and self-government taken from them. may temporarily deprive an individual anian indepe~dence occurs at a time There have been pretexts on the part of the use of his God-given free will and when our Nation is embarking on a new of the Soviet Union that Communist intellect, it is virtually impossible to con­ era and under a new leadership. Let us domination has been adopted by choice trol the minds of .an entire people, and hope it will prove to be an era of free­ in these countries. What a mockery of the brave Lithuanian people will not per­ dom fo1· all peace-loving nations, in­ the freedom of choice for which these mit themselves to be bereft of their cluding the captive and enslaved nations captive nations yearn. Their desire is to intellectual and cultu1·.al heritage. The suffering under the yoke of communism. ex'ercise their God-given right to enjoy renowned poet has said, "Hope springs I hope and trust that in the near fu­ self-determination. Their choice would eternal in the human .breast," and in the ture the United States and the free world be one of true freedom of liberty such people of Lithuania hope triumphs over will Tegain the initiative in world affairs as they have known and cherished in the their tragic experience. and that they will once again play. a past, of national independence with po­ Today, we in the United States should leading role in shaping those affairs in litical and social justice. also give pause and extend to the brave the best interests of all mankind. It is When Lithuania gained that freedom Lithuanians our own heartfelt wishes of utmost importance that in the devel­ and the birth of the nation which we that the day will come when they .again oping concept of the New Frontier we now celebrate, it was a rebirth for that can experience the blessings of inde­ should not forget the captive nations of country. The name of Lithuania is cen­ pendence. Let them know that their Eastern Europe. who have been the first turies old. It was an entity old in the tragic plight is not forgotten by us while and greatest victims of international annals of Europe as no· other name in we enjoy our own liberty, for we know communism. the history ·of that continent save only that while tyranny exis·ts any place in . The people of Lithuania are today a the Basques. It was a country centuries the world our freedom is threatened. silenced people, unable to speak theh· before the powers of Europe that were We bid them never to surrender hope mind, unable to practice their religious to swallow it up had even come into and always to cling to their beloved beliefs, unable to celebrate their anni­ being. culture. versary... unable to live as a free and in­ Russians, Poles, Germans have, Mr. BUCKLEY. Mr. Speaker, on this dependent nation. Their indomitable through hundreds of years, overrun February 16, 1961, we once again cele­ will for freedom, however, has not been Lithuania. Politically it bas been tossed brate, rather ironically, another anni­ crushed. They are waiting silently and about among them, fought over, con­ versary of the Declaration of Independ­ grimly~ yet patiently and hopefully for quered. But Lithuania has endm·ed. Its ence that created tbe free State of the future. identity has never been destroyed. Its Lithuania. It is now 43 years since the This indomitable will, this grim pa­ soul has survived all misery .and all sub­ Lithuanians availed themselves of the tience and hope. must be kept .alive under jugation. It must be reborn in the cur­ privilege of a free people to control their all circumstances. To give up, to lose rent movement of the entire human race own destinies and established the Lithu­ courage, means to lose all hope. This toward liberation from evil. anian Republic. w.ould constitute national suicide. Its Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Speaker, independ­ For a number of years thereafter effect would be felt not only by the peo­ ence day is the most cherished holiday Lith,uania held its rightful place and· ple of Lithuania, but it would affect free in the calendar of any free people. We added its contribution to the free na­ people everywhere. Lithuania thus is a Americans may sometimes seem to take tions of the world. All this has passed symbol of the struggle against mankind's for granted the freedom and independ­ since that fateful month of June 1940, greatest and most. ruthless enemy. We ence we are privileged · to continue to when Red communism and Soviet tyr­ must encourage this nation, and all enjoy, but on the Fourth of July anny ruthlessly and viciously swept other nations similarly situated, to we take pause to give serious and over Lithuania and blanketed this land maintain their hope, and to continue grateful thought to the benisons of with the dal'lc blight of Soviet aggression. their gallant struggle. In this way, they liberty. It is an occasion for re­ Since that time Lithuania and the are rendering a great and lasting service joicing and thanksgiving. Today is Lithuanian people have been held in to humanity and civilization. the 43d. anniversary of the attainment bondage behind the Iron Curtain, suffer­ Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, today of liberty by Lithuania, but unlike our ing untold miseries under their despotic marks the anniversary of the Declara­ own celebration of Independence Day, rulers. Their Soviet masters would have tion of Independence of the Republic of the observance of this day by i;>atriotic us believe that Lithuania freely accepted Lithuania. Over the years it has been Lithuanians in their native land and communism. We here who are privi­ my custom to speak here in the House here in the United States is blunted by leged to have the right to raise our voice of Representatives on this historic oc­ in the free assemblies of this earth koow casion and to j.oin with my colleagues to the sad plight of their beloved country. differently. We know that Lithuania p.ay tribute to the courageous founders There is no rejoicing or thanksgiving and the Lithuanians along with millions of that republic. ' · today in Lithuania. The independence of others in the enslaved nations in both Any ·attempt to recite in detail the that they achieved during World War I the eastern and western sections of ow· many highlights of Lithuania's great after years of subjugation under the world are awaiting anxiously the day history would .certainly be beyond my Russian czars was short ·nved and was when there will be a rebirth of freedom ability. The story has been told and again lost to an even crueler domination in their lands and they once again mar retold. The valiant deeds of Lithuanian 1961 ·coNGRESSIONAL. RECORD--- HOOSE· 2281 men and women of the past have been Lithuanians from regaining their fFee­ ing for their deliverance. ·They · have repeated over and over again-particu­ dom. This they did early in 1918. They_ not given up hope for t~eir eventual in­ larly those deeds of fathers and mothers proclaimed their ·independence on Feb­ dependence and freedom, and· they· still who have kept alive the fire of freedom ruary 16 and founded the Lithuanian continue to pray to that·end. In joining which was Lithuania's first love. So also Republic. · · them in this prayer on the 43d anniver­ the deeds of children who refused to let During the next two decades, a happy sary of their independence day, i wish Lithuania die in spite of. the most con­ interlude of interwar years, they enjoyed these stouthearted people ·fortitude, certed efforts in history to destroy all their freedom and worked hard to safe­ patience, and power. - trace of a nation and a people. guard it against all threatening dangers. Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I yield The contribution of the Lithuanians But when that danger came, early in the to the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. in America and their descendants gives last war, they were not in a position to O'HARA]. . us some idea of the national vitality of cope with it. The powerful and aggres­ Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, that country. It is an indication that sive Red army overran Lithuania, and again we gather in this historic Qham­ confidence and'· faith in Lithuania's fu­ robbed its people of their freedom. Since be·r to pledge our hearts ·and our unceas­ ture is well placed. The distinctive cul­ those fateful days these stanch :fighters ing efforts to the cause of a free and ture the deep-rooted traditions, and for freedom have been suffering under independent Lithuania. the ~ich folklore of the Lithuanian peo­ the tyrannical regimes of dictators. Men and women o{ Lith~ani~n bloo_d ple have greatly enriched our own coun­ Today they are practically imprisoned have made a mighty contribution ip. our try. Their contribution has been mag­ in their historic homeland, and are de­ own United States in literatu,re, ~n nificent and I am proud that so many prived of all freedoms. They do not have music, in art, in education, in religion, of them are citizens of my State of the freedom to observe their national in the trades and in the professions, in Rhode Island. holiday, their independence day. As the living of good lives filled with good To the many persons of Lithuanian friends of Lithuania, we in the free deeds. They have enriched the U:pited descent and origin I extend my congratu­ world commemorate this great national States of which they are an insepa,rable lations on this-the anniversary of the holiday and express the hope that soon part. declaration of independence of Lithu­ they will once more regain their free­ It would be strange if on this ·anni­ ania. On this day, of so much signifi­ dom. versary day the thought of all Americans cance to all Lithuanians, I join my hopes Mr. KOWALSKI. Mr. Speaker, free­ were not focused on the brave land of with theirs that their mother country dom and independence; democracy, and Lithuania. Today we, the Representa­ may soon be delivered from its present popular government were the goals for tives of the American people, m~et in domination and become again a free and which the First World War was waged. this Chamber again to send to the en­ independent nation. - · And as far as small and oppressed peo­ slaved men, women, and children~ mes­ Mr. GREEN of Pennsylvania. Mr. ples were concerned, some of these goals sage of hope and of the assurance of a Speaker, February 16 marks the 43d an­ were attained. When that war ended, true friend that we shall not cease in niversary of Lithuania's independence, autocracies in Europe were overthrown the struggle until again Lithuania is free. the day on which oppressed Lithuanians and long oppressed nationality groups The 43d anniversary celebration of asserted their freedom and proclaimed attained their independence. The Lith­ Lithuanian Independence Day marks their independence. Today, though the uanians were one of these. freedom they regained and the inde­ hope for the dawn of a new day-for all When the detested and decrepit czar­ oppressed p~ples in Eastern Europe. pendence they proclaimed are n? mor~, ist regime, under which they had suf­ For the Lithuanian people this day com­ and the Republic they founded m the1r fered for more than a century, was shat­ memorates February 16, 1918, when they historic homeland was smothered by the tered by the Russian Revolution, they Red army more than 20 years ago, yet asserted their freedom, procla.imed their felt free and proclaimed their independ­ independence of Russia, and set up the that . historic date is not without sig­ ence on February 16, 1918. Then they Lithuanian Republic. Then struggling nificance. That memorable day became established the Lithuanian Republic, re­ against economic and financial hard­ a great turning point in Lithuania's na­ built their war-torn country, strength­ ships and faced with diplomatic diffi­ tional history, ushered in a new and bet­ ened democratic institutions, made culties, they made the best of a very ter era for the Lithuanian people, and progress in nearly every walk of life and has become their national holiday. precarious situation and succeeded in proved themselves fully worthy of their pulling themselves up by their bootstrap~:), It is with fervent yearning that all freedom. In due time Lithuania was ad­ establishing stability, and bringing about freedom-loving Lithua~ians who are mitted into the League of Nations, and prosperity. They were happy in .free­ permitted to celebrate the anniversary of in ·that world organization its spokes­ dom, and all worked hard to continue to this day, ob~rve it annually with due men always advocated peace. solemnity wherever they may be. They improve their democratic Republic. Thus the Lithuanians were quite con­ This happy interlude lasted for two devoutly hope that their kinsmen im­ tent with their lot and lived in friend­ prisoned behind the Iron Curtain in decades, but then the forf this territory in forests, thick and deep, .are the back·! liverance for -Lithuania . soon will be i939, however, signaled only short-lived bone -of the fiat land -of patchwork realized and that the light of freedom joy, for a year later Russian armies farms. The farm houses are of tradi-: will glow once more over their land.· f.:)CCUPie.!i Lithuania· and annexed it to tional wood with ornamentation and em­ Mr. AUCHINCLOSS. Mr. Speaker, the the Soviet Union. bellishments. Along the country roads. 43d anniversary of the declaration of Thus, jor more than 20 years, Lithu­ are scattered beautifullY -carved wooden independence of Lithuania is celebrated ania has been nothing m01·e than a crosses and wayside shrines. on February 16, but the ruthless Soviet colony of Communist Russia. A m-odern poet has written about­ regime still is imposed upon this coun­ · Throughout the world, on this date Lithuania: try, depriving its people of their free­ Lithuaruans who fled before the Red Who does not remember his boyhood, gun dom. However, such oppression will terror and nationals of Lithuanian on. shoulder never deprive Lithuania of its exalted descent have joined the captive people Whist11ng througli unobstructed fields? · spirit of liberty. As time passes the free in their fatherland in a prayer for lib­ Overstepping the bounds, yet o~ending no world more and more appreciates the de.: eration. In this country, observance of leaseholder votion that Lithuanians in exile have for independence will be led by a committee Of Lithuania, where the chase was free? their native land, and by their persistent of Lithuanian-Americans organized for This seems to express the spirit· that and continued efforts their fiame of in­ the purpose. was Lithuania's between the First and dependence is kept bright and is a shin­ · I consider it highly fitting, Mr. . Speak­ Second World Wars. Those were joyous ing example to all nations that love their er, that the Members of this body take years for the little independent country._· freedom. part today in this silent prayer for It was a time ·when they were building a· On their anniversary date the Lithu­ Lithuanian independence and freedom: small nation among a league of helpful anians who are m this country once again Mr. BURKE of Massachusetts. Mr. and friendly powers. But it was also a reaffirm that Lithuania wants its na_. Speaker, yesterday, February 16, 1961, prophetic time; after so long it' ~sal­ tional independence with political and was the 43d anniversary of the Declara-· most too good to be true. Nevertheless, social justice; she wants the free exer­ tion of Independence of Lithuania. and durin·g that period the Lithuanian peo­ cise of her God-given right to enjoy lib­ on this memorable occasion I pay tribute ple realized that independence they had erty and freedom, and I am convinced to· all the people of Lithuania and all sought so long. · that the people of America are inspired Americans of Lithuanian descent. That independence, lost in 1940, is and thrilled at such patriotic devotion. It is said that the Lithuanians guard kept alive by Lithuanians living through­ May we Americans rededicate ourselves three things in their lives most pre­ out the free world. They keep alive the at this time to the preservation of inde­ ciously: First, their beautiful language; language, the love of nature, and the love pendence, not only for· ourselves but for second, their love of a closeness to na­ of beauty in life's daily rewards. If the all nations everywhere, to the end that ture; and third, their appreciation of Lithuanian-Americans cannot return to equal justice and self-government may the beauty in everyday life. But ap­ their native land, they enrich our culture be recaptured once again by the enslaved preciation of these things comes with with the benefits of that small and tran­ peoples of the world. By so doing we more difficulty when a people have been quil country. They reward us with the will not only strengthen ourselves, but deprived of freedom of expression, of work of their hands, as artisans and will add hope and courage to those who self-determination, and of the right to workers. They teach of the folklore and are oppressed. enjoy those three things. In 1940, after folkways of Lithuania. They lift their Mr. MILLER of New York. Mr. 20 years of self-won independence. JJoices in praise of their land and of ours. Speaker, drowned in the rabid and noisy Lithuania was overrun by the Russian It is not surprising that they cry out: shouts from the Kremlin about alleged Communists. Since World War ll Lithuanians have been living under their When will the Lord God give us return, imperialism in Africa are the cries of inhabit the millions of formerly free peoples domination. . Ancestral fields. bear arms Russia herself has enslaved. Nikita Lithuania tooay is more than just one Against the birds, and only to ride down Khrushchev's histrionic demands for pf the Eastern European countries that the rabbit the self -determination of all people are has ·been overrun by the Communists. Muster our horse? CVII--145 2284 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 17 On this day of their independence, let a:n end. Unfortunately, instead of re­ and then the country became part of them cry m9re loudly. Let all the world gaining their freedom, the chain which the Soviet Union, a province of that hear the anguished cries of the captive held them in bondage during the war sprawling empire. Since then unhappy people. And let them all know the name years was tightened, and they were Lithuanians have been living under the of their country, Lithuania, with pride brought once more under the unrelent­ yoke of Communist totalitarian dicta­ and compassion and hope. ing rule of Communist totalitarianism. torship. These some 3 million stout­ Mr. CAREY. Mr. Speaker, Lithu­ Today these helpless people live under hearted lovers of freedom are driven· to anians form one of the three nationality Soviet tyranny. They are robbed of their work for their taskmasters. Grudgingly groups in the Baltic countries. Number­ lands, and much of their worldly posses­ and unwillingly they perform their im­ ing 3 million in all they are the most sions; there they work under oppression posed duty, and devoutly pray for their populous of the three Baltic peoples. for their taskmasters and pray for their deliverance from Soviet tyranny. Under Partly for that reason they have played deliverance. Such is their unenviable the uncertainty of prevailing interna­ a very important part in the history of lot. On this 43d anniversary celebration tional situation unfortunately the northeastern Europe. For centuries of their independence day let us hope for friends of Lithuanians could do very their kingdom was a powerful force in their delivery from Soviet totalitarian little to help the unfree people of Soviet­ the whole Eastern Europe. At times they oppression. dominated Lithuania. We ardently hope not only successfully repelled some of Mr. RAY. Mr. Speaker, the birth of that they will soon regain their freedom the incursions of barbarian invaders the Lithuanian Republic in 1918 rep­ and celebrate their independence day in from the East, but they also were cham­ resented the culmination of a century­ their historic homeland. pions and formed a formidable advance old dream. For more than 100 years Mr. BECKER. Mr. Speaker, I would guard of Christianity in that outpost of the stalwart and stouthearted people of like to see the independence of Lithuania Europe. Late in the 16th ·century the Lithuania, while suffering under Russian restored. I do not believe in efforts by Lithuanian kingdom was united with autocracy had worked for this goal. some ·people who think we can coexist that of Poland, thus forming a dual When the dreaded czarist regime in -with Soviet Russia. Once we, or the free monarchy. In this union Lithuania was Russia collapsed Lithuanians were pre­ world, accept that philosophy then it is the junior partner; it lasted for more pared to assert their freedom and pro­ certain Lithuania, and other countries than two centuries, and during that time claim their independence. This they did which have been incorporated into the the destiny of the two countries were on February 16, 1918. That was a turn­ Soviet Union, will never become free na­ one. Near the end of the 18th century ing point in Lithuania's modern history, tions again. when Poland was partitioned, Lithu­ one that ushered in a new day for the I feel the time is long since past when ania became part of the Russian Em­ Lithuanian people. the United States, and our allies, must pire. That was the end of the Lithu­ The Lithuanian Republic thus founded let Soviet Russia know that in any deal­ anian kingdom, the end of freedom for was strengthened by the unstinting la­ ings or negotiations that take place, it the Lithuanian people. bors and untold sacrifices of the people. must be borne in mind that our objective This loss of national independence did They all were proud of their freedom, is to have ·free elections in each one of not mean the loss of the Lithuanian ready to defend it at all costs and against the countries, such as Lithuania, to re­ desire for freedom and independence. . all comers. But it did not occur to them establish a government by the Lithu­ For more than 100 years under czarist that when the evil day. fell upon them, anian people and that they have a free domination they struggled for their they would be totally incapable of sav­ government. national goal. They combatted czarist ing themselves from the clutches of their Lithuania and other countries have oppression with the means at their dis­ implacable enemy, the Soviet Union. Un­ suffered too much and we cannot settle posal, and they succeeded in keeping fortunately that day came very early for halfway measures. I do not see how alive the national spirit among the mass in the last war, and with it began their any summit conference, or negotiations of the people. They fought the Rus­ national tragedy. In 1940 they were leading up to one, can compromise the sian regime covertly and sometimes robbed of their independence and their freedom of the people of Lithuania. Let openly. At times they organized popu­ fate was placed in the hands of Com­ us hope that action will be had and that lar uprising and revolts against their munist bosses in the Kremlin. our prayers will help bring this about oppressors, but they had to wait until That has been, and unfortunately still at an early time. the First World War for the actual is, the sad lot of the Lithuanian people. Mrs. CHURCH. Mr. Speaker, nearly achievement of their independence. In that unhappy situation their one sus­ 21 years have passed since the forces of Soon after the overthrow of the czarist taining hope is freedom from their heart­ Soviet Russia swept through the land of regime in Russia, they proclaimed their less oppressors. On the celebration of the Lithuanian people and incorporated independence on February 16, 1918, and their independence day I wish them that nation into the Soviet empire. founded the Lithuanian Republic. more power and share in their hope for Since the 13th century, this small but Under their democratic government freedom from Communist tyranny. hardy land has enjoyed alternating pe­ they enjoyed freedom for two decades Mr. DANIELS. Mr. Speaker, of the riods of liberty with self -government and and lived happily in their free and re­ many striking and heartrending facts of oppressive subjugation. Yet the bright built country. In the 1930's when the the two World Wars, two stand out: at spark of freedom which even today keeps dictators in Europe started saber rattling, the end of the first millions of people alive the spirit of the Lithuanian people, all small countries became apprehensive. who were held down under autocracies despite a new Soviet occupation, has Since none of these relatively weak coun­ for centuries regained their freedom, but never died within their hearts. tries could defend itself against powerful at the conclusion of the last war nearly It was on February 16, 1918, after 123 Nazis or aggressive Communist Russians, all of those who had thus gained free­ years of Russian domination, that the they all were in fear of their independ­ dom in 1918-19 lost it and much else. Lithuanian people once again proclaimed ent existence. Unfortunately their ap­ That is a sad commentary on the last their independence and proceeded with prehensions proved justified. Soon after and greatest of wars. vigor and renewed faith to attain notable the outbreak of the last war all these The Lithuanians had regained their progress in all spheres of national ac­ small and helpless countries became easy freedom from the czarist regime after tivity. This vital, liberty-loving people victims of unbridled aggression. Lith­ Russian autocracy was overthrown by worked hard to raise the standard of the Bolsheviks. They had proclaimed their well-being. Under self-government uania was invaded by the Red army early their independence, had instituted their in 1940, Lithuanians lost their freedom and freedom, they contributed much to and their country became part of: the own democratic government, and there the social, economic, cultural, and scien­ they were working and living happily. tific progress of Europe. The Lithuanian Soviet Union. Lithuanians were not in They were allowed tc enjoy their free­ position to resist their implacable en­ dom for about two decades, then came Republic became a respected member of emies and none of Lithuania's friends the Second World War, and with it the the family of free nations. was in position to be of any assistance. end of their independence. All this was When 21 years ago the Soviets broke During the war they endured the oppi·es­ done by their implacable enemy the their pledge to respect the independence sive rule of both the Communists and the Communist bosses in the Kremlin. of Lithuania, apd used military force Nazis, but they hoped that at the end Early in 1940 the ~ed army occupied once more to suppress these people, the of the war their ordeal should come 'to Lithuania, suppressed all freedom there, free world was shocked. I am happy to 1961 CONGRESSlONAL· RECORD- HOUSE 2285 say that the Government of the United on hoping for a new freedom, and upon Lithuania, - enslaved· behind t he Iron _States quickly denounced this action. the hearths as religious men and women _Curtain for. these many years. Today the voices of 'the· poople of knelt to pray that God once again will · On February 16, 1918, 43 years ago Lithuania are.silenced, but we know that lift the Iron Curtain, of their bondage. yesterday, Lithuania proclaimed her in­ their historic battle lor liberty' continues All of' this they.are forced to do silently. dependence after years -of Russian dom­ despite the oppression and tyranny Our country is alive with controversy ination. This independence lasted only which prevails throughout their land. as well as celebration. . But one thing is a little over 20 years, when the country The flame of national pride and determi­ .certain: .there will be no silence. Across was again seized by Soviet Russia in nation to regain independence as ana­ our land, the oppressed riSe up in Con­ 1940. tion will not quicklY die in the hearts gress, in the streets, on our pulpits and On this anniversary date we must re­ of these people. .In truth, .such emotions in the pr.ess to cry out .against their new · our pledge to work tirelessly and can never die among those who once oppressors. Humble citizens shout their endlessly toward the goal of freedom for anyirhere have tasted and enjoyed the .criticisms against us in Congress, against .all the victims of Communist tyranny. fruits of freedom, · the President of the United States, We must encourage these peoples to keep It is our privilege today to honor the against our captains of industry and the torch of liberty burning brightly so Lithuanians in our own free land, as well labor, and against leadership wherever .that one day they may again take their as those in their native country. Great, citizens believe it to be failing. They place among the free nations of the too, has been their contribution to our are free to do so. world. That is why it is so important own knowledge of freedom: great their Next Fourth of July, our bands will for us here in Congress to express our contribution to the development and play, our bells will ring and our people sentiments against such godless dictator­ ·progress of our economy and our culture. will march in celebration of the freedom ship, and to celebrate for the Lithuanians In commemorating this happy day in we still possess. There will be no silence. in their homeland this important anni­ the history of Lithuania, we hail again This is the compelling contra.St for us versary. the courage and conviction of a freedom­ in America, as we salute a freedom lost I pray that this independence can be loving people. We pray with them that to the Lithuanians. At the same time, regained for them in the not too distant their freedom will be regained and that the irony of yesterday's ·celebration future. the .Republic of Lithuania will once again should make us ever more zestful in the take its place .among the free nations of premise that we shall prosper in the Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, 1:>n Feb­ the world. strength of our own freedom only so ruary 16, 1918, Lithuania, one of the Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, yester­ long as we make it indestructible for all Baltic States, declared her independ­ day, February 16, marked the 43d anni­ our citizens; that we shall be safe in ence. Communist Russia, with tradi­ versary of the proclamation of independ­ our own freedom, only so long as we are tional disregard for the Tights of national ence of the Republic of Lithuania. willing to secure it for the people of self-determination, seized . the territory This Republic's life was short lived for Lithuania and all the world. and institutions of Lithuania in June barelY had 20 years of freedom and in­ Mr. FALLON. Mr. Speaker, yester­ 1940. dependence passed when the dark day marked the 43d anniversary of the Lithuania now stands as abiding testi­ shadow of Communist tyranny was cast Declaration of Independence of Lithu­ mony against those who would have us over Lithuania. ania. Again we are reminded that believe that the world's problems can be The peace-loving people of Lithuania Lithuania is not free but still a captive erased by simply signing one nonaggres­ were and are presently subjugated to a nation subjugated to the tyrannical rule sion or peaceful coexistenee pact after philosophy whlch denies the dignity of of Russia. another with the Soviets. The Lithu­ man and deprives him of his freedom. Of those 43 years Lithuania has passed anians were the first to suffer the results However, the brave people of Lithuania 20 under Communist domination. Prior of Stalin's infamous pact with Hitler have never lost sight of their fierce de­ to its achievement of independence in which erupted !into the holocaust of sire for liberty and are working relent­ 1918, Lithuania had been under .czarist World War II. lessly to lift the yoke of Communist op­ rule since 1795. Twenty years of free The Lithuanians' undiminished refusal pression from their land. Other captive government out of more than 200 years to conform to evil and their hope for nations can take great courage from the of Russian ru,le is not a very great space eventual deliverance are an inspiration example given by this nation•s will and of time. However, that those few years to oppressed people and an incentive for determination to regain national inde­ could generate .such a nationalistic fervor free nations to protect their liberties ·all pendence. and could delineate such an individual the more strongly. The Russians can­ It gives me great pride to join today culture is significant. not quench the traditional Lithuanian with my colleagues in paying tribute to Throughout the various alien rules, pride of country and faith in self which the brave people of Lithuania who have Lithuania has been able to preserve its have made her tragic struggle so heroie. suffered under Communist tyranny since own heritage and its will for freedom. The history of Lithuania is a history 1940. Let us hope that the sympathY It has never succumbed to anything but ·of moral dedication to right, to spiritual and understanding of the free world is the militarily enforced political domina­ principles, to liberty and true freedom of of some comfort to them. tion of the alien rulers. Its folk music body and spirit. These professions of We of the free world must reaffirm ow· and folk art, its literature and history faith in the future overflow her borders wholehearted interest and support to the have all been preserved, as are those of and flood the world. aspirations of these suffering people so any free nation. Today Lithuanian­ Russia will never extinguish the ideal­ that they might once again attain and Americans do much to keep these ele­ ism of this great little nation, nor her enjoy freedom. ments of their homeland intact. While right to be free. As long as America Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, the 43d we celebrate the anniversary of Lithu­ stands as the bulwark of national inde­ anniversary celebration of the restora­ anian political independence, we also pendence, Lithuania's cause will be our tion of an independent Lithuania was celebrate the continuing contributions of cause and her faith now and forever will highly significant to all of us. Not only Lithuanians throughout the world to the remain our sacred trust. because we are a people who celebrate free world. In that, there is a certain We salute Lithuania on this 43d anni­ all occasions of freedom, wherever they independence of mind and spirit that versary of her independence. may occur ln the world,. but because we transcends political subjugation. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, I cannot are forced to see in yesterday's celebra­ It is a pleasure to join the many let February 16, 1961, the day of the 43d tion a powerful contrast of moving friends of Lithuania in the House today anniversary of the Declaration of Inde­ importance. · in paying tribute to the brave people of pendence of Lithuania, pass by without There was no open celebration in Lithuania, and to reaffirm as stronglY as paying my tribute, and that of the peo­ Lithuania yesterday. Their conquerors it is possible for me to do so my position ple of North Da'kota whom I represent, saw to that. No bells .rang, no bands that Lithuania be aided in her just cause to .a wonderful and courageou~ people. played. and no one dared march in a forfreedoDn. · These Lithuanian people have refused parade. The only celebration in Lithu­ Mr. HOL"l'ZMAN. Mr. Speaker, I am to buckle down under Russia~s commu­ ania was in the hearts and upon the happy to have this opportunity once nistic yoke. They have fought daunt­ hearths. In the hearts of all · who go ag.ain to pay tribute to the people of lessly and bravely for their freedom. 2286 GONGRESSIONAL RECORD--HOUSE February 17 · - This state, which is the largest · and Het·e in the House of Representatives, many_of them as warm, personal friends, most highly populated of ·the three Bal­ where for as many years. as I have been and associates. You will find them in all tic States, first achieved independence in a Member, it has been the custom for walks of ·life-lawyers, factory workers, the 11th century, A.D. In 1775, when many Members to commemorate the an­ doctors, merchants, businessmen, and Russia and Prussia were partitioned, it niversary of Lithuanian independence, women of all types-a sturdy, self­ lost its independence. This Russian we are moved. today to reaffil·m, as reliant race .in whose hearts burns the domination carried through for 120 strongly as it is possible for us to do so, fiame of dedication to the highest ideals years. Every generation had its fighters that Lithuania, like all other captive na­ of true democracy. . Their contributions who rose up in arms against this tyran­ tions, wants independence with political to my home city and district in fields nical rule, and these brave people finally and social justice. of industry, politics, science, and culture attained independence in 1918, after suf­ Lithuania wants the free exercise of have been, and continue to be, among fering great losses. The people worked her God-given right to enjoy liberty and the finest of any group in our area. heroically to become economically inde­ freedom. If Khrushchev is sincere in No one can look at the desperate sit­ pendent, and to put its government on a his call for the end of colonialism every­ uation which prevails in their native stable basis. Had it not been for the where, it is his move that is called for land without a deep sense of outrage and intervention of World War II, and the now, to free Lithuania and the other shame. Ground between the upper and Red army which terrorized their coun­ Soviet colonial nations. nether millstones of Hitler's Germany tryside, these people would have suc­ Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, . this and Stalin's Russia, thousands of Lithu­ ceeded in putting their house iri order. afternoon I wish to join the many Mem­ anian families have been broken up and -Russia took this country over .under the bers of the House in paying tribute to members de:Ported under the most re­ guise of holding fixed .Communist elec­ the 43d anniversary of the restoration of volting conditions and assigned to slave tions, which were invalid in any court of Lithuanian independence which occurred labor ·in coal mines and forests. Com­ human justice. on February 16, 1918. Lithuania is a pletely subjugated by the ruthless hordes Russia has.this country tightly under small .country and· certainly its lack of from ·the East, no words of mine could their th~b. bpt the fight is not over. size has encouraged the Soviets in their adequately describe the harshness of this It will not be over until once again these ruthless disregard for the human rights tyranny. Countless hundreds have died hardy people become self-governing. As of the brave Lithuanian people. These at the hands of their conquerors while long as freedom reigns in their hearts and Lithuanian people, by the way, are scat­ those who may have survived this brutal­ minds, let us encourage, at least morally tered throughout the vast Soviet slave ity have only prospects of a living death. if nothing else, their :(ight to restore their empire and those still in their native Encouragement and hope for their country's freedom. This country has a ·land are under an extremely harsh Soviet eventual freedom is fanned each year in God-given right to enjoy liberty a.nd yoke. We are all aware also of the fact these memorial addresses-encourage­ freedom, and should certainly have the that the two other Baltic countries, ment and hope born of the fact that the free exercise of this l'ight. The com­ Estonia and Latvia, share the same fate fiickering lamp of freedom still burns in mittee of Lithuanians and their friends as their Lithuanian neighbors. little Lithuania. The people seek only formed for the celebration of the 43d As we pay tribute to the heroic Lith­ the restoration of law and morality, anniversary puts it very aptly when they uanian people, it is our obligation to re­ their hopes based on the Atlantic Char­ say: emphasize that the future must once ter and the Charter of the United Na­ I! Khrushchev is sincere in his statement again provide them with true freedom tions. They look to the United States for . calling for the abolishment of all colonial­ and independence. This freedom .and encouragement and aid. At the mo­ ism, let him manifest it by freeing Lithuania independence is rightfully the heritage ment, we can give only encouragement­ and the other nations now under his rule. of the Lithuanian and all other peoples the kind of encouragement our "fore­ Mr. SEELY-BROWN. Mr. Speaker, now held captive beyond the Iron Cur­ fathers in this great land looked for in in my district, where we have as fellow tain in the vast bloody Soviet empire. their fight for independence nearly 200 citizens many Americans of Lithuanian There is no point this afternoon to re­ years ago. May the day soon come when descent, the 43d anniversary of the peat the tragic history of the Yalta Con­ something more tangible can be done to Declaration of Independence of Lithu­ ference which doomed these brave make their dreams come to reality. ania, has a meaning that is perhaps more peoples to modern slavery. It is to the Let us all hope, pray, and work for the real than it is in some other parts, where future we look with hope that the free end of their temporary enslavement. Let the people have had less opportunity to nations of the world, led by the United us by word and deed do everything know the virtues and the attractive traits States, do recognize the true nature of within our power to restore freedom to of the Lithuanian people and something the Communist empire and will never be the people of Lithuaniar-freedom from about their homeland. lured by the transparent dogma of peace­ the oppressing yoke of imperialist domi­ It is a disgrace in a world where So­ ful coexistence to adopt a policy of nation. Let no rash promises of early viet Russia talks peace and plays the appeasing the Reds whose one desire is assistance be made these great people, part of the big bully, that Lithuania is a world conquest. but let them know that we are on their captive nation, since June 1940, when by Lithuania will someday in the future side-as we know God is also. We know subversion and by force ruthlessly be free. Certainly a brave Christian na­ that He moves in a mysterious way His "integrated" a nation of 3 million people tion which has suffered terrible oppres­ wonders to perform. Let us hope and in the Soviet Union and continues to sion under the Soviets in the last 21 years pray that His wonder of deliverance may brazen out the fiction that the Baltic will once again receive its rightful posi­ be close at hand. country is a Republic in that Union. tion among the free nations of the world. Mr. LIPSCOMB. Mr. Speaker, it is a The rulers of the Kremlin, the archi­ I am honored in joining my colleagues special privilege to pay tribute to the tects of CommUnist imperialism, would this afternoon in reiterating our constant freedom-loving Lithuanians throughout have the free world believe that the interest and firm conviction to wage a the world, who on February 16, 1961, will people of Lithuania voluntarily chose relentless struggle against worldwide observe the 43d anniversary of their na­ communism. But the free world knows communism and eventually restore true tional independence. very well that the Communist elections freedom to Lithuania and all the other Since the late 18th century, the Lith­ which took place. there were invalid and captive nations. uanians have enjoyed freedom and in­ that it was by brute force and force Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Speaker, at the dependence for only a brief period. Only alone that Lithuania was subjugated to time of the 43d anniversary of the during the years between the two World · the tyrannical rule of Russia. restoration of the independence of Wars were they allowed to live in happi­ The United States of America, believ­ Lithuania, I am privileged to join with ness in their historic homeland. After ing as always that the captive nations, so many of my colleagues in a tribute having endured the oppressive rule of as we said concerning ourselves in our to the gallant people of this historic Russian autocracy for more than a full own Declaration of Independence "are country. I yield to no one in my admira­ century, they regained their freedom and and of right ought to be free," continues tion for the people of Lithuania and their established the Lithuanian Republic on to refuse to recognize, de facto or de jure, courageous struggle· for freedom. February 16, 1918. the illegal and cruel annexation of In my district there are many Amer­ At the end of the First World War the Lithuania by the Soviet Union. icans of Lithuanian descent and I count Lithuanians were aided by friends and 1-961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 2287 sympathizers abroad in their , effort to tyrants of Europe who bartered her back important of all, they have· retained put their ravaged country in order. and forth among· themselves for their their hopes and aspirations-for eventual They pulled themselves together and suc­ own selfish ends. · However, the joys of freedom, against odds too great to com­ ceeded in making Lithuania a prosperous freedom and independence were short pute. This is again a positive example and progressive country. They were lived in the new Republic. Now she is a that communism may enslav-e the body, justly proud of their accomplishments captive nation once again, subject to the · but that when it is faced by a determined and were happy. But the tum of inter­ infamy of Soviet imperialism. But de­ people who-firmly believe in liberty, it national events was to cause ~ndless un­ spite the hardships, privations, and in­ cannot ·enslave nor capture the mind. happiness to them. describable misery inflicted on her peo­ · ·- So today, we pay tribute to the people Lithuania was one of the early victims ple, their spirit and hopes have remained of Lithuania, enslaved though they are, of the last war. By mid-1940 the coun­ strong and steadfast. We see these because we admire their fortitude and try was occupied by the R~d army and qualities today in those who have settled their ideals-ideals which are· the same had become part of the Soviet Union. here. It is this spirit that has made for free men everywhere. Let us hope Since those unhappy days its misery and them such patriotic citizens of their that the future will bring a fruition of misfortune have multiplied. However, adopted country, dedicated to the prin­ their burning desire to be rightfully free although there seems to be no end to ciples of democracy we follow and en­ and independent. To the end that the their misfortune, the Lithuanian people joy; but too often fail to appreciate. entire captive world be again free, let still cherish their memories of libe1rty. The free people of the world are bound us rededicate ourselves. To the brave Today, when the Lithuanian people together in a desire to release those citi­ people of Lithuania, to those Americans suffer under Soviet tyranny more than zens of Lithuania who are forcibly held of Lithuanian extraction, we hold forth did their fathers under czarist autocracy, in bondage by the Russian regime. Let the pledge that this nation and others they have our wholehearted sympathy. us renew our pledge of friendship and who are enslaved have not been forgot­ We are one in echoing their genuine sen­ support expressed in the captive nations' ten and that this Government of free timents for freedom and independence resolution passed by the Congress a year men stands ready to assist and ·defend on the 43d anniversary celebration of ago. As we observe this solemn occasion the cause of freedom and liberty. · their independence day. of Lithuania's independence, may we let Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, to­ Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, the Lith­ those people who are again enslaved day is the 43d anniversary of the inde­ uanian people are among the most stal­ know that we are constantly concerned pendence of Lithuania. It was an in­ wart and brave fighters for freedom and for their plight and may we pray for dependence that was destined to be short independence. But freedom and inde­ their liberation. lived, due to the oppressive Russian Com­ pendence have been denied to them for Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, on this munist invasion in 1940. centuries. Except for the brief period of date 43 years ago, the proud and sov­ The Lithuanian people have a strong the interwar years, for almost two cen­ ereign little nation of Lithuania pro­ belief in freedom, and their hopes re­ turies they have had the misfortune to claimed its independence. Because of main high for the liberation of their su1fer under an oppressive and at times the tragic events 20 years ago, this is country from the iron rule imposed by almost unbearable alien yoke in their a day of solemn commemoration and the Red leaders of the Kremlin. homeland. Then toward the end of the tribute rather than one of joyful cele­ Their spirit of resistance is not broken, First World War they saw their chance bration. ow· thoughts continue to be and I pray it shall never be broken. We for freedom, seized upon it, and on Feb­ solemn as we contemplate the fate of all look forward with the people of this ruary 16, 1918, proclaim.ed their inde­ this once-free nation. We commemo­ Baltic nation to the day when they will pendence. rate and pay tribute to the courage and be free again. That historic day marked a new day determination of the Lithuanian people I do not know when this day will come, for the Lithuanian people. It ushered in who have been enslaved against their but it is inevitable that it will come. a new era for them, orie full of joy and wm__:_a will which is determined to Never iri history has a people been sub­ happiness. Thenceforth they joined maintain the spirit of liberty despite the jugated forever. The people of Lithua­ hands and worked cheeriully in the tasks most heinous of police state mechanisms nia will again have freedom and a new of rebuilding their devastated country, dedicated to its extirpation. independence day. reestablishing democratic institutions Among the nations of our time, there, and safeguarding their newly won Lithuania's existence was short lived. Let those of us in the free world con­ freedom. In all these difficult tasks they In 1940 without any cause or provoca­ stantly remind Premier Khrushchev that made great progress, and they were both tion the Communist giant invaded and, he must set l;tie own house in order be­ proud and happy with their achieve­ as a national entity on the maps of the fore he talks {Jt liberation of colonies in ments. For two decades they enjoyed world, Lithuania ceased to exist. Such other parts of the world. Let us con­ the fruits of their labor in freedom. an act of rapacity and barbarism by the stantly remind the world of the Russian Then came the last war. That war Soviets bespeaks their true intentions "colonies," the nations such as Lithuania swept away all the achievements of the toward free peoples and reveals their which are ruled by Russian military Lithuanians -and robbed them of their designs for the world. Indeed, events force and made a temporary part of the freedom. Their country was made part since that early date have proved again Soviet Union. · of the Soviet Union in 1940, and they be­ and again beyond a doubt that commu­ Let us remind the boastful Khrushchev came unwilling servants of that mono­ nism .and its peace overtures is, and al­ of the tens of thousands of Lithuanians lithic empire. ways will be, the antithesis of freedom. shipped from their homes in cattle cars At the end of the war the Lithuanian .It is well for us to recall the plight of arid never heard from again. Let us pay people were denied their freedom. In­ . Lithuania lest time make us forget. tribute to these people who died as slaves stead, the ~hain of Communist totalitar­ What happened to this little nation can to the Russian Communists. ian dictatorship was tightened over and may happen again to other states, And finally, let us join with the Lithu­ them. Today they are prisoners behind unless we maintain the true image of anian people in this country and else­ the Iron Curtain. There they work un­ communism which such examples con­ where in the free world of this independ­ der the watchful eye of their taskmasters stantly recall in our minds. · ence day and look always forward to the and pray for the end of their misery and The Lithuanian people have spent eventual freedom of Lithuania. servitude. We in the free world join over 20 years in Soviet bondage. Be­ Mrs. DWYER. Mr. Speaker, a promi­ them in their prayer for freedom on the cause of clearly defined differences to nent constituent of mine wrote to me re­ 43d anniversary celebration of their in- Russia, in their history, culture, religion, cently and called my attention to the dependence day. . and language, their brutal masters have fact that today marks the 43d anniver­ Mr. SCHENCK. Mr. .. Speaker, 43 had to employ a special type of fiendish sary of the Declaration of Independence years ago on February 16, 1918, the Lith­ suppression to eradicate the deep roots by the Republic of Lithuania. uanian people proclaimed their inde­ of a people which go back over a thou­ In his letter, he summarized in a very pendence from Russia and established a sand years. Yet, there are strong indi­ pointed ·way the importance of this com­ Republic. This was the end of a long cations that despite a ceaseless cam­ memoration. He wrote: struggle that began several centuries ago paign, calculated in its ferocity, the This 43d anniversary is an · occasion of and lasted throughout all the years the people of Lithuania have continued to deep significance to all who hope Lithuania little country was besieged by greedy maintain their national identity. Most will again be free and independent--the "2288 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD- HOUSE February 17

cause of Lithuania is the cause of all cap­ subjugated 22 million people in 6 coun­ Resolve4, It b~ demanded that the Soviet tive peoples behind the Iron Curtain who tries. In addition, the Soviet Union has Union withdraw from the territory of Lithu­ have not surrendered their desire for free­ exercised economic, political, and mili­ ania arid that . the people of Lithuania be dom and liberty to the tyranny of ·commu­ allowed to elect their government in con­ nism. tary domination· over· many millions· of· formity with their freely expressed will and men and women in other neighboring desire; and · It is most appropriate, Mr. Speaker, countries. Together, this ugly record of : Resolved, ·That · copies of these resolutions that the Congress of the United States human oppression constitutes the, most be forwarded to the President of the United take time out today to oommemora.te terrible example of brutal colonialism in States, His Excellency John F. Kennedy; to this occasion formally and to reassert our the modern history of mankind. the Secretary of State. the Honorable Dean dedication to the historic American pol­ Yet, as the example of Lithuania dem­ Rusk; to the U.S. Ambassador to the United icy of encouraging freedom and inde­ onstrates-to the extent we are able to Nations, the Honorable Adlai Stevenson; to pendence and opportunity for nations document it--the people of Eastern Eu­ the U.S. Senators of New Jersey, the Honora­ and peoples throughout the world. This ble Clifford P. Case and the Honorable Harri­ rope are still courageously resisting the son A. Williams; to the Representative of the purpose is tM cornerstone of American pressures of Soviet domination, bravely Sixth Congressional District of New Jersey, foreign policy, and when we speak to­ asserting their individuality, outspok­ the Honorable Florence P. Dwyer; and to the day to the freedom-loving people of enly defending their religion. To be a Governor of the State of New Jersey, the Lithuania, wherever they may be, we Christian today in Lithuania is to invite Honorable Robert B. Meyner. speak to and for freedom-loving people martyrdom, yet hundreds of thousands JOHN LlUDVINAITIS, everywhere. of Lithuanians are daily accepting that President. As we commemorate Lithuanian in­ risk. Evidence reported in both the V. TuRSA, dependence, we must never forget how American and Soviet press prove impres­ Secretary. the people of that small but noble nation sively that the people of Lithuania have Mrs. WEIS. Mr. Speaker, on Sunday, lost their independence. Twenty years relentlessly held on to their traditional February 12, it was my pleasure to par­ of freedom came to an end on August 23, love of freedom, have determinedly de­ ticipate, along with the Lithuanian­ 1939, when SOviet Russia and Nazi Ger­ fended their faith, and have resolutely American community of my home city many signed their infamous pact of retained their sense of identity as free of Rochester, ·N.Y., in the celebration of friendship and nonaggression, a pact Lithuanians. the 43d anniversary of the proclamation which freed Hitler to attack the West and On this occasion, therefore, let the of Lithuanian independence. I should which-by virtue of a secret protocol to Congress of the United States send its like to insert at this point in the RECORD the agreement-placed Lithuania and greetings to the oppressed people of the brief remarks which I made on this her sister Baltic States in the Soviet Lithuania, and assure them they have occasion: Russian sphere of infiuence. not been forgotten. Let us renew our de­ I am so happy that I am able to join you On June 15, 1940, the Soviet armies termination never to recognize the SO­ today' in celebrating the 43d anniversary of invaded Lithuania. Since that time the viet domination of Lithuania. And let the proclamation of Lithuanian independ­ world has been forced to watch one of us proclaim once more to the world our ence. It took a bi.t of doing as the · weather the most horrible examples of ethnic country's heritage of freedom and our and the Capital Airlines conspired against genocide. and forced colonialism in his­ people's support of freedom and inde­ me, but I made an especial effort as I have tory. In the most coldblooded possible had such bad luck in attending several of pendence for everyone, everywhere. your functions. I have enjoyed so much fashion, Soviet invaders set about sys­ Under leave to extend my remarks at the personal contacts with so many of your tematically to liquidate the Lithuanian this point in the RECORD, Mr. Speaker, I ·members, that I wanted particularly· to be social and cultural elite, to destroy the include herewith the text of resolutions~ with you today. · Roman Catholic Church and the faith unanimously adopted by the Lithuanian These are hazardous and dangerous days of the Lithuanian people, and forcibly to Americans of Linden, N.J., in com­ tn which we live. But then, many of you ·colonize Lithuania by means of mass memoration of the 43d anniversary of the and your countrymen are not strangers to immigration of peoples from within the declaration of Lithuania's " independ­ danger and hardship. For centuries you have Soviet Union. ence: heard the sounds of the conquerors' boots · In the 20 years from 1939 to 1959 it is marching across your land with the ultimate Whereas on February 16, 1918, 43 years rape of your freedom and !~.dependence ln conservatively estimated that 1,239,000 ago, the Republic of Lithuania was declared 1940 when Lithuania wa.S virtually yanked Lithuanians were forcibly deported, re­ a free and independent state by the Council behind the Iron Curtain. · But despite the patriated, or otherwise liquidated by Nazi of Lithuania in Vilnius; and use o! every device known to. man to destroy and Soviet forces. Among them were Whereas in commemoration of this 43d the passion for- freedom, the c;leep-rooted na­ about 240,000 Lithuanian Jews who per­ anniversary, Americans of Lithuanian de­ tional consciousness, and the reUgious fervor ished in Nazi concentration camps dur­ scent rededicate themselves to the cause ot of the people of Lithuania, the love of God, ·ing World War II and about 750,000 Lithuania's independence, which in 1940 was of country, _and.. of liberty continues to burn brutally invaded by the Communist govern­ . as brightly as ever. . . ethnic Lithuanians who were wiped out ment of Soviet Russia in violation of its Many times, I !eel that those of us whose as a result of Soviet terrorism and geno­ treaty obligations, imposing to date upon roots have been buried deep in this country cide. This figure is based on Soviet the people of Lithuania a most ruthless re­ for many years do not appreciate our free­ census statistics and represents about 25 gime of Communist dictatorship. and co­ doms as do you who have known .from per­ percent of what the population of ethnic lonialism and reducing the people to the sonal experience or that of your loved ones Lithuanians should have been in 1959, status of colonia·. slaves; and .just what it means not to enjoy-as a mat­ estimated on a conservative basis of a Whereas the anticolonialist resolution in­ ter of course--the privileges a.nd satisfac­ 1-percent annual natural increase of troduced by the Soviet Union delegation to tions of living in a free society. the 15th session of the General Assembly of A new element has entered the interna­ population. the United Nations proposing complete in­ tional picture in these past months which This tremendous loss of Lithuania's dependence and freedom to all colonial must make your indignation and frustra­ J.)opulation through Nazi and Soviet countries, to which resolution the American . tion more complete. And that is- the sanc- genocide provided Russia with an excuse delegation submitted an amendment urging timonious and hypocritical attack by the to colonize Lithuania with Russians. to expand the meaning of said SoY1et resolu­ Com.m.untst complex on what they chose to Whereas in 1940 the Russian population tion to include the colonial countries held call Western imperialism while they prac­ by the Soviet Russia: Therefore be it tice colonialism of the worst sort 1n the vir­ of the country amounted to only 65,000- .tua.l enslavement of the peoples of Eastern most of whom were unsympathetic to Resolved, That this meeting express grati­ tude to the U.S. Government !or .the c,on­ EUrope and bend every eJrort by propaganda communism-the Soviets subsequently sistently demonstrated favorable attitude and infiltration to add to their colonial em­ brought into Lithuania about 214,000 toward Lithuania's independence and that pire the newly emerging nations of Africa. well-indoctrinated Soviet citizens in the. representatives o! our Government firmly The responsibilities of the West are very order to exercise effective. control over clear and most urgent, We · must continue maintain this policy at any future delibera­ .QUr e1forts to let the peoples not only of every detail of the · political, cultural, tions regarding the status of the enslaved and economic life of the country. Lithuania-but. of Albanla.. Hungary, Bul­ nations; and garia, Estonia, Poland. Czechoslovaltla, Lat­ The patt.ern of forcible incorporation Resolved, 'I'hat the Soviet poUcy ot na­ via, and Rumania-know that. we have not of whole countries into the Soviet Union tional genocide and unmerciful exploita.~ton fQrgotten them, that we are theJr friends ·since 1939, inchic::Ung Lithuania and her of Lithuania and her ·people be condemned; and that their ultimate freedom is one of Baltic neighbors; Latvia and Estonia, and · ~ - · · · our most tmporta.rit · goala. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 2289 We have a new administration in Wash- defend a righteous cause. With God and just cause of Lithuania. Your efforts joined ington and it ~ devoutly to be hoped that preparedness on our side and the great with ours wlll, we ·pray God, bring about the it is one that will remain strong and firm leadership of the President of the United restoration of Lithuania's freedom and will in the face of the constant Communist threat do much to prevent the mastery. of the en­ and not one that will tend toward accom- States, Mr. Kennedy-being dominant in tire huma:n race by Soviet communism. modation and compromise. It is very true his desire for uncontested supremacy in Thanking you for your invaluable cooper- that the world cannot continue indefinitely preparedness, to settle any dispute at ation, we remain, with two colossi dividing the world. But, the conference table or otherwise-we Respectfully yours, in finding a solution to this power struggle cannot fail doing something about gain- JoSEPH w. GLAVICKAs, there are certain principles from which we ing Lithuania her independence. It is Chairman. cannot retreat. And turning Ol.U' backs on God's will that it shall so be. MARY T . KLIMKAsrTrs, our friends is one of them. Secretary. I can assure you that the Congress will Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, yesterday continue its support of your cause as ex- millions of men and women-some exist- Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, I am pressed in the solemn resolution in 1959 on ing under the surveillance of their Com- happy to join with my colleagues today captive Nations Week. we shall work and munist masters, others entombed in in commemorating the 43d anniversary pray for the liberation of your homeland Soviet prisons and slave labor camps- of the restoration of independence to with the hope"that the unquenchable spark held silent observance of the 43d anni- Lithuania. While 20 years have passed of liberty burning in your hearts will one versary of Lithuanian Independence Day. since their brave nation was swallowed day soon burst into a high, clear fiame. These· Lithuanians behind the · Iron up behind the Iron Curtain, we can know Mr. LIBONATI. Mr. Speaker, the Curtain remembered, too, that February that the spirit of liberty lives on in the heartfelt struggle goes on-yet the peo- 16 marked the 708th anniversary of the hearts of her indomitable people. ple prodded by strong religious precepts ·.founding of their proud kingdom, in 1253. Lithuania achieved the status of an and undying love for liberty persevere . For.them it was a grim celebration, but .indepen(ient democratic republic on Feb­ against the common enemy, Communists. hope, like a candl-e, flickers in their · ruary 16, 1918. Subsequently, Russia This is the 43d anniversary of Lithu- hearts. · More· than 20 years under the signed an agreement with Lithuania, re­ ania's independence. Even the Iron heel of Communist despotism have not nouncing forever all claims to saver­ Curtain has not destroyed the furor of extinguished that flame. eignty over her, and Lithuania was ad­ the Lithuanian spirit to overcome their I was proud to join the effort to free mitted to the League of Nations in 1921. aggressors. Lithuanians will fight for these enslaved people when I yesterday During their 22 years of independence, liberty until it is won. Its noble people introduced House concurrent Resolution the Lithuanian people made significant will ultimately throw off the Soviet yok-e. 163, which calls upon the President of the contributions to the political and cui­ The prayers and heartfelt devotion of United States to ask the United Nations tural life of Western Europe. Land re­ their compatriots in the United States to request that the U.S.S.R., first, with- forms were instituted, industrial growth will give the stimulation, spirit, and for- draw all troops from Lithuania, Estonia, was fostered, and guarantees extended to titude to continue the struggle until and Latvia; second, to return all Baltic the freedoms of speech, assembly, and final victory is theirs. exiles from Siberia, slave labor camps, religion. In spirit Lithuania is much alive and and prisons, and, finally, to conduct free The infamous nonaggression pact be- today her hearts, with the beseeching elections in the Baltic countries. tween the Soviet Union and Nazi Ger- eyes of her subjects, look up to Heaven In doing so, it is my prayerful hope many opened the way for Lithuania's oc­ in this great day of prayer. This brav- that it will play some part in fulfilling cupation by the Germans, giv.ing way to ery, cultured in the strugg·le of their the ·objectives of my good American- the Communists when the Russians be­ great tradition of freedom, dating.before Lithuanian friends who have written me gan their· offensive in 1944. Despite' the Christian e1·a, steeled to tolerance as follows: solemn treaty assurances to "renounce and suffering, in sincere prayer, kneeling CoMMITTEE FoR THE CELEBRATION all rights of sovereignty in the Baltic before her religious altars, look to the oF THE 43DANNivERsARY oF LITH- States," the Soviet Union Pl;oceeded to day ending Soviet slavery, tyranny, and -. uANrAN INDEPENDENCE DAY, . incorporate Lithuania into the U.S.S.R. domination. : worcester, Mass., February 4, .1961. The U.S. Government has consistently The · great problem today confronting Congressman F. BRADFORD MoRsE, refused to recognize de jure this annex·- the United States is, what can we do to Washington, D.C. ation, and deplores the continued sup- liberate these small nations, throughout DEARJ HoNORABLE SIR: February 16, 1961, pression of human rights in Lithuania. Europe and the Baltic area, who are now the 43d anniversary of the Declaration of In- On this 43d anniversary of Lithuanian . th R ss· ? dependence of Lithuania., once again re- independence, it is appropriate that the e n s laved undei e u Ian power· minds us that Lithuania is not free. Since How can we, with these nations in en- June 1940 when the Soviet regime was ruth- Congress should honor a valiant people. slavement, consider ow· liberty secw·e, iessly imposed upon her, Lithuania has Even in the face of Communist tyranny, while countries like Lithuania suffer in- been a captive nation under Russia. The their resolute faith in Almighty God human bondage? Certainly the contin- Soviets would have the free world believe has never wavered. With freedom-lov­ uous use of pugnacious words will not that Lithuania voluntarily chose commu- ing peoples throughout the world, we lift be the solution and certainly not wishes nism, but the free world knows very well our hearts in prayer that independence and prayers alone will free these faith- that the Communist elections which took may soon again be restored to Lithuania. ful patriots, who patiently wait for the place there were invalid and that it was the · Mr. BARRE'IT. Mr. Speaker, soon brute force of the Soviet military which sub- day of liberation. Certainly education jugat.ed the country to the tyra.nnical rule after the overthrow of the detested czar- of the enemy will not secure their fr-ee- of Russ,ia. ist regime in Russia during the First dom. It is written in the blood of na- We, American-Lithuanians, are deeply World War, many oppressed nationalities tions that rescue from enslavement by· gratified that our Government, never for · asserted their freedom and proclaimed forceful repudiation will only come once abandoning the principle of freedom their political independence. The three through internal eruption and revolt for au captive n91t1ons, continues to refuse Baltic peoples which had been held un­ against their despotic control by the to. recognize de jure the invalid and -qn.Just der Russian autocracy for more than 100 annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet. For d'd th' 1 · 1918 Th Lith t yrants °f our time. this our Government will ever merit our sin- years I IS ear Y In · e u- If violencP be necessary, then, in that cerest and profoundest gratitude. anians proclaimed their independence on event, our Government must stand by The ooming anniversary moves us to re- February 16 and founded the Lithuanian these captured nations, who have affirm, as strongly as it is possible for us to Republic. · struggled for freedoms as we honor them. do so, that Lithuania, like au other captive For about two decades these freedom­ Lithuania must be free and we must nations, wants national independence with hungry people enjoyed their richly de­ further every endeavor toward the real- political and social Justice. She wants the served independence. They rebuilt tP.eir i~tion of this freedom. We can · only free exercise of her God-given right to enjoy war-ravaged country, strengthened their protect our freedom by protecting and liberty and freedom. If Khrushchev is sin- democratic institutions, revived their . cere in his statement calling for the abollsh- recoveri ng f or f r eedom- 1ovmg nations ment of an colonialism, let him manifest it venerated national traditions, and were their freedoms. by freeing Lithuania and the other nations content with the progressive course in If we are a strong nation with a gun now under his rule. which things were moving. But the out- in one hand and a Bible in the other, May we on this occasion ask you to use the break of the Second World War put a no one will dare oppose our right to infiuence of your high position in aiding the stop to all this and brought tragedy to 2290 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-· HOtJSE February 17 .the Lithuanians. Lithuania was invad­ assert his.God-givenhuman rights . . Aft­ with them hope for the freedom of the ed and occupied by the Red army in er suffering under the autocratic czarist Lithuanian people in_their homeland. 1940, and its inhabitants completely _regime of Russia· for over 100 years, Mr. RABAUT . .Mr. Speaker, at the sealed off behind the Soviet· borders. - Lithuanians regained their freedom to­ time of the outbreak of the First World Since then unhappy Lithuanians have ward the end of the First World War, War in 1914, Lithuanians were living un­ not known freedom. Today the country and proclaimed their independence on der Russian autocracy. That had been is ruled by the Communist totalitarian February 16, 1918. For two decades they their lot for more than a century. Dur­ dictatorship itnposed by the . Kremlin. lived and .enjoyed their life in happiness. ing all that time they wanted ·to regain There people are compelled to work for In that relatively short time, they re­ their freedom. ·and to· that end they or­ the omnipotent state, and are not free built their ravaged country, set up their ganized revolts and uprisings against the to leave the country under any circum­ own democratic form of government, czarist regime, but all these attempts stances. In a word, they are imprisoned .and reestablished many of the old Lithu­ failed because Russia was always able to in their homeland, and pray for their anian customs and traditional institu­ overpower the Lithuanians. In 1917 the deliverance. On this 43d anniversary tiono;. decrepit czarist regime crumbled, and celebration of their independence day I Storm clouds appeared in 1939 and then the Lithuanians had their chance. devoutly hope that they will have a .cast a menacing shadow over Lithuania They naturally seized upon it~ pro­ quick response to their earnest prayer. which proved fatal to the freedom of the claimed their independence. and . estab­ Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. Speaker, before people of this brave country. Early in lished the Lithuanian Republic. · · World War II a Lithuanian-American 1940, the Kremlin imposed upon the ·In the course of the next two decades went back to his native land for a brief helpless Lithuanians a so-called mutual the Republic grew in strength and demo.:. visit. It had been many years since he assistance pact and later that same year cratic institutions under it served the had left; he had been· only a. small boy. the countrY. was occupied by Soviet Lithuanians well. The result was that He visited Kaunas and Panevezys and his troops and incorporated into the Spviet in the relatively short time, during the own small village. There he met many Union. Since then these brave people interwar- years, Lithuania became. a people, all of whom were very interested have been enduring dictatorial tyrannies prosperous and prog~:essive country. in him because he came from America. of totalitarian regimes, both Nazi and Lithuanians were happy and enjoying They all had friends and relatives in Communist version. For years they their freedom to the full. Then came America whom they asked after. Among have endured indescribable hardships the Second World War. First they be­ them he met a woman who showed him a and despite such despairing conditions came apprehensive of their involvement; picture of her business and her sons. these stouthearted people have not given and even of their safety. Unfortunately She ran a food store of some size. She up their hope to secure freedom. their worst fears proved justified. In said, we do not need to go to America. I feel we should join with them on this 1940 Stalin's Red army invaded and oc­ Our America is right here. We prosper historic day and with Americans of CUPied the country, put an end to the and are happy. Lithuanian descent express our fervent Lithuanian Republic and thus robbed the I doubt that Lithuanian villagers are hope that the cause of freedom and inde­ Lithuanian people of their freedom. as contented or prosperous today as they pendence will soon p!·eva.U. Soon the country was incorporated into were then. Following World War II and Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, re­ the Soviet Union, and since then free­ Nazi occupation, Lithuanian independ­ cent and current international events dom and independence, joy, and happi­ have brought in their train tragic con­ ness have been banished from Lithuania. ence was replaced by Communist domi­ sequences. The last World War has, in­ Instead today we find there these nation. That villager can no longer say stead of freeing oppressed peoples, actu­ stanch and freedom-hungry 3 million that Lithuania is her America. No ally caused the eradication of freedom yearning and praying for their deliver­ longer is she able to participate in pri­ in many lands, and has extended the ance from Communist totalitarian tyr­ vate enterprise, to work hard and reap reign of terror over many former free anny. Let us hope that they will soon the benefits of her work. No longer is it countries, thus depriving tens of mil­ have their reward in freedom and live possible for her to elect the people she lions of peoples of their freedom and in peace in their homeland. wants to run her government and her independence. Three million Lithua­ Mr. RIEHLMAN. Mr. Speaker, on society. No longer is it possible for her nians were among these peoples. February 16, 1918, when the Lithu­ to lead the kind of life she desires away These stalwart and stouthearted peo­ anian people asserted their independ­ from the watchful eye of the governing ple who had regained their independ­ ence from Imperial Russia, they cast power. ence in the First World War, were one off the yoke of over a century of Today we cannot go to war over Lith­ of the first victims of the last war. After adversity. But this dearly won freedom uania, but we can support her exiled regaining freedom in 1918, and after en­ was not to last. . In 1939, Lithuania was people and do all in our power to make joying it for a brief period of two decades, subjected to the terrors of Communist Lithuanians both here and in their own they were robbed of it by the Communist domination when Soviet Russia, without country as prosperous and happy as Russians. While democratic Lithuania provocation, seized the country by force. possible. Perhaps with prayer and de­ was enjoying freedom Communist bosses The proud Lithuanian ·people continue termination Lithuania will once again be of the Kremlin were jealous of Lithu­ to suffer terrible oppressions at the free. The activity and interest of Lith­ ania's democratic ''luxury," freedom, and hands of the godless Communist dicta­ uanian national groups throughout the independence. Soon after the outbreak tors. They share the fate of millions in world is most helpful. By telling of the of the last war, while the democracies of the captive European nationsA oppressive Communist measures and the West were involved in a life-and­ And so it is with a mixed feeling of keeping the knowledge of the fate of that death struggle, the Red army conquered sadness and of pride that we gather 43 little country always before us, we are Lithuania and put an end to the Lithu­ years after the restoration of independ­ only that much more aware of the re­ anian Republic. Soon the country be­ ence on that day in 1918 to pay tribute sults of oppression and that much more came part of the Soviet Union, and its to that memorable event and to the moved to keep alive the spirit of inde­ helpless inhabitants mere slaves in Com­ Lithuanian people the world over who pendence and self -determination in the munist labor camps. During the course have fought so gallantly in behalf of world today. of the war their condition grew from freedom, and in whom the flame of lib­ Mr. ROONEY. Mr. Speaker, I com­ bad to worse, but at least they had the erty still burns brightly. mend the gentleman from Pennsylvania hope of earning their freedom at the end We recall the heroism of the Lithua­ [Mr. FLoonJ for obtaining this time to­ of that war. Then when the end came nian people and their cow·ageous deter­ day to celebrate the 43d anniversary of they found that there was no freedom mination to keep uppermost in their Lithuanian independence. I am pleased for them. The war thus proved to be hearts and minds their goal of -national to join with my colleagues in the House their national tragedy. independence. 'Lithuania has indeed in paying trib.ute to the spirit of free­ Today these unfortunate people, brave set a lasting example of s.trength and dom held in the hearts of Lithuanian and stouthearted as ever, still cling to courage for the free ·world. people everywhere. their ideals of freedom and. independ~ I am proud to join with my colleagues The history of the Lithuanian people ence. I am glad to join loyal Americans and with freedom-loving :persons every­ is an unusual story of heroism and suf­ of Lithuanian descent in the celebration where in reaffirming our dedication to fering and of man's constant efforts to of Lithuanian Independence Da_y and the cause of Lithuanian independence. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2291 We salute the Lithuanian people, whose pects of the fate of the Lithuanian Re­ that have never known anything but spirits remain unbroken, and we pray public. that. To these- people I -extend my sin... that we will one day be able to observe Lithuania, like all captive republics, cerest sympathy and understanding. this anniversary with the lmowledge wants· the free exercise of the ·right to Vet it; is·-not good to· live only ·in the re­ that. Lithuania has once again taken its. enjoy liberty and freedom. Lithuania flection of. that past liberty without fac­ place among the free nations of the wants national independence with politi­ ing the present situation. Rather let world. cal and social justice. The free world us take courage and strengthen our re­ Mr. TOLL. Mr. Speaker, in March ought to keep constantly fresh the re­ solve to work toward the future freedom 1917 the tyrannical czarist regime in minder that Khrushchev can make a of Lithuania in this celebration of its Russia was overthrown by the people- of. solid · demonstration of his disbelief in former independence. Russia and the .123-year-old rule of the colonialism at any time by freeing the Mr. HEALEY. Mr. Spea-ker, it is ap­ czars over Lithuania was ended. Shortly states which the Soviet Union keeps propriate that freedom-loving people thereafter, on February 16, 1917, the under its colonial yoke. should pause and pay homage to Lithu­ Lithuanians proclaimed their independ­ Not long ago, the Supreme Committee anians on this anniversary of their inde­ ence and established a democratic for the Liberation of Lithuania reported pendence. Lithuania enjoyed independ­ republic. that the 20 years of indoctrination to ence from 1918 until 1940' and in that The year 1917, however, brought to which Lithuanian youth has been sub­ short period of time held a notable and the Lithuanians not only the fulfillment jected is producing a generation which respected place among the free nations. of their dreams of freedom, but also the disbelieves in what it is being forced to When we consider the fate of many seeds of the destruction of this freedom. learn. We know that the so-called su­ millions of people behind the Iron Cur­ The Bolsheviks in Russia, after subvert­ perior Soviet education is creating diffi­ tain, it seems almost intolerable that so ing the democratic revolution of March culties for the Soviet Government, by many have been deprived of the freedom to their own ends, seized the reins of permitting them a level of education at to govern themselves. · Today as we government and proclaimed Russia a which it is natural to·doubt how superior celebrate Lithuanian Independence Day; Communist state. that system is. The same effect which we are again reminded of the struggles For the next 20 years the Communists, has been voted in the Soviet Union is of the Lithuanian people to assert them­ beset by internal strife, consolidated abroad in Lithuania. selves as an independent state. They their rule within the Soviet Union. With The bright flame of Lithuanian in­ are a courageous and spirited people, the advent of the Second World War, dependence is being kept alive, and the who deserve better than domination and however, they saw the opportunity to future will bring justice. We in the tyrannical government at the hands of take advantage of the chaotic interna­ United States can help by pledging again the Russians. tional situation and extend their influ­ our eternal faith in the principle of free­ As Americans opposed to all forms of ence beyond the borders of Russia. dom for all captive nations. such flagrant enslavement, we will never Thus, the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939 de-. · · Mr. ·ADDABBO. Mr. Speaker, today, approve of the present Lithuanian Gov­ clared Lithuania within the Soviet sphere February 17, we celebrate the 43d anni­ ernment. We will always believe that of influence and Red army troops in­ versary of the Declaration of Independ­ the rightful government must be formed vaded the country. Then, on July 21, ence of Lithuania. It should indeed be at the will of the Lithuanian people. I 1940, the Lithuanian Republic was in­ a day of great joy to all Lithuanians, but, am glad today to be among my col­ corporated into the Soviet Union, and because of the shroud of the Iron Cur­ leagues in the House of Representatives the brief span of freedom for the Lithu­ tain, this day is celebrated throughout as we join our Americans of Lithuanian anians was ended. the world with emotions of joy and sor­ descent in echoing their patriot senti­ On this the 43d anniversary of Lithu­ row-joy in remembering the inde­ ments and renewing their faith and hope anian independence I join all Americans pendence won 43 years ago by the free­ that Lithuania again will be a free and and freedom-loving people throughout dom-loving people of Lithuania, and independent country. the world in thoughts of sympathy and sorrow in- remembering these great Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, when the hope for the hapless people of that small people who on June 15, 1940, lost that First World War sounded the death knell country. We can only stand fast in our independence to the Soviet Union and for autocracies in Russia and in east­ adherence to the principles of liberty and had their lives darkened by the Iron central Europe, all oppressed peoples in democracy and, continuing the battle Curtain. these lands were overjoyed, for in the against the Communist dictatorship, We must, in celebrating this day, again overthrow of these autocracies they await the day when all people every­ rededicate ourselves feverently to the hoped to find their freedom. When that where will be free. task of raising the Iron Curtain so that war brought liberation to a large number Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Speaker, all of the sunshine of freedom can once again of oppressed r.ationalities, the Lithu­ us must experience sorrow that liberty, shine on them and the world again enjoy anians were among them. no matter how strong its partisans, has with them their wonderful culture and The history of the Lithuanian people often suffered .at the hands of tyranny. achievements. goes back to early Middle Ages, but the The Lithuanian people have suffered turbulent period of their modern history Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, the started in the 16th century by the union greatly since that day two decades ago advent of Lithuanian Independence Day of Lithuania with Poland as a dual king­ when the forces of communism marched this month serves to remind us of the dom. Late in the 18th century, when in to snuff out forces opposed to them, fate of that little but valiant country Poland lost her independence and be­ and to wipe out a stanch republic. that has been under Communist domi­ came part of czarist Russia, Lithuania The record of what happened was nation for most of the last two decades. also came under the czarist regime. For documented some years back by a select Particularly, as we see many peoples more than 100 years the Lithuanians suf­ committee of this House. In company elsewhere in the world finally realize· fered under the unrelenting autocracy with her sister republics, Lithuania was their national aspirations and begin to of Russia. During that period they sac­ subjected to mass deportations and build self-sufficient countries of their rificed much of their worldly possessions, genocide as the Soviet Union ruthlessly own will, it is painful to be reminded but they did not lose sight of their com­ moved to stamp out the spark of re­ that Lithuania, as well as many other mon national ideal, the attainment of sistance. Despite the harsh methods Eastern European countries, is not in­ their national political independence. employed, that effort has not been dependent. We celebrate this anniver­ In 1917 the decrepit czarist regime in totally successful, as we know from evi­ sary, however, in the hope that in the Russia was overthrown, and soon after, dence that seeps through the Iron Cur­ near future Lithuania will once again on February 16, 1918, the Lithuanians tain. be able to select its own form of govern­ proclaimed their independence. They Meanwhile, the spirit of Lithuanian in­ ment and control its own national des­ then set up their own democratic form dependence has been kept stanchly alive tiny. We celebrate in the remembrance of government, and did well by them­ in America by descendants of that brave that for 20 years, between 1918 and 1940, selves for two decades. In all walks of people. They have worked hard, and Lithuania knew the contentment of free life they made significant progress, mak­ their work, mindful of the hardships government. To deprive people that ing their little country a model in that their forebears were undergoing, has in­ have once known freedom is perhaps part of the world, content in their free-. spired others to recognize the cruel as- more cruel than domination of people dom. 2292 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD- HOUSE February 17 Then came the rude shock of the last human rights, by the ruthless extermi­ posed by the Kremlin which has pro­ war. It seemed that everything the ·nation of free institutions. claimed its bitter enmity for the United Lithuanian people had regained, includ­ · Instead, let it be known on this day of States and our free way of life but· the ing their independence, was under Lithuanian independence, which we Lithuanian people have kept f~ith with serious threat. Their worst apprehen­ commemorate here today, the American us in their determined adherence to the sions proved true. While Lithuania's Congress, reflecting the wishes and sen­ cause of human freedom--despite the friends and sympathizers in the West timents of the American people, reaf­ terrible penalties they must continue to were preoccupied with the prosecution firms principles of liberty, justice, free­ pay for that position. of that war, the Soviet Union set out dom, human honor, and decency. Lithuania, like the other non-Russian to carry out its evil designs against the The people of Lithuania have a noble nations occupied by the Kremlin sees in helpless state. First Soviet forces were heritage and their struggle for freedom the United States the last great hope for stationed in all strategic parts of the has furnished hope and inspiration to civilization. We as a Nation stand as a country. Then in mid-1940, the Red the democratic aspirations of many small bright symbol to the certainty that army overran the country and estab­ nations. The sons and daughters of Lithuania will once again be free and lished a puppet regime there. Soon at Lithuania have furnished our own great independent. · the "request" of this regime Lithuania Nation with an inspiring story of free­ There are strange voices in the world was incorporated into the Soviet Union. dom-loving immigrants who came to today calling for a recognition of the That was done on July 21, 1940, and thus America seeking opportunity and the .status quo, a deal with the Russians vanished the independent Lithuanian chance to grow in the new world. whereby Russia would keep intact its Republic. They came with little earthly posses­ vast empire of slavery in exchange for Since those dark days Lithuanians si_ons to find here in America work, hap­ which we would be spared the Russian have been suffering under tyrannies, first pmess, and the chance to raise their hatchet for a few fleeting, humiliating under the Communists, then during the families under privileges which they had years. war for about 2 years under the Nazis, never before dreamed. These citizens of The modern day Russian czar, Khru­ and then under the Communists again. humble Lithuanian heritage and their shchev, stated that the only problems The second time, late in 1944, the Com­ descendants in little time have risen to to be negotiated between the Russians munists came to stay, and there they places of leadership and great influence and the free world was acceptance· of a have been ever since. They have been in the professions, in the public service, status quo. He stated in unmistakable ruling over the country with an iron in religious and business life, and in all words that unless the United States and hand, and Lithuania's helpless people the callings of the American people--so our allies are prepared to accept this are constantly victimized by the ruth­ much so that they are today among the first condition, negotiation of such other less agents of the Kremlin. But neither most highly respected and best in the problems as there might be would not be their suffering nor their oppressors have country in outstanding contributions to considered by the ·Russians. In other subdued them spiritually. They still the social, economic, and political insti­ words, Khrushchev told the world that cling to their ideals: freedom and inde­ tutions of this great land of ours. the Russians were prepared to grant a pendence. I join all Americans of Thus, in acknowledging the great con­ temporary peace if the free world would Lithuanian descent in the celebration of tributions of our citizens of Lithuanian recognize the present-day Russian Em­ Lithuanian Independence Day, and thus origin, let it be known in this House on pire and undertake a nonaggression pact echo the genuine sentiments of their this day of the 43d anniversary of Lith­ which would announce to the world that kinsmen in Communist-dominated Lith­ uanian independence, that this Nation all the people behind the Iron Curtain uania. serves notice to the whole world that we stand firm and resolute on the adoption were doomed to everlasting slavery. Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, it is in­ There is greater need today than ever deed fitting that the Members of this of an affirmative policy to discharge in full measure our obligation to stand by before in our history for the American House who are well aware of the great people to be vigilant in the defense of contributions and sacrifices of the and sustain the Lithuanian people and oppressed peoples everywhere in their our individual liberties and the advocacy Lithuanian nation in the cause of liberty of the right of every nation to be free hopes for liberation an~ deliverance from and justice pause today on the 43d an­ and independent. We know that the best niversary of the restoration of independ­ tyranny. Long live free Lithuania and may that guarantee for our own liberty and safety ence of Lithuania. is a world in which every nation is free While we pay tribute to the gallant great land and inspired peoples soon re­ gain fullest measure the great liberties and all empires are dissolved. spirit of free Lithuania and to the noble On this 43d anniversary of Lithuanian heritage of our citizens of Lithuanian they cherish. Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker the case national independence, I urge that the descent who have contributed so much foreign policy of the United States be to this country, let us not forget the of Lithuania stands as a sym~l of the right of every nation, large or small to brought under critical review by the cruel fate which has come upon and still American people. In this respect the afflicts this unhappy land under the yoke be free and independent. It also car~ies with it a great human story of a heroic Congress of the United States can and of tyranny and oppression. will perform its part. This oppression touches not only people who struggled over the centuries for their independence--a struggle car­ Mr. FRIEDEL. Mr. Speaker, as lib­ Lithuania but encompasses many for­ erty-loving Americans, we here in the merly free lands and many noble peoples ried on by an entire nation against the Russian despots. The Lithuanian na­ Congress of the United States take note who have become the victims of confisca­ that though today marks the 43d anni­ tion, aggression, exploitation, and brutal tion, after winning its independence, demonstrated its real friendship for the versary of the declaration of independ­ tyranny. On this day commemorating ence of Lithuania, that hapless country Lithuanian independence, let the Amer­ United States and its unfaltering alle­ giance to the same free institutions is not free but is still one of the captive ican people pledge anew their belief in nations under Communist Russia. and determination to fight for interna­ which we so cherish. We Americans have always been proud of the support The world will always remember with tional order, honor, and decency while horror the year 1940 when the Soviets the world ponders the callous brutality we gave to the Lithuanian nation in its ~truggle against the Russians and in invaded peaceful Lithuania, suppressed and monstrous inequities which com­ building their democratic way of life its freedom, liquidated its national inde­ munism has perpetrated on free peoples which characterized Lithuania during pendence, and incorporated its territory in many parts of the globe. the period between the Great Wars. y;ithin the Soviet Union. This brutal These crimes have been committed There is an unbreakable bond between seizure of the country, the ruthless sup­ against mankind, against free peoples, the United States and Lithuania which pression of religious, human, and polit­ against civilization itself to the point has been solidly forged upon the anvil of ical rights, and the very vicious policies that the whole world knows that peace time and experience. practiced against the people by the Com­ c:1n never be achieved on the basis of ag­ All men of good will are saddened by munists, cry out as crimes against hu­ gression and tyranny over helpless peo­ the pligh,t of Lithuania today, as it manity. Our hearts are deeply touched ples._ Lasting peace can never be st~nds occupied by the Russian despots. by the plight in which the people of achieved by force, by the denial of Lithuani~ has an alien government im- Lithuania find themselves. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD- HOUSE 2293 It is a remarkable coincidence that not been corrupted by Russian words but mind all of us of the courage of the between the birthdays of America's two have seen and felt the sword of social Lithuanian people who have valiantly outstanding national heroes, Abraham and political-· tyranny beneath the sought freedom through decades of cruel Lincoln and George Washington, brave phrases. oppression. Lithuania .declared its independence and We in the United ·States have never The courageous struggle of the Lithu­ celebrated its own birthday as a nation. known the haunting fear of having om· anian people to secure freedom and inde­ Forty-three years ago, we of the United independence physically tlll'eatened, let pendence spans centuries. Four hundred States welcomed with joy and satisfac­ alone the reality of foreign occupation. years before the discovery of America, tion the attainment of independence by We can speak of the plight and the Lithuania succeeded in establishing an Lithuania, for we treasure and value bravery of the Lithuanian people, but independent and free state. Then in the freedom and liberty. These Lithuanians for most of us we understand their plight late· 18th century, the Lithuanian people who came and settled in America have only through our imagination. But, were forcefully absorbed into the old enriched our country and have con­ nevertheless, here are people--almost ·3 Russian Empire. Suffering under the tributed immeasurably to its culture and million people--that are realistic sym­ heel of the czarist domination for the we, therefore, appreciate the sterling bols of man's inhumanity to his fellow next 123 years, these brave people suc­ qualities of these fine men and women. man. ceeded in transmitting from generation We unite with . them· and with other Mrs. GRIFFITHS. Mr. Speaker, on to generation their love of liberty and Americans who have relatives in Lithu­ February 16, 1918, 43 years ago, the peo­ their tradition and ideal of national free­ ania in the fervent hope that all peoples ple of Lithuania proclaimed their na­ dom. Forty-three years ago today they in the captive countries will once again tional independence in their historic won and proclaimed their independence know freedom. homeland and instituted their own dem­ and were welcomed into the community As a Member of the Congress of the ocratic Republic. It was a momentous of free nations. United States and as a human being, I day for the Lithuanians as they embarked Lithuania enjoyed her precious prize shall always support the proper and on a new course in their history. A new of freedom, but a short while before it legitimate aims and worthy desires of beginning which would erase the memory was once again forcefully snatched away the Lithuanian people that their native of a past that had been dominated by the at the point of a foreign bayonet. In land shall have an early liberation from oppressive rule of the czars. 1940, the Soviet Union dispatched the their cruel taskmasters and that, in the In the course .of just two decades, the Red army into this small nation. Since end, right, justice, and equity shall people worked hard and accomplished then the Kremlin has deliberately set prevail. · near miracles. The war-ravaged coun­ out to stamp out Lithuanian culture and Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, on this try was rebuilt and the democratic re­ . to exterminate the spirit of independ­ anniversary of Lithuanian independence gime took root. But it was at this mo­ ence. They continue to this day toter­ I am proud to be one of those Americans ment that. another event occurred over rorize the Lithuanian people by oppres­ commemorating this day in hopes th~t \Yhich they had no control. The clouds sion, persecution, and mass deportation. Lithuanian independence will soon be t):le of the Second World War had begun to We in America are moved with com­ reality "that so many have fought, died, form and, unfortunately, the threat be­ passion by the suffering our Lithuanian and lived for. c:;>..me a full-:fledged storm which sur­ friends have borne over the years. An­ The significanc·e of Lithuania to those passed the Lithuanians' fears and fore­ niversaries are, for most of us joyous of us of western culture is this: From a bodings. occasions which call for celebration. glorious and ancient past in which the Stalin's forces invaded and occupied But to the people of Lithuania there is Duchy of Lithuania stretched from the the country and in July of 1940 Lithu­ little cause for joy. They must com­ Baltic to the Black Sea the Lithuanian ania was annexed to the Soviet Union, memorate this day in mute if defiant people have again and again been bled thus marking an end to the Lithuanian . silence. Rather than a moment of cele­ by richer and more powerful neighbors. Republic that had been born on Feb­ bration today is for them a time of sol­ From 1385 until the end of the 18th cen­ ruary 16, 1918. emn reconsecration to an ideal of free­ tury Lithuania was part of Poland; then Today the national ideals of freedom, dom which continues to live in the hearts when Poland was annexed by czarist liberty, and independence that the Lith­ and minds of a people long enslaved. Russia in 1795 Lithuania shared the same uanians cherished so deeply are virtually We who are more fortunate can take fate. Finally, in 1918, taking dual ad­ nonexistent in their country. An area inspiration from the fact that through vantage of President Wilson's 14 points so completely under the control of Mos­ long periods of bondage the Lithuanian and the Russian revolution, the Lith­ cow can never fully realize these aims. people have unswervingly maintained uanian people declared their independ­ In order to have real meaning, they must the spirit of freedom and the ideal of ence. This was their first taste of free­ be exercised in an atmosphere free from national independence. We are confi­ dom since the.14th century; it lasted 22 the threat of reprisal or suppression. dent that in this tragic hour of their years. In June 1940 Soviet troops took Lithuania as a part of the Soviet Union national life, these brave people will not over the country. Then almost immedi­ constitutionally is an equal partner, but fail in their fidelity to the noble tradi­ ately the land was overrun by the Ger­ in reality Moscow maintains a tight con­ tions and determined faith which have man Army. German occupation lasted trol on all aspects of Lithuanian life­ always sustained the human spirit in from 1941 until 1944, when it was dis­ social, political, and educational. the midst of misery and tragedy. We placed once again by the death grip of Needless to say the people themselves to whom history has been more benign the Russian Bear. have not forgotten the original ideals are steadfast in the hope and prayer I give this thumbnail sketch of the that led to their 1918 proclamation. On that the human birthright of individual woes of Lithuania not to prove that his­ this anniversary of their independence, liberty and national self-determination tory can be cruel but, rather, to point if not permitted to do _so publicly, at will be restored to the Lithuanian peo­ a meaningful moral. The Lithuanian least within their hearts they again re­ ple. And we are confident in the hope people have been relentlessly submerged new their allegiance to a free Lithuania. that the suffering of yesterday's and to­ by force. They are now the unwilling We in turn join with them in celebrat­ day's generation will assume meaning victims of a political religion that seeks ing this day and applaud the valor and through the lives of a generation blessed converts by every means known. The unconquerable spirit of a people who with a liberty made possible by decades people of Lithuania in their present have and will continue to strive for com­ of faith in freedom and justice. political dilemma represent the very plete freedom, liberty, and independence. Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, today Es­ thing that America fights against in Mr. GIAIMO. Mr. Speaker, Febntary tonians the world over are commemorat­ word and in deed the world over. As 16 marks the 43d anniversary of Lithu­ ing the 43d anniversary of the declara­ such, we honor the people of Lithuania anian independence. It is customary for tion of independence of the Republic of and their friends, relatives, and country­ the House to join with our Lithuanian Estonia. _ men that live in the United States as men friends around the world in commemo­ However, since World War IT, this who have upheld the tenets of Western rating this date. It is most fitting that wonderful little Baltic country, with in­ political culture. These men and we do so for this day should be remem­ dividual culture and a fervent love of women believe in the highest ideals of bered bY all peoples who enjoy the bless­ independence, has been incorporated into freedom, justice, and right. They have ings of liberty. February 16 should re the Soviet colonial empire. . 2294 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 17 Estonia, whose heritage dates back to in war; and it means that we must be emy forces in land· combat and to gain · 3300 B.C., had: struggled for years and ready to fight alongside· allied forces, who control of the.la,nd and its people. The successfully established its .complete in­ will often -need considerable support Army is organized, trained, and equipped dependence on February 24, 1918. from the United States in the form of primarily for prompt and sustained com­ As of that date, EstOnia had gained troops, logistics, and military know-how. bat incident to operations on land. national . independence and freedom. In areas such as the Middle East and in Within these roles the basic responsi­ But it was short lived. With World War southeast Asia, where few if any U.S. bilities of the U.S. Army are: · II, Estonia again was plac.ed under to­ .. bases exist, the .problem of support is First. To maintain forces in readi- talitarian tyranny when it was forcibly extremely complicated and requires an ness. This involves the development and annexed by the Soviet Union. unusual capability in the U.S. forces maintenance in the United States and Despite the continued efforts of the which might be employed there to be overseas of continually modernized op­ Soviet Union to destroy Estonia as a na­ able to engage in sustained combat. erating forces, including combat and tional entity, . the .Estonians have not Under the current situation that has supporting components, together with ceaseQ. fighting for the right of inde- evolved in which both the United States the continental base necessary to sus­ . pendence. and the U.S.S.R. maintain comparable tain and when required, to reinforce There can be no doubt that the Soviet strategic nuclear attack forces, neither these forces. These forces include ele­ Union has inflicted the full force of bru­ having the capability of destroying ments for land combat and for conti­ tality on Estonia to achieve its goal. enough of the other's nuclear strike to nental air ·defense. Mass depor,tation of population; the · prevent receiving unacceptable damage, Second. To provide for expansion of · transfer of large groups to remote sec­ the result may well be that the long- the Army upon mobilization. This in- tions of the Soviet Union as· forced labor . -range nuclear capabilities· of the United volves . the maintenance of readily roo­ plus individual persecutions still have States and the U.S.S.R. will in effect bilizable reserve components, and the not dimmed the flame of liberty in the counterbalance each other. It ·already mobilization base; comprising training hearts of Estonians. is the stated policy of the United States and logistic elements, for their support, - This anniversary must be a symbol for to use nuclear weapons only in retalia- These forces must be prepared to re­ all of us to continue our fight to have Es­ tion. This philosophy and its conse- inforce active Army forces in conditions tonia, and the other countries enslaved quent supporting military structure is short of war and in limited and general by the Soviet Union, free and independ­ based on the assumption that the Soviets war. Today, with the disappearance of ent once again. would initiate nuclear war. However, if the advantage of time and space offered Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask the Soviets elect not to start a nuclear the United States in the past, this capa­ unanimous consent that all Members de­ war, and reject the use of nuclear weap- bility assumes even greater importance. siring to do so may have 5 legislative ons-an equally logical and probable Third. To provide support to allied, days in which to extend their remarks choice, to say the least-the position of national, defense establishments and in commemoration of Lithuanian inde­ the United States and the free world interservice activities in furtherance of pendence. in other existing elements of military national policies and objectives. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without power vis-a-vis the Soviets is not favor- This involves a large segment of the objection, it is so ordered. able. Army which as a result is not available There was no objection. Thus, the problem becomes one in to the Army for all practicable purposes which the operative element of military for assignment to units of its forces in power is now integrated land, sea, and . combat readiness. These include per­ MISSING-ONE ARMY DIVISION air· forces capable of conducting military sonnel performing tasks supporting the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under operations with or without nuclear weap- United Nations, allied nations, U.S. Gov­ previous order of the House, the gentle­ ons, but as nuclear capabilities become ernment agencies, joint military tasks; man from Florida [Mr. SIKES] is recog­ balanced there is necessity for placing · activities of other U.S. armed services, nized for 20 minutes. increasing reliance on nonnuclear weap- and other types of functions. The Army Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, an entire ons to halt or defeat aggressions short is called upon to perform these tasks be­ Army division is missing from the Na­ of nuclear war. cause of its capabilities and assigned tion's defense complex. This is a key This places renewed emphasis on functions. Performance of these tasks division and an integral part of the free numbers of men; an emphasis particu- contribute substantially to the total U.S. world's defense program. This is the larly felt by the land forces, Which alone defense effort. Army's 15th Division-lost when the can control the land masses of the world The concept of land combat includes: strength of the Army was reduced from and the people who inhabit them. With The development and maintenance in 900,000 to 870,000 men. Because of the an adequate number of men there of the United States and overseas of mod­ lack of a 15th Division, a serious weak­ course must be the most mod~rn weap- ernized balanced field forces both com­ ness exists. It reduces the effectiveness ons and equipment available in order bat and support elements. of America's military posture and re­ to exploit to the fullest the dual nuclear Forces capable of combat in conjunc­ duces our ability to speedily and capably or nonnuclear capability of the Army tion with air and sea forces and the reinforce our allies. It should be re­ forces. Yet these modern weapons and armed forces of our allies over extended placed and the strength of the Army the new equipment do not replace distances and possibly for extended pe­ should be increased. Ask any Army manpower. This is a fact which un- riods of time. man. He can give you the cold, hard fortunately is seldom understood. The The administration and logistic sup­ facts. requirement for men in numbers exists port necessary to sustain these forces No one can predict with certainty how irrespective of the marvels of machinery. under any commitment. the United States may be called upon In fact, complicated and highly techni- Within this concept, U.S. Army land to use its military power. Our land, sea, cal weapons and equipment require for forces must be ready for any mission, and air forces may well be -engaged in a operation and maintenance m01;e rather anywhere, anytime. The current U.S. spectrum of nonnuclear operations, from than fewer men. Army forces are constituted and de­ a small-scale expedition, through mul­ In light of the framework just men- ployed worldwide with definitive vital tiple actions, to a large-scale war. They .· tioned, the Congress and the executive roles to carry out in each case. For may be required to fight in one or more branch are faced with complex and dif- example: limited nuclear engagements or they ficult decisions on how the Nation's re­ EUROPE may even find themselves in the holo­ sources can best be allocated to its de­ The U.S. Army forces in Europe con­ caust of a general nuclear war. For the fense. The Army has the same problem. stitute the major segment of strength United States, particularly as a member Its size and resources have been con­ of the ground element of the NATO of a collective security system, these po­ tracted, while the requirements which shield forces. This forward shield of a tential uses of military power generate national security and the emerging con­ five division force must be capable of many obligations. It requires that a dition of nuclear parity place upon it dealing with a wide range of situations. large quantity of our forces be C()nstantly have increased. In general war it will immediately enter .stationed overseas; it inevitably influ­ The fundamental role of the Army, as into sustained land combat in defense ences our selection of courses of action the Nation's land force, is to defeat en- of Western Europe. This force continues 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· - HOUSE 2295 to be tangible evidence·of the U.S. ability maintain no permanent forces. This would be followed and. f•elieved by an to execute its·commitments to the secu· force can inhibit violence from a dis­ infantty. division. Under the present rity and freedom of the people of Western tance particularly ·if its capabilities are Strac organiZation, .' when two · simul­ Europe. . These forces are also required kept fresh in friendly, neutral; and taneous military situatioas occur in wide­ to be prepared for limited war situa· enemy minds through joint training ex­ spread areas, the two airborne divisions tions, including operations in contiguous ercises. It must be prepared and capable could respond. ' However; one of these areas. For the magnitude of the task of quick deployment to one or even more ·airborne divisions· could not be i·ein­ facing NATO forces, five U.S. divisions than one location simultaneously. This forced or t•eiieved ·by·an infanti-y division. even with other a.llied forces are mar­ six-division strategic army . force­ The capability to respond to a subsequent ginally adequate. In fact, greater Straf-is divided into two components. crisis would. be expended. This in:fiex­ ground force strength is an urgent re­ First. One component is the strategic ibility should not be tolerated under cur­ quirement for NATO. army corps, commonly referred to as rent and foreseeable world· conditions. PACIFIC Strac, which is an austere, currently The addition of one infantry division to U.S. Army forces in the Pacific, in con­ three-division force immediately ready Strac to supplement the current two junction with other U.S. forces, main· for deployment in either limited or gen­ airborne and one infantry divisions tain U.S. interests in the Pacific Ocean, eral war. This force is designed to re­ would reconstitute a force that could inforce repidly the already deployed U.S. place the United States in a far, far the Asian littoral, and the mainland of better position to respond to varying Asia. These forces support U.S. com· Army forces in fulfilling NATO, SEATO, types of ·military situations~ mitments in the southeast Asia Treaty CENTO, and as well as for employment Organization-8EATO-and the Anzus to other commitments. Currently, this Increasing awareness has been given . Pact, and with Korea, Japan, the Philip­ force includes one infantry division, two to the probability of simultaneous in­ airborne divisions, and other combat and volvement of our forces in more than pines, and Taiwan. one geographical location of the world. I:n Korea, U.S. Army forces include combat supporting units. Second. The remainder of the strate­ The U.S. Army with Strae consisting two infantry divisions, artillery. and as it does of but a three-division force, missile units, and provide tangible evi· gic army force consists of two infantry divisions, one armored division, and other would be hard pressed to cover such dence of u.S. determination to meet its combat and combat supporting units. situations. The recoupment of the 4th co:riunitments to the U.N. Here again Division in Strac would put the United is a marginal situation which in the These elements of Straf are at present used for training of recruits and as a States in a generally acceptable position event of an emergency will require an to respond to more than one contingency increase in U.S. Army strength. source of personnel with appropriate combat skills to support oversea rota­ operation, should such occur simultane­ In Hawaii, there is an infantry divi­ tion in peacetime and as a base for de­ .ously. Another benefit which would be sion with one of its airborne battle ployment shortly after mobilization. derived from an additional infantry di­ groups on Okinawa, prepared for use at vision, by returning the previously re­ any point from Korea around the 4,000· The Army is fully aware of the need to provide that combination of combat and moved division to the Army in Conus, mile arc to southeast Asia. Other Army is badly needed augmentation of the combat and support forces are in Oki­ support units which insures the most effective forces in readiness to meet as­ Conus training base which supports the nawa and Japan to support U.S. Army, eight divisions deployed overseas.· Marine Corps, and allied forces in land signed responsibilities and for this reason and in the framework of the re­ Mr. Speaker, there are many problems combat ii1 the Pacific area. sponsibilities herein outlined has ·con­ which confront us in the military arena. Army forces in the Pacific are perforce stantly strived to maintain a 15-division The :first and foremost is for the United maintained at austere levels in relation balanced Army force structure. It is States to be able to respond to the entire to assigl)ed responsibilities. Thus, in impossible to do the job properly with spectrum of the military threat. We can the event of hostilities, they must rely fewer than 15. Notwithstanding, in the help toward solving this problem by re­ upon immediate reinforcement from the spring o( 1959, the Army was forced be­ turning the Army the strength it needs United States. cause of decreasing budgetary and per­ to add a minimum of another division­ ALASKA AND CARIBBEAN sonnel authorizations to reduce Strac its 15th division. That means increasing U.S. Army forces are also deployed from a four-di~rision force to a three­ the strength of the Army to a minimum in the Western Hemisphere. In both the division force. Currently, the U.S. Army of 900,00G men. With this additional Caribbean and Alaska we have a "two stands with eight divisions deployed force, the Army would be far better :fitted battle group force" and air defense ele­ overseas, supported by six divisions in to respond to the many crises which face ments. Additional tasks of these Army continental United States, of which but us today in the world. forces include operation of the Cold three divisions are immediately capable Weather and Mountain School in Alaska, of instantaneous deployment for rein­ J. EDWARD ROUSH ELECTED IN the Jungle Warfare Training Center in forcement overseas or for direct employ~ Panama, and the maintenance of facili· ment in other contingency operations. FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DIS- ties and stocks for deployment as It has become increasingly evident in TRICT, INDIANA required of additional Army forces from the light of recent and current interna­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the strategic reserve, and of course, tional situations, that definite require­ previous order of the House, the gentle­ such contingency plans that pertain to ment exists to restore Strac to its previ­ man from Indiana [Mr. MADDEN] is rec­ their geographical areas. ous four-division status. The expansive ognized for 15 minutes. Not mentioned in the tasks and re­ commitment of our already deployed Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask sponsibilities of the above worldwide oversea forces, and their austere quan­ unanimous consent to revise and extend deployed U.S. Army forces is their in· tity preclude their removal for any ap­ my remarks and to include two articles estimable contribution to our nonmil­ propriate period of time, for other con­ from the Indianapolis Times and an af­ itary cold war program. By their tingencies that may occur without the :fidavit from the Clerk of the House of presence, their posture in being, a ability for their quick replacement "in Representatives. definitive contribution to stabilization, the line" by equivalent elements from the The SPEAKER. Is there objection law, and order is effected amongst our only available source, Strac. Thus the to the request of the gentleman from allies. Their effect on the Communists U.S. Army, with its austere organization Indiana? has been that since World War II there and large commitments, is constantly There was no objection. has been on armed Communist aggres· faced with a "rob Peter to pay Paul" situ­ Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, the Fifth sion initiated within range of U.S. Army ation. · This situation is felt to be be­ Congressional District of Indiana has weapons other than in Korea. yond the acceptable risk status as per­ been without representation during the STRATEGIC RESERVE tains to the national security of the 87th session of Congress. The U.S. Army forces in the Conti­ United States and the free world. The The Clerk of the House of Representa­ nental United States are, as you know, rapid response of an airborne division, tives has not received a legal certificate known as the strategic reserve. The using strategic airlift, can do much to based on the official vote returns to seat Army's strategic reserve backS ·our cold bolster a deteriorating situation. This a Member of Congress· from the Fifth war efforts in those countries where we airborne division in many situations Congressional District of Indiana. 2296 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE February 17

Two· purported certificates of election was elected over George 0. Chambers by; INDIAN~l:POI;IS TIMES INVES-TXGATION were issued to George 0. Chambers. The a majority of two votes_. Mr~ S~aker-, l wish t_o commend,_ the. first of these alleged certificates· of elec­ Almost 7 weeks have passed sinee the: Incliianapalis Time£ :for the gxe.at .s.e.rvice­ tion was illegal and spurious because it 87th Congress con\{ened. T.he Filth_ the n.ewspaper is;· :rende:uing, iru exposing wa"S signed by the Governor 7 days after District of Indiana should have Fepre­ :U-aud il'l the. Republie:an eleetian ma­ the election held on November 8, 1960'. sentation in the Nationa1 House of chinery in. the Fifth: CongFessional Dis-· The Indiana statutes specifically pro­ Representatives. I respeetfuUy ask the­ trict of Indiana. To quote- the Indian­ vides that 10 days must intervene after chairman of the · House Administration apolis Times·,. a RepubLican newspaper, the election for the county clerks to cor­ Committee to immediately hold hearings in an article· Sunday,. Feb:ruarr 5, 1961,_ rect possible errors in the voting before and review the o:tncial vote rec,orde.d and· relating to the casting of absentee ballots the results can be certified to the secre­ on file in the office of the Indiana secre­ in Anderson, Ind.: tary of state by the. county clerks. tary of state, the- Clerk ef the Heuse of Veteran Republican State Electlon Com­ For some mysterious reason, the for­ Representatives, and the testimony and missioner Edwin M.. S. Steer said he never mer Governor, Harold Handley, issued decision of the House Congressional heard of anything like it, "it opens the way this unlawful certificate to the Republi­ Committee on Elections. The records of to fraud." these three governmental units, without can candidate, George 0. Chambers, in Mr. Speaker~ I ask unanimous consent the Fifth Congressional District before any remote question of doubt reveal that to include in my remarks a. news story the statutory vote-correction period had J. Edward Roush was elected to the by Ted Klilap on the· -frront page of the House of Representatives by a majority elapsed. Also, for some mysterious rea­ Sunday, Fe.bruary 5, 1961~ . ln.dianapolris son, other Congressmen elected in the of two votes. Times. ,1. Edward Roush should immediately State of Indiana did not receive a cer­ The SPEAKER pro tempon~·- Is there­ tification of the election until several be· seated after the House Administra,... objection to the request of the gentleman weeks after the 10-day statutory period tion Committee has examined the offi­ from Indiana? had elapsed. In other words, the un­ cial recorded vote frcin the Fifth Con­ There was no objee.tiolih lawful first certification of election issued gressional District of Indiana. . th-e Justiee Department ln Washington. ing a transcript signed by the Honorable objection to the request of the gentle­ Veteran Republican State- Erection Com­ Charles 0. Hendricks, secretary of state man from Indiana? missioner Kdwin M. S. SteeDs said he never of Indiana, was recorded as part of the · There was no obJecti:m. heard of anything Uke tt. and sa.id ... it opens testimony. This transcript set out. the a'a.ts· from dispatched another certificate of elec­ County: Rom=h Chambers stealing it." tion for George 0. Chambers to Wash­ Miam.i ------­ 7,297 7,568 Doyle. said he (or his wife) went to the 45 6,091 9,050 ington, D.C. This alleged certificate was Wabash ------­ voters·~ most of them Negroes, and had them Huntington ------10,386 7,505 &igJl applications !~ absentee ballots. sent by "moonlight" and arrived at the Grant ------15,652 17,027 "They, were sick er working· at jobs that Clerk's otnce a few hours before Congress Howard ------~ 16,335 14,752 w:ouldn:t give them time. t.o. go to the polls," convened at 12 noon on January 3, 1961. Tipton ------­ 3, 998 4', 283 lle explained.. · Clinton ------7,565 8,55~ The absentee voter appllcation says "Mail This second certificate is prima facie 30,15& 29,231 illegal and not based on recorded vote !4adlson ------­ to (add.resa) :.. Inste.ad of' having them mackford ------3, 620 3, 3U. mailed to ·. the voter, Doyfe had hi~ own results. It unlawfully disregards. the 5N774 5,591 Jay, ------ad~ress filled in. certification transcript of the Indiana Count¥ Clerk Eugene Creagmllle>, a. Demo­ secretary of state, Hon. Charles 0. Hen­ Totals ------106, a74_ 1os,.a7z crat, said the. clerk. 'Who.. mailild1 th:e ballots dricks, on file in the Clerk's omce ·and In witness Whereof' I hereunto atnz. m:y thought nothing, ot it. because. she figured also with the House Elections ·Commit­ name a.nd the seal of the House etf B.ep.we­ 809 West 14th was a nursing hop1e. tee. That transcript sets out the o1Dcial sentatlves, 1n the, city ol. Washington Dis-­ When Doyle got the blank ball-ots. he said trict of Coltimbla, this 13th d'ay of Decembe-r, he or his wife-took them te th~ voters, waited vote from the 10 counties, county clerks anno Domini, 1-960. · f"or. them~ tG be fill'ed eut, 11hen notarized the in the fifth Congression"aJ. Dist,riet of . RAJ.PK:R~Rci>BEm'S~ aealed: envetopea tm whieh heJ satct they. were Indiana. It records J. Edward Roush Clerk, U.S. Home of R:epr:esentattve"~ pla.ce:d., 'l'he: ~lea mailed' aJ:Iaut. hal! the 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2297 . ballots, while others were mailed by the Marked ballotS were handed to the Doyles, jurisdiction of the House Committee on voters, he said. not placed in envelopes . and sealed. Administration to meet and review the Steers at first said it was illegal. In re­ Voters did not sign sealed envelopes, as re­ checking the State election law-much of quired by law. otncial vote from Indiana and to seat which he authored-he determined it was a J. Edward Roush as a Member of the legal loophole. The law says the absentee Mr. DENTON. Mr. Speaker, will the House. ballot shall be mailed to the address named gentleman yield? · in the application. . Mr. MADDEN. I yield. OUR DYNAMIC ECONOMY "But it's not proper," Steers declared. Mr. DENTON. I want to congratulate "He could vote every one of them." Steers my colleague from Indiana for bringing The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under added that the "whole absentee ballot sys­ this matter to the attention of the previous order of the House, the gentle­ tem is so full of crookedness that it ought House. The fact remains that the elec­ man from Missouri [Mr. CURTIS] is rec­ to be repealed." tion certificate from the secretary of ognized for 60 minutes. "Neither my wife or I filled any ballot," Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Doyle told the Times. state of Indiana to the Clerk of the Amos Jackson, Democratic committeeman House of Representatives indicating the Speaker, on Monday, January 30, 1961, in that precinct, said he checked with one otncial vote showed that Mr. Roush won President Kennedy delivered a state of of the 45 voters. "He told me he did not fill by a ·majority of two votes. Two other the Union address to the Congress. On out a ballot or sign anything," Jackson said. certificates were issued, but as the gen­ Thursday, February 2, 1961, he sent One of the 45 votes was rejected at the poll tleman from Indiana pointed out, one to the Congress a message entitled because Jackson found it was purportedly , of them was issued prematurely-why, I "Program for Eeonomic Recov~ry and cast by a man committed to an insane Growth:" · · asylum in another city. Insane pet·sons are do not know; and the other was issued disqualified from voting. within 24 hours of the time the House Both messages were shocking in their Two others were rejected, but.42 of the 45 · of Representatives convened. disregard for honest scholarship in the absentee ballots handled by the Dpyles were As I remember, they met on a holiday, field of economics. There is plenty of counted. drew up the certificate and sent it down room for a disagreement between the two here by airmail. Why that was done I political parties on the proposals neces­ Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, I also ask sary to move our country forward in unanimous consent to incorporate a story do not know. But the fact does remain that a committee of the House of Rep­ meeting the problems we face in our by Ted Kria.p on Sunday, February 12, times. However, there should be no 1961, in the Indianapolis Times. resentatives investigated this matter and they, like the record in the otnce of room for unfair and unscholarly presen­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there the secretary of state and the record tations of the issues. Such a course will objection to the request of the gentle­ in the otnce of the Clerk of the House, bring the minimwn response from those man from Indiana? show that Roush won by a majority of Members of Congress and the people who There was no objection. two votes. are already unsympathetic to many of

and raw material prices .over a period of liberalized depreciation schedules . will public, ~;rvices cap, keep doub l~g every 7 the past· few years alSo have contributed be clarUied in that direction soon. · Our years...... to inventory cutback or keeping inven­ economy needs this reform badly. For example, 'bet~een 1922 and 1940 Fed­ era,l rev·enues gr~w 64 perc;:ent, State-local tories at lower levels than during the As to Mr. Reuther. and those who fol­ revenues 113 percent; between 1944 and 1959 periods of post-World War II inflation. low his theme, I would challenge them to F ederal revenues grew 68 percent, State­ If this is so, the prospect of more infla­ answer this question i Is not fighting local . revenues · a spectacular 259 percent. tion, which the Kennedy programs would liberalized depreciation ·schedules an Duriri.g t h e last-mentioned period . (1944-59) encourage if adopted en bloc, is having undercover way of figh ting automation; n ational in come expanded 118 percent. a countercyclical effect. It is an ill wind of fighting progress? Does Mr. Kennedy really want this that blows no good. I hope this is not Mr. Kennedy says: rate of expenditure expanded? I think taken as encouragement to people to Both full recovery and economic growth he will do well, under the policies he is whistle for this ill wind, however. require expansion-for State and local gov­ proposing, to maintain even a good per­ TAX REFORM TO E NCOURAGE I N NOVATION ernm ent facilities. ·centage of the rate he has inherited. There is an important area where the The expansion of expenditures for E CONOM I C S H IFT FROM ¥ANUFACTURING TO Federal Government could help the long­ State and local government facilities in SERVICES run cause of economic growth and re­ the past few years has been astounding. There is another basic economic phe­ lieve the present recession. Yet the Mr. Kennedy's message apparently has nomena which President Kennedy's eco­ President is dramatic in his ambigu1ty in no concept of this expansion. Let me nomic messages ignore to which I would referring to it. I refer to liberalization quote from a speech of Dr. Roger Free­ like to call attention. As a society's of the tax laws in respect to allowances man, "Are Bigger and Better Taxes economy matures and tlechnological ad­ for recouping the cost of capital goods Ahead?" which I placed in the Appendix vancement moves forward rapidly, the so their replacement may be financed. Of the daily CONGRESSIONAL RECORD on manufacturing sector begins to lose out, Today, because of the vast sums we have J anuary 24, 1961, pages A445-A446; to not in absolute figures or in productive been spending in research and develop­ place this matter in context: capacity but in ratio to the fields of dis­ ment, and the innovation that has re­ So if we are to use a meaningful p ast r ate tribution and service. This natural proc­ sulted, one-third of our plant is obsolete. of governmental expansion we should choose ess produces a stronger and more flex­ Good economics call for its replacement a year when the buildup of 'our national ible economy. Yet this kind of a switch with the more efficient machines wbich defense reached a stable level and the shows up poorly in the GNP indicator shrin kage in the value of the dollar came to and, indeed, by itself, probably would re­ have been developed. Yet our tax laws a crawl. Nineteen hundred and fifty-two is are geared to the economics of yester­ such a year. Military outlays have since flect a decline. The shift which our day. We permit industry only to recoup risen little and the dollar lost only 10 per­ society has been experiencing in post the capital invested in a piece of equip­ cent of its value. World War II years has brought better ment on the basis of when the equip­ This is what h appened in the last 7 years living through a better spread or distri­ ment will wear out. Today equipment (1952-59); public expenditures for war­ bution of the goods manufactured, more does not wear out as much as it becomes connected purpose$ climbed from $58.3 to and better goods and services. It also obsolete. We must adjust our. tax laws $59.8 billion (pius 3 percent); public ex­ has made our society economically penditures for all other purposes climbed stronger and more capal:)le. This shift to this new economic fa,.ctor, if we are from $41.5 to $86.4 billion (plus 103 per­ going to promote growth, not throttle it. cent). hopefully will continue. ·These are not The President in his message talks Let' us view this in it s proper perspective. essentially luxuries. Of the items liSted . About the performance. of the economy Between 1952 and 1959 population expanded under "services," of course, is education in 1960 as being well below its capacity. 13 percent; gross national product, national and training; also medical · health. What capacity? The truth is, we have inc.ome, personal income increased about 40 Good·health means less absenteeism and percent; personal consumption increased 42 very inadequa~ economic statistics to better productivity; so does better hous­ percent; governmental expenditures for ing mean better productivity; so do more estimate industrial capacity. What fig­ civilian purposes grew 108 percent. ures we have include obsolete equipment, Never .before .in American history, n.ot dur.­ leisure time and better recreation; so do along with efficient equipment, simply ing the preceding 7 years, nor in the 1930's, more telephones; more electricity; more because the obsolete is still on the books. did expenditures for publlc serviees expand automobiles even if they d.o have tail­ Industry is certainly going to use its most so fast, absolutely or relatively. The past 7 fins; and more highways; and all the efficient machinery first and let its -obso­ years are without paralle~ ln governmental services that go with these items. To lete machinery remain idle if there is growth in the United States. : illustrate the point, I wish t.o quote from any slac·k at all. Most of thi·s unused This fact is sufficiently well known. for a speech I made on the :floor of the several reasons: House entitled ''Red Growth Rate Found capacity, I am afraid, is capacity that (a) Expenditures within the U.S. budget ·ought not to be used at all because of its grew only 23 percent between 1952 and 1959 ·Lagging," CONGdSSIONAL RECORD, VOlume obsolescence and inefficiency. This but Federal payments to the public outside 106, part 5, pages 5790-5'i9i: capacity should. be junked and replaced the budget jumped 452 percent. The people who come to Washington to with equipment of greater efficiency and (b} War-collected outlays remained rela­ promote Federal aid for health and housing capacity. This is the best way to solve tively stable. do so partly on the plea tha.t thU! is good ~ our unused capacity. This unused ca­ (c) State and local finances grew . much economics. Bad housing makes for bad more rapidly than Federal finances but re­ health, which promotes low productivity of pacity is the result of rapid economic ceived less publicity. the worker, including greater absenteeism. -growth, of dynamism. Yet it is referred The fact is that during the past 7 years Does not pcior housing and poor heaith :ra­ to by the President's advisers of proof of expenditures for ·the major public serviees clllties produce low productivity ln Russia? the opposite-a sluggish and tired econ­ .such as education, welfare and ,pensions, The answer is tha.t, of eourse, it does, and omy. A sluggish and tired economism highways, natural resources, parks. etc., dou­ Russia.:, which has very poor housing, has a has little ·or no· obsolescence because bled or more than doubled. Yet. we are very low rate of productivity compared to the there has been no innovation. Again we told that they have grown too slowly and United States. For example, in urban areas . can solve the problem that economic that the rate ought to b·e sh!l-rply stepped up. Russia. has 79' square feet of living space per Is The historian Henry Steele Commager person. The equivalent figure in the United growth creates by going backward. said a few months ago: "For who can doubt States ts 370 square feet per person. In Rus­ that where the new frontier is? that--whether we like lt or not--the welfare sia.'s new housing units ln MoScow residents Yet, Mr. Kennedy wary of the views state is with us and ls going to grow more ha.ve 400 squace feet per familY of four. of Walter Reuther and other short­ rapidly in the next generation than it grew Each family shares a kitchen and: ba.throom sighted labor leaders, I suspect. fails to 1n the last." with a.t least one other !amlly. In 1959 ln come out clearly and openly for liberal­ If public services were sbnply to maintain, ·the United Sta.tes ·m contrast, 61 percent of ized depreciation schedules. It is en­ in the next 11 years, the annual rate of our nonfarm dwellers and '10 percent of farm couraging that he has not followed Mr. growth which they showed ln the past 7, dWellers owned· their own homes -and ln they would in 1970 cost considerably more -ata.ndarcl metropolitan area& 93 percent of Reuther's lead· as yet to the extent that than $200 .bllllon. Adding defense. foreign the owner-occupied units haft full plumb­ he calls liberalized depreciation sched­ ,aid, veterans, and interest on .the_ national ing fa.cllitie-. ~~ are clusUlecl aa. _"not di- ules an example of ·the "trickle down" debt. Government :would b.e speilding .ClOSe _1!1-Pi~ted .... _ . . . . . ' theory of taxation. I hope the am­ to $300 billion a year. · · · · . One way of te&Ung a. natkm's economic biguity which has led some people to be­ This could happelt. But I doubt that lt ca.pabUwee · J8 tbrOUgh t.be e1ectr1c power lieve that the President will recommend wm. It is hard to conceive that the cost of ava.Ua.ble to the nation. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 17

In 1958 Russia had a total generating ca­ tion. This· is truly a bold proposal be­ SOME 9UESTIONS pacity of 5S million kilowatts. The same cause Federal expenditures for voca­ What will happen in 1961 depends upon year the United States had a capability of tional education have almost been tripled the answers to a number of questions: · over 167 million kilowatts. in the past 8 years. 1. Is there a significant and permanent In 1959 Russia jumped to 59 million kilo­ adjustment between the demand for and the watts. The vitality of our economy is the pri­ supply of housing? During the same period the United States vate enterprise system. The key to this Although vacancy rates in ·single-family jumped to 183 million kilowatts . . system is the free marketplace. Gov­ homes for sale continues to hover around Russia's announced goal for 1965 is 110- ernment's primary function is to keep 1 percent, those in residential rental units 112 million kilowatts. the marketplace free so that the indi­ have been climbing steadily and are now The United States is expected t-o have vidual person can make his economic :fluctuating between 7 and 8 percent. ·about 245 million kilowatts in 1965. decisions. Just as · in political science 2. Must depreciation or loss of capital now One of the important aspects of power is government's primary function is to keep be included as a cost of property ownership its usability and this depends to a large the ballot box free so that the individual or investing? degree upon transmission lines. person can make his political decisions. Depreciation has been treated for so long as At the end of .1957 the total length of a form of tax-free income that investors for­ transmission on lines of 35,000 volts and No economic oligarchy, or political bu­ get that real estate is basically a wasting above in Russia was about 46,485 miles. · reaucracy, can over a period of time ex­ asset. The slight inflationary bias of the In the United States the same year the ceed the collective wisdom of the people economy will probably make this less im­ total length of lines, 35,000 volts and above, in a society, either in the field of eco­ portant in new properties, but the increas­ was 240,000 miles. nomics or in the field of political science. ing balance between supply and demand I need not dwell on the fact that Russia This can be a matter of faith; certainly undoubtedly presages the incidence of real has at least three times the distances to be the United States was established upon depreciation· charges in older properties~ · covered as the United States. this belief. However, what knowledge is 3.- Will recentralization accelerate? In 1958, 80 percent of the power generated available to us through history and our . The costs of extending sewage lines, utili­ in Russia was devoted to industry and con­ tles, roads, and other facilities to the ex­ struction. Only about 16 percent went for own experiences should also convince us treme suburbs has now reached a point of rural and residential use. of it. marginal returns for both ·builders and local In 1959 Russia produced 1,161 kilowatt­ Today we are at ow· highest economic governments so that recentralization is be­ hours per capita. peak. The economy is dynamic, not coming increasingly attractive. Moreover, In 1959 the United States produced 4,481 sluggish and tired, and the problems that an increasing proportion of the population kilowatt-hours per capita. face us are those resulting from this is being made up of young married couples The average home use .of electricity in dynamism. The New Frontier seeks to and retired persons, both seeking the cheaper, Russia is about 400 kilowatt-hours a year. persuade us that we are tired and, to more easily maintained apartments found In the United States the average home use solve the problems that face us, we in central districts. Undoubtedly the mas .. of power in 1959 was· about 3,550 kilowatt· sive urban redevelopment programs being hours per year. should go to a paternalistic state. This promised as antirecession measures will Just imagine how this affects productiv­ will undermine the incentive of our peo­ hasten this trend. ity per worker. Just imagine how this relates ple which is the wellspring of progress. 4. What of the impact of rapidly rising to educatiQn, and home study entirely apart This will solve the problems of economic property taxes? from the well-being of the people. growth by eliminating economic growth. As local governments face rising demands Incidentally there is practically no rural It is a course I trust we as a nation for varieties of public services they are shift­ electrification in· Russia and Russia's farm will refuse to follow. ing the costs increasingly to property tax production utilizing half her population rolls. Sales and payroll taxes are constantly shows it. being threatened, but property taxes con­ But even in the area of utilization of per:. HOUSING CONSTRUCTION tinue to rise. Under such conditions, rent­ sonnel in the power industry itself which ers are a little better off because rental levels Russia has upgraded well ahead of almost Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask an.d rental competition may not permit the any other industry we find some startling unanimous consent to address the House landlQnnel ers. WhUe no such drastic measures would was 2 to 2.5 persons per megawatt of installed is no question but that housing constn,tc­ probably be taken, nevertheless, there is a capacity. In the Unite~ States, according to tion is one of the proven stimulants to good possibility that these advantages could the Federal Power Commission, the large our entire economy. But there is much be modified in some degree. coal-burning plants built during the last more to the problem of increasing this 6. Will there be an increase in "social decade require from 0.2 to 0.5 employees per construction than just decreasing the investments" by the present administra­ megawatt of plant capacity. interest rates on FHA insured mortgage tion? Improvement in the somewhat intangi­ loans. Another promise of the new admbiistra­ One of the best articles on this hous­ tion has been more social investments will ble economic fields of service and dis­ be undertaken. Included in such invest­ tribution strengthens a society for both ing subject for 1961 which it has been ments would be programs of public housing, peace and war and the statements made my privilege to read was by Prof. Fred veterans' housing, housing for the aged and by some of the President's advisers that E. Case of the Graduate School of Busi­ low cost housing. Such investments would these items are luxuries, thereby imply­ ness Administration, University of Cali­ obviously stimulate the construction indus­ ing that they do not increase our eco­ fornia at Los Angeles, prepared for the try and bolster sagging prices in some areas. nomic capabilities and capacity are Savings and Loan Journal, official pub­ For example, outstanding credit commit­ lication of the California Savings and ments of the Federal Government are now in untrue. the neighborhood of $60 billion. OUR FUTURE Loan League. 7. What about the increases in nondiscrim­ A lack of understanding of our suc­ His prediction on what is ahead for ination :housing legislation? cesses as well as our problems may easily housing in 1961 reads as follows: A surprising large potential market for destroy that which has produced the Unlike many previous years, housing has medium price housing exists among all progress. Much can be done and should not helped bolster the economy in 1960 but minority groups who have enjoyed above be done to improve our economic picture. has been suffering something of a decline. average income increases in many areas. As In certain areas healthy ·progress re­ Only in the last quarter has housing con­ these groups find new markets open to them, quires some basic legislation such as cop­ struction increased suftlciently to keep 1960 they could generate a relatively modest but from being one of the low construction years. important supplementary housing demand. ing with technological unemployment .Approximately 1,260,000 housing units will 8. Will land. costs continue to, rise? through, as I have suggested, a basic be started (using the new Bureau of the The shift to multifamily construction has addition to the unemployment· insw·ance Census) and the dollar volume of private been occasioned in many cases by the high program. We also might increase our nonfarm residential construction will equal costs of residential lots. The high rate of rate of expenditures in vocational ·educa:.. approximately •21.8 billion. urbanization offers little hope of reduced 1961 • I CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - .HOUSE 2303 , land costs unless new methods can be devised the national total which would mean ap­ The S:P.EAKElt pro tempore. Is there for manufactui'ing land cheaply. proximately 155,000 units · or expenditures objection to the request of the gentleman There are some events in the marketplace of $2.5 to $3 blllioh. about which questions need to be raised; at from. Pennsylva,.ri.ia? . . least in 1961; The overall ·effect of these There was no ohjeetion. · events, about. which only ·hypotheses can be NEEJ?ED: . ~ATIONAL DEFEN~E Mr. KEOGH. Mr~ Speaker, the con­ raised at the present time, is generally to EDUCATION SCHOLARSHIPS vention establishing the OECD has been act as a brake on any extensive increasing sent to the Senate for advice· and con- in either housing sales or construction: Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask sent to ratification. The Senate Foreign (a) In spite of· the population explosion unanimous consent that the gentleman Relations Committee is now considering which is being cited as a cause for business from New Jersey, [Mr. RODINO] may ex- the convention and has heard witnesses optimism, families usually do not enter the tend his remarks at this point in the from the executive branch and private housing market until the head of the house­ hold is in his late thirties. This particular RECORD. organizations. age group will not cause an appreciable im­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there It is essential that the United States pact on housing demand until 1963 or later. objection to the request of the gentleman become a member of the OECD. Both (b) The gap between rental costs and home from Pennsylvania? the Secretary of the Treasury and the ownership costs is narrowing rapidly in favor There was no objection. Under Secretary of State for Economic of renting primarily because. of high property Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, the Affairs have said that failure of the taxes, interest rates, building and mainte­ President; in. his state of the Union ad- United States to approve this convention ' nance costs. The rapid increase in· apart­ dress, has stressed the great importance and join the Organization would be a ments is also keeping rents within reasonable ranges. For example, in 1955·, 102,000 new of higher education to our· Nation and lethal blow to economic cooperation be­ apartments were built as compared to 257,000 to our national future. Education has . tween North America and Western in 1959. rightly been called our .first line of de- Europe. . (c) The changing age structure previously fense. The challenge of the Soviet Un- . There are many difficult problems alluded to, wtn cre.ate a demand for smaller ion, wbich is graduating more scientists, . facing the United States today which units as more and more households come to professionals and engineers every year cannot be solved without the coopera­ be made up of single persons, retired couples, makes it imperative that we redouble our tion of our friends in Canada and West­ young couples, all of whom will have rela­ own efforts in this supremely vital field. ern Europe. The proposed OECD would tively limited incomes. (d) The change from the fabulous fifties And yet, it has been estimated that provide an excellent means for regular­ to the soaring sixties is still primarily only over half of our qualified high school consultation on these problems among a change of numbers. Often overlooked is graduates do not attend college. To say the 20 countries who will be' members the fact that numerous economic indicators that this is an appalling waste of our of the Organization. show there are some knotty problems which greatest national resource is, at best, The United States is concerned with must be worked out in the early part of this an understatement. Every one of these measures to invigorate our economy decade if the promises of the decade are to young people represents a frightening while also improving our balance-of-pay­ be realized. loss to our future potential. ments position. As Secretary Dillon (e) One of the real obstacles to home ownership and construction is the consist­ A major reason, of course, is the fi- said in his presentation before the Sen­ ently high level of mortgage interest rates. nancial one. At least 100,000 qualified ate Foreign Relations Committee, the ef­ A modicum of relief is in· sight but will prob­ graduates do not go on to college each fectiveness of such measures wilt depend ably have only slight impact because of the year simply because they cannot af- in part on the extent to which the major . high costs of lending operations faced by in­ ford it. Western European countries pursue com- stitutional lenders, who supply 90 percent or This is not merely a personal prob- patible policies. The days are gone when more of the mortgage money. In addition, lem, or a local _problem: it is national we could take measures to stimulate our there is little likelihood that demands for funds from other parts of the economy will in scope and implication. It has be- economy without regard to their inter­ be diminished to any extent nor does there c.ome a national obligation to provide national repercussions and without con­ appear to be much chance for a significant the educational opportunity which is so sidering the impact on the U.S. economy increase in personal savings which form the clearly in the national interest. of measures taken by the major Western base for much mortga.ge lending. Some progress, of course, was made European countries. The OECD will be (f) In many ways 1959 and 1960 were un­ through the National Defense Education an extremely useful mecnanism for co­ usually poor years and were running counter Act, which initiated a program of loans ordinating the economic policies of the to secular movements. It is highly unlikely and fellowships in 1958. Through the members. that 1961 could go B:IlY lower. provisions of this act a number of young The other major economic problem THE PROMISE OF 19 61 people who otherwise might not have facing us is the determination of the Perhaps the previous observation is the been able to attend college have been less-developed countries rapidly to in­ best clue as to what can be expected in 1961. Housing can't go any lower, but there enabled to do so. But if anything is crease the standard of living of their are too many depressants to keep it from clear from the implementation of this peoples. The OECD Convention recog­ rising too high. Most prognosticators pre­ act, it is that we have made only a nizes that the member countries must dict between a 3 and 5 percent overall in­ bare beginning. act together to help the less-developed crease in all aspects of the housing and In order to expand the scope of this countries help themselves by increasing construction markets. The results need to act, I suggest that we initiate a pro- the assistance made available to them be compared with what have been accepted g-ram of scholarships, in addition to by the major industrialized countries of as average annual needs of the sixties be­ cause of the promises this generated for loans, on the undergraduate level. Many the Atlantic area. better markets in the late sixties. Private of us will recall that this was part of As Secretary Ball pointed out in his and public new construction in 1960 wlll the original concept of the 1958 act, presentation before the Senate Foreign equt;tl approximately $55.4 billion as com­ which, however, did not survive the Relations Committee, the objectives of pared to an annual decade average need of conference. stimulating economic growth among the between $58 and $60 billion. Nineteen hun­ I have introduced a b111 for this pur- OECD members and of proViding in­ dred and sixty-~:me will probably produce a pose, and I urge that it be given care- creased assistance to the less-developed total of $57.6 billion. Private nonfarm resi­ dential construction has been estimated at ful consideration along with the other countries cannot be dealt with in an in­ $21.3 billion for 1960, at an annual needed proposals for expanding the National ternational context without considering rate of $20 to $23 billion for the decade and Defense Education Act to meet the ur- broad trade policies. Accordingly, the will probably equal $22.2 billion for 1961 or gently critical and pressing needs of our OECD also has as an aim the promotion 53 percent of total new construction by pri­ prospective college applicants. of policies by the member countries to vate investors. Housing starts for 1960 have contribute to the expansion of world been estimated at 1,299,000 of which 1,268,­ trade. However, this does not mean, ooo were private starts. The annual needs ECONOMIC COOPERATION as some of the opi>onents of the OECD for the decade have been placed at between THROUGH THE OECD have claimed, that · the OECD will ad­ 1.5 and 1.7 million. Housing starts for 1961 will probably equal 1,315,000 for the Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask minister the GA'i'T or engage in tariff private sector and 35,000 for the public sec­ unanimous consent that the gentleman negotiations. · tor for a total of 1,350,000. from New York, [Mr. KEOGH] may ex­ We have been. assured by the Secre­ In California residential construction will tend his remarks at this point in the tary of State, by the Secretary of the probably equal approximately 12 percent of RECORD. Treasury, and by the Under Secretary 2304 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February ·17 of ·state for Economic Affairs tha-t the Mr. LIPSCOMB. Mr. Speaker, I view operation, and enforcement of the Ex­ OECD will not be a trade organization, with serious concern the reports in the port Control Act of 1949. and will neither establish· nor adminis-­ press yesterday, February 16, 1961, that I feel there exists a pressing need to ter trade rules. ·:Nor will the OECD con- the Department of Commerce has just evahl.a.te the Export Control Act and its duct tariff negotiations. · indicated it has authorized shipment to administration by the Department of Thus, both for the .positive things the the U.S.S.R. of. $1,500,000 worth ·of pre­ Commerce to determine the effect on our­ OECD will be·and for the negative-things cision machinery. According to the a·c­ national security of the decisions made the OECD will not be, the United States counts these machines could, and pre­ and policies established in carrying out should join the OECD. · sumably would, be put to military use the act. It is my further belief that the The new Organizatilic La.w 601, 79th . Congress, approved Total SENATE BILLS REFERRED August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the gross following report showing the name, profes­ Knmc of employee rrofession salary durin!! Bills of the Senate of the following sion, and total salary of each person em­ 6-montb titles were taken ·from the Speaker's ployed by it during the 6-month period from period table and, under the rule, referred as July 1 to December 31, 1960, inclusive, to­ gether with total funds authorized or ap­ Josrph K. rondcr_____ Director, surveys $7,281.12 follows: P!Opriated and expended by it: and investigations staff. S. 681. An act to authorize the Secretary Kenneth T. Deluvignc_ Assistant director, of Commerce to enter into contracts for the 7,081. 86 . Total surveys and in­ conduct of research in the field of meteor­ gross vestigations staff. ology and to authorize installation of Gov­ William B. Soyars .. ______do __ ------7, 104.63 Kmn<' or employee Profe~ion salary Lillian M. Mackie ____ Stenographer ernment telephones in certain private resi­ during 3, 289.38 Helen C. Parrish ______do ______:~~===== 2, 985.60 dences; to the Committee on Interstate and 6-month ~hn J. Donnelly______Consultant ______period 7, 500.00 Foreign Commerce. eorge. Y. Harvey ______do_------00.00 S. 683. An act to amend the Communica­ tions Act of 1934, as amended, by eliminating Kenneth Sprankle._ __ Clerk and staff $8,824.74 REIMBURSEMENTS TO GOVERNMENT A.C:ENCIES the requirement of an oath or affirmation on director. Paul 1\1. Wilson ______do ______8,824. 74 Agriculture, Depart­ certain documents filed with the Federal Carson W. Culp. _ ____ Staff assistant ______8, 754.48 ment of: Communications Commission; to the Com­ Samuel W. Crosby ______do ______8, 754.48 Magee, Leroy F _____ Investigator______$755.90 mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Jay B. Howe______do ______8, 578.68 St~ttmann, Ernest _____ do______3, 309.25 8, 578.68 ~~~~ · ~~x;.~<>icr~~======~~======8, 578.68 Army, Department Frank Sanders ______do ______8,051.46 of: Eugene B. WiThelm ______do ______Cranks, Joseph R ______._do______4, 773.00 ADJOURNMENT 8,051.46 Robert P. Williams ___ Editor ______7,260. 60 Atomic Energy Com- Aubrey A. Gunnels... Staff assistant ______6, 909.12 mission: Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I move Robert L. Michaels ______do ______6, 733.38 Ohnstad, Lawrence _____ clo______3, 735.95 that the House do now adjourn. Kelly Campbell ______do ______6, 294.00 R. G. Homer Skarin. ______do ______5, 942.52 Civil Service Com­ The motion was. agreed to; accordingly Earl C. Silsby______do ______5,634. 00 mission: (at 1 o'clock p.m.), under its previous Francis G. MerrilL ______do ______5,634. 96 F:-J~]I}~~~o~r 1. --:--do.. : --- ~ ------4, 974. i7 order, the House adjourned until Mon­ Lawrence C. Miller--- · Assistant editor____ _ 4,605. 78 Ralph Preston•. ------Staff assistant______4, 217.62 Investigation: day, February 20, 1961, at 12 o'clock Donald F. Berens _____ Clerical assistant ___ _ 3,395. 70 Bennett, CarlL.... . _____ do______6, 487. 4i noon. Kenneth A. Meade ••. _____ do ______3, 294.42 Bolz, Charles __ ----- _____ do______6, 633.20 Randolph Thomas ____ Messenger ______2, 124.84 Brent, Aubrey s ______do______4, 968.00 GeorgeS. Green______Clerk to the 8,051.46 Chisholm, Leslie _____ do______6, 084.96 miuority. B., Jr. Nancie Hammack _____ Clerk-stenographer __ 2,150.45 Crowley, Theodore _____ do______5, 435.52 COMMITTEE EMPLOYEES Gloria Jean Kilgore ______do ______1, 817.79 P. JANUARY 13, 1961. Viola W. Grubbs ______do ______3, 086.82 Durland, Peter R ______do______3, &14. 40 Rose Marie Kline ______do ______3,086. 82 G~!:J:~~ti, _____ do______6, 487.44 COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE Jeanne C. Smith ______do ______3,086. 82 Rosalind E. _____ do ______Grealy, Francis P ______do______5, 315.76 To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE: 3, 086.82 McGovern. Haebel, James c ______do______4, 477.92 The above-mentioned committee or sub­ June R. Austin______do ______3, 086.82 Hayden, Albert C., _____ do______6, 622.72 committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of Patrick M. Hayes ______do ______3, 086.82 Jr. the Legislative Reorganization Act of. 1946, Catherine D. NorrelL _____ do ______3,086. 82 Hayes, Edward __ ___ do______6, 633.20 Donald L. Bernard ______do ______3,086.82 Joseph. Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved Phyllis N. Troy ______dO------3,086. 82 Health benefits ------867.28 August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the William J: Neary ______do ______3,086. 82 fund. following report showing the name, profes­ George C. Drescher, __ ___ do,------2,884. 32. Leen, Maurice P ____ Investigator______5, 279.36 sion, and total salary of each person em­ Jr. Lite insurance fund. ------421. 50 Ruth R. HollowelL ______do ______2, 783.04 Love, WarrenL_____ Investigator______6,487.44 ployed by it during the 6-month period from Silas Taber------_____ do ______3,086. 82 M ~tinson, Walter _____ do______4, 968. oo July 1 to December 31, 1960, inclusive, Elinor L. Malaney ______dO ------3, 086.82 0 Alice Beach ______dO------Murphy, Peter J., _____ do______5, 839.60 together with total funds authorized or ap­ Robert DunkeL ______do ______3,086. 82 propriated and expended by it: 3,086.82 Jr. Josephine Birdsall ______do ______3, 086.82 McEliece, Richard _____ do______3, 577.60 David R. Hansen______do ______F. 3,086.82 Oldham\favid W ______do ______Margie H. Trew______dO------3,086.82 Reamy, . Wallace. _____ do ______3, 1!».88 Total Ruth Mahder.. ______do ______2, 884.32 5, 663.52 gross 8, 508.94 Anne Ryall Sylvester. _____ dO------2,884. 32 Ruhl,Retirement John Afund ______------Investigator______Name of employee Profes.~ion salary John Henry Murphy______dO------2, 884. 32 5, 713.20 during Esther T. Purser______do ______Tucker, George R ______do ______6,487.44 7fr7.80 Vahey, Eugene W ______do ______6-month Alfred E. Andersen ••• __ ___ do ______1,028. 94 5, 663.52 period Verlcker, William A. _____ dO------5,009. 20 Patricia Ann Greaver. _____ do ______826.42 Walters, Loonard M ______do ______Mary Lucy Walker ______do ______1,269.03 5,663.52 James D. Burris ______Staff assistant______1,495. 57 Wood, H. Branch. ______do .. ~------6, 487.44 John J. Heimburger... CounseL ______$8,772.00 Woolf, Richard M. ______do ______5, 940.40 Franeis M. LeMay___ Staff consultant_ ___ _ Eleanor G. Barnes____ Clerk-stenographer__ 514.47 Young, Roger ______do ______8, 051.46 Alexander J. Smith .• ______do ______758.00 3, 165.36 Christine B. Gallagbcr_ Clerk ______7,612.08 Lucille K. Brand ______do ______General Services Ad- Hyde H. Murray _____ Assistant clerk ______514.47 6, 613.22 Barbara A. Prah ______do ______514.47 ministration: Lydia Vacin ______Staff assistant------4, 727.28 Chapman, Howard _____ do .• ------4, 175.14. Betty M. Prezioso ______do ______4, 727.28 K., Jr. Pauline E. Graves ______do ______4,484. 28 Gladys N. Ondarcho ______do ______Fnnds authorized or appropriated for com- Health, Education, 3, 998.22 mittee expenditures. ___ ------and Welfare, De­ Judith Phillips______Staff assistant (July 1, 290.27 partment of: 1 to Oct. 1, 1960). Amonnt or expenditures previously re- Monahan, John F __ .....do______2, 283.00 Peggy Jean Lamm____ Staff assistant 2, 597.96 ported ___ ------_------.--__ -- Interior, Department (Sept. 1 to Dec. Amount expended from July 1 to Dec. 31, of the: 31, 1960). 1960.------$225,571.33 Rice, Harry W ______do ______3, 629.64 loan M. Lemense_____ Staff assistant 160.24 Navy, Department (Sept. 1 to 10, Total amount expended from July 1 to of the: 1960). Dec. 31, 1960------225,571.33 - Williams, Ben M .• ______do______5, 321.28 Travel and miscel------56,830.32 Balance unexpended as of Jan. 3, 1961. ------­ Funds authorized or appropriated for com- CLABBNCE CANNON, ~~t~xrs~~year ---~------23,500. oo mittee expenditures.------$50,000.00 Ch4irman. 1960 acconnt. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2307 Funds authorized or appropriated for com- mittee expenditures ______$500,000.00 SALARIES PAID JULY 1, 1960, THROUGH DEC. 3l, i960, Total PURSUA!\T TO n. RES. 27, H. RES. ·ll2, AND H. RES. 425, gross 86TH CONG .- continued Amom1t of expenditures previously r4!ported_ Amom1t expended from July 1 to Dec. 31, Name ol em}Jloyec I Profession salary during Employee 1960.------300,482. 30 6-month Profession Salary '.fotal- amount expended from July 1 period to Dec. 31,1960------300,482.30 Finger, Alexander E_ _ Assistant counseL .. $6,381.90 Orman S. Fink ______$8,824.74 J!'lynn, Catherine l\:1__ Clerk-stenographer.. 556.61 Balance unexpended as of Dec. 31, Minority staff Fucl1s, Herbert______Assistant counseL __ _ 6, 733.38 member. .Tett, R Frederick ______do.------1960. ------199, 517. 70 Robert R. Poston _____ 8, 824.74 6,645.48 CounseL.------Kelen~ onick MichaeL. Clerk ______3, 593.16 CLAR'ENCE CANNON, Helen L. Rogers (nee Deputy ?lerk_ 6, 204.16 Malrt7, lrrrbert N ___ _ Chief counsel, anti- Helen E. Long). 7, 148.90 Chairma·n . Mary W. Layton ____ _ Assistant clerk ______!i,204. 16 trust (to Dec. 1, John M. Devlin ______19GO). Editor (terminated 3, 586.38 Meekins, Elizabeth G _ Clerk-stenographer._ 3, 759.66 JANUARY 5, 1961. Sept. 30. 1960). Pect, Richard C. _____ Assistant counseL__ _ Marguerite Dean--.-- __ 4, 112.79 CoMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES Secretary to 6,030. 36 Robin, Stephen ______Clerical staff as- 714.23 cbairma:n. sistant. · To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE: Alicia F. Shoemaker.. Secretary to 4, 838.70 Rubenstein, Howard .T _ Assistant counseL __ 1, 799.16 The above-mentioned committee or sub­ minority. Sanders, Marlcah ___ __ Clerk-stenograpller __ Roger J. Drown ______Editor (began serv- 3,002.01 Shea, Mary Pat______do ______229.38 committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of icc Oct. 1, 1960). 2,884.32 Signman, Julian ll ____ Associate chief 7, 348. 50 the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, counsel, antitrust. Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved Sky, 'l'beodore ______Assistant counseL __ ~ EMPLOYEES PURSUANT TO H. RES. 81 ·walden, Jerrold L ______do ______3, 776.10 August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the . SUBCOMM ITTEE ON HOUSL' James A. Deakins_____ Bill clerk______3, 547.56 JANUARY 13, 1961. Expended June 30-Dec. 31 , 1960_____ 8, 617.93 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY OFFICE OF SPECIAJ. COUNSEL OPERATL"'G PURSUL"

Funds autllOl'ized or appropriated for com- . gether with total funds authoriz ed or appro­ Military Operations Subcommittee, Ron. mittee expenditures (H. Res. 143, Feb. 24, priated and expended by it: Cu:w.c Uor.IFIELD, chairman: 1959)------$10,000. 00 Herbert Roback, staff admini<> trator ______$8, !.171.82 Amount of e1:penditures previously reported_ 3, 833. 26 Earl J. Morgan, chief investigator (July 1- Amount expended from July 1 to Dec. 31, Total Sept. 20. 1960) ______2, 992.61 1960_------1, 033.10 gross John Paul Ridgel.y , investigator ______5, 862. 81! X a me of Ctni)loyce Pt·ofession salary Douglas G. D abhn, staff attorney ______4, 785. 5l Halance unexpended as of Dec. 31, 19GO_ 6, 166.74 during Robort .T. McElroy, investigator ______4, 579.58 6-month Mollie Jo Hughes, clerk-stenographer______4, 064.86 JoHN L. McMILLAN, period Catherine L. Koeberlein, clerk-stenog- C1tairman. rapher______-- ___-- __------4, 064.8() Expenses. ______~ _____ ------l&.l. 36 Boyd Crawford_------Statr administrator __ $8,824.74 Roy J . Bullock ______Senior staff cousult- 8, 72a. 70 TotaL______35,506. 4.9 COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR ant. To the CLERK OF THE HoUSE: }.11 crt C. F. Staff consultant___ _ , 723. 70 Government AC'tivities Subcommittee, Hon. Westphal. JACK BROOKS, chairm an: The above-mentioned committee or sub­ Franklin J . Sclmpp ______do ______8,64<1.62 Edward. C . Brooks, Jr., staff aclministrator_ 7, 828. 31 committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of Henry E. Billingsley__ Consultant_c ______8, 000.70 James Mcinnes Henderson, counsel (July the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, H arry C. Cromer_ ___ _ Investigator- 7, 528. 62 1-Aug. 15, 1960>------1, 794.29 consultant. John E. Moore, investigator ______6, 014.78 Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved June 1:\i!!lL ------Seniorstaffnssistant_ r.. 2g.,1.oo L. Russell Harding II, investigator ______4, 64.6.4!) . August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the Winifred G. Osborne __ Stoff assistnn t______5. !l42. 52 Irma Reel, clerk ______3, 606.69 Helen C. Mattas ______llo ______5, 527.98 Expenses ______------__ __ 1, 777.28 following report showing the name, profes­ . ge~her with total funds authorized or Ruth P. Ebersole _____ Assistant subcom- 1, 347.66 appropriated and expended by it: · Special Govemment Information Subcom- mittee clerk.· mittee, Ilo.n. JOHN E. Moss, chairman: Mary Sue Leonard___ _ Secretary __------­ 3, 301.17 Expenses, July 1, 1960, through Jan. 3, 19G1: Samuel J. Archibald, staff administrator__ _ 8, 185. G5 Robert E. McCord. __ Subcommittee clerk_ 5,325.00 .F'ull committee (expenses>------~------­ $2,471. 97 Jacob Scher, counseL------4, 354.97 John D. Messick______Assistant to director. 6, 982.20 Exccutivo and Legislative Reorganization Harry S. Weidberg, assistant counseL ____ _ Subc.:ommittee ______~ ______5, 742.30 J. Noble Richards _____ Staff assistant 5, 378.16 45,592.01 Jack Howard, professional staff member ___ 6,014. 78 (minority). Military Operations Subcommittee ______35,506.49 Catherine Hartke, stenographer ______4,064. 8G Russell H. Riggs______Clerk (through 1, 578.92 Government Activities Subcommittee ____ _ 25, 667. 84. Helen Beasley, stenographer______4,064.. 86 Sept.l5). Intergovernmental Relations Subcommit- Expenses ___ ---" ___ ------737.87 W. Wilson Young_____ CounseL ______G, 733.38 tee ___ ------______24, 4.4.0.0G Jane h Wilson______Steno€,>rapber (effc·c­ 2,115. 37 Foreign Operations and Monetary Affairs TotaL______--33,165.29---- tive Aug. 22). Subcommittee ______3G, 858.09 Charles E . WHson __ __ Clerk (effective 2, 668.84 Special Donable Property Subcommittee.. 17, 594.. 4.5 Sept. 1) . Special Government Information Subcom- Special Subcommittee on Assigned Power nlittec______------33, 165.29 and Land Problems, Ron. JonN E. Moss, Special Subcommittee on Assigned Power chairman: Funds authorized or appropriated for com- and Land Problems ______11,942.22 Sidney McClellan, professional staff mem- mittee expenditures.------$328,000.00 Special Subcommittee on the l!~ederal Home ber. _------6, 559.70 Loan Bank J3oard ______711.30 Francis J. Schwoerer, Stuff member (Dec. Amouut of expenditures previously re­ Sal:wlcs, fu!J committee, July 1- Dec. 31, 22, 1960-Jan. 3, 1961) ------333.37 ported______219,362.03 1960: Martin McDonough, consultant ______936.87 Amount expended from July 1 to Dec. 3\.__ 74,238.02 Christine Ray Davis, staff director______8,824. 74 Edward P. Eardley, consultant ______150.00 Orville S. Poland, general cotmseL _.; ___ _ 8,224.. 74 Expenses. ______------3, 962.28 'l'ot:U amount expended from Jan . 1 lo Jnmcsco un seLA. . ______Lanigan, associate general _ Dec. 3L ___ _.______293,000.05 8,824. 74 'I'otaL ____~ ------11,942.22 Enrlc J. '\Yai:le, staff member __ ------5,378.1G J. Robert Brown, staff member______6, 733.38 n::~lancc unexpended as of Dec. 31. Special Subcommittee on the Federal Rome Dolores Fel'Dotto, staff member.------~' 727.28 1060_------44., 080. 82 Ann E. McJ.-acblan, staff member______4, 281. 72 Loan l3ank J3oard, llon. JoHN E. Mos , ----, Patricia M al10ux, staff member ______· chairman: 3, 998.22 Ex:ponscg ______-----.-______------_-- 711.30 Chairman. Helen M. Boyer, minority profession!ll staff ______------______------__ _ 8,051. 46 ----- J.P. Carlson, minority c-ounseL ______7, 401.18 TotaL ______------711.30 F.ull committee, travel, publications, tele­ JANUARY 5, 1961. 'phone, stationery, and supplies (full committee and subcommittees), totaL __ _ 2, 471.97 Funds authorized or appropriated for com- COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS mittee expenditures ------1, 040,000.00 Executive and Legislative Reorganization==== To tht' CLERK OF THE HOUSE: Subcommittee, Hon. .WILLIAM L . DAW­ Amount of e~:penditure s previously re- The above-mentioned committee or sub­ SON, chairman: ported ______------701, 670. 38 committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of Elmer W. Henderson, eotmscL ______7, 872.96 Phineas Indritz, counseL ______7,872.96 Amount expended· from July 1, l!l60, to Jan. the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, ·Orville J. Montgomery, associate counseL. 7,216.36 · 3, 196L------233,940. 72 Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved Arthur Perlman, investigator ______7,216.36 August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the David Glick, associate counseL ______5, 952.20 Total amount e:\-pended from Jan. 4, Lawrence P. Redmond, clerk ______5,467.80 1959, to Jan. 3, 196L______!l35, 620. 10 following report showing the name, profes­ Irene Manning, stenographer______3, 704..53 sion, and total salary of each person em­ E:q>enses. ____ ------288.84 Balance uncxpc.nded as ofJan. 3, 196L 104., 379.90 ployed by it during the 6-month period from WILLIAM L. DAWSON, TotaL------45,592.01 July 1 to December 31, 1960, inclusive, to- Chairman. 1.961 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD - ·HOUSE 2309

JA:t:fUARY 12, 1961. Amount of expenditures previously reported. til, 756. titi Amount of ex~di~ures previous!~ : ~e- Amount expended froni July 1 :to Dec. 31, · · ported.------419, 600. 40 COMMI'l'TEE ON HOUSE' ADMINISTRATION 1960.------9, 262.02 Amount expend6(i fro~ July 1 to De~. 31, 173,628. 95 To the CLERK OF THE HousE: Total amount expended from Jan. 1, 1960...------The above-mentioned committee or. sub­ 1959, to Dec. 31, 1960------61, 01:8; 57 To.tal amount expended' from Jan. 4, committee, pursua~t to sectiol;l 134(b) of 1959, t~ Dec. 31, 1960------593,229.35 Balance unexpended as of Dec. 31, 1960_ 13, 981. 43 the Legislative Reorganization. Act of 1946, Balance une~nded as of Dec. 31, Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved WAYNE N. ASPINALI;, 1960------156,770.65 August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the Chatrman. following_ report showing the name, profes­ OREN HARRIS, sion, and total salary of each person em­ JANUART·ll, 1961. Chairman. ployed by it during the 6-month period from INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCB' July 1 to December 31, 1960, inclusive, to­ DECEMBER31, 1960. gether with total funds authorized or To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE: COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MAruNE AND appropriated and expended by 11i: The above-mentioned committee or sub­ FiSHERIES committee, purs-gant · to section 134(b) of To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE: the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, Total The above-mentioned· committee or sub­ gross PUblic Law 601, . 79th Congress, approved committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of Nam' of ""'ployoo Profession salary August 2, 1946, as amended, submits ~he the Legislative Reorganization_Act of 1946, I during following report showing the name, profes­ 6-month PubllC' Law 601, 79th Congress, approved period sion, and total salary of each person em­ August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the ployed by it during the 6-month period from following report showing the. name, profes­ July 1 to December 31, 1960, inclusive, to­ Julian P. Langston____ Chief clerk------$8, 824. 74 sion, and total ~lary of each person em­ Marjorie Savage. ___ __ Assistant clerk______7, 612.08 gether with total funds authorized or ployed by it during the 6-month period from John F. Haley __ ------_____ do______6, 294.00 appropriated and expended by it: July 1 to December 31~ 1960, inclusive, Mary F. Stolle.,------____ _do __------3, 896.94 together with total funds authoriZed or a.p­ propriated and expended by it: Total Funds authorized or appropriated for com- gross · mittee expenditures.------$20,000.00 Name oi employee Profession salary during Total Amount of expenditures previously reported. 18,062.88 6-month gross Amount expended. from June 30 to Dec. 12, period N ame of employee Profession salary 1960.------742. 31 during 6-month Total amount expended from Jan. 1, Clerical staff: period 1959, to Dec. 31, 1960 ••• ------~---- 18,805.19 W. E. Williamson .•• Clerk______$8,772.00 KennethJ. Painter.. 1st assistant clerk___ _ 7,322.10 Balance unexpended as of Dec. 31, 196(L 1,194. 81 Marcella FencL____ Assistant clerk ______4, 575.42 John M. Drewry------Chief counseL--- -~ - $8,772.00 0MAR BURLESON, Glenn L. Johnson___ Printing editor______6, 206.10 Bernard J. Zincke_____ CounseL ______.:. _ 8, 227. 20 Joanne N euland..... Clerical assistant___ _ 3,643.80 Chairman. Robert H. Cowen ______do._------~ -- 8, 227. 20 MildredMary Ryan H. ______Lang·______do •______•• ------_ 3,643. 80 3,64&80 William B. Winfield.. Chief clet~----~----- 7, 612.08 JANUARY 12, 1961. Roy P. W1lk:inson... Assistant clerk.----­ 3, 593.16 Frances Still------~-- Assistant clerk. : ~--- · 5, 030. 16 Professional staff: Ruth E. Brookshire •••....• do._------~ - : - ~ 3, 998. 22 COMMITTEE" ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAmS Andrew Stevenson__ Expert______8, 772. 00 · Vera A. Barker______SecretarY._------~~ - - . 3, 998.22 Edith W. Gordon ______do._~------· 3, 998.22 Kurt Borchardt___ __ Legal counseL------772. 00 To the CLERK E>F THE HousE: s, E. M. Tollefson______Minority clerk-______4, 808. 28 The above-mentioned committee or sub­ . ~~gns~~ - cun:- ~e~~tfch speci~pstt_ :· ~12. oo nlngham. v oneonsu an _ , 72. oo, Funds authorized or appropriated for com- committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of mittee expenditures.------~ · ---- $75,000 ..00 the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, Additional temporary employees under Amount of expenditures previously reported. 47, 553. 50 PUblic Law 601, 79th Congress,' approved . H. Res. 56 and H. Amount expended from July 1 to Dec. 31, August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the Res. 136; amended: Gladys Johnson..... Clerical assistant.... 3, 542.52 1960.------13, 477. 23 following report showing the name, profes­ Margaret J. Robin- Staff assistant______7, 796. 64 sion, and total salary of each person em­ Total amount expended from Jan. 1, son. 1959, to Dee. 31, 1960.------61,030. 73 ployed by it"during the 6-month.period from E~f;h_M. Karpo- ClericalassistanL •• 3,643.80 July 1 to December 31,_ 1960, inclusive, to­ Special Subcommittee Balance unexpended as of Dec. 31, 1960. 1a, 969. 27 gether wit~ total funds authorized or on Legislative HERBERT C. BONNER, appropriated and expended by it: Oversight (to Jan. 3, 1961, inclusive): ChaiTman. RobertW. Lishman. Chief counseL______8, 918.22 Total Beverly M. Cole- Principal attorney_ _ 8, 199. 05 JANUARY 11, 1961. man. gross Oliver Eastland_____ Attorney______· 8,199. 05 POST OFFICE AND .CIVIL SERVICE. COMMITTEE Name of employee Profession . salary Julius Ean~t ------.•••. do______7, 761.29 during Mary Lomse Ram- ____ _do. ______7, 515.61 To, the CLERK OF THE HOUSE: 6-month The above-mentioned committee or sub­ period sey. Harold Ranstad .••••••••• dO------7, 104.67 committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of Charles P. Howze, __ __ do______6, 559.71 the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, Professional staff: Jr. PUblic Law 601, 79th Cong}.:ess, approved Sidney L. McFar­ Engineering con- $8,095.38 George Perry ______•••..dO------5, 773.54 Henry Hoye, Jr----- Attorney (to July 416. 73 August 2, 1946:, as amended,. submits the land. ~=~~a~~Sr~- 15, 1960). follow:ing report showing the. naml'!, profes­ William A. Brewer. Attorney______e, 559.71 sion, and total salary of each person em­ rector. Stuart C. Ross______Consultant______8, Hl.9. 0& T. Richard Witmer_ CounseL. ______7, 787.82 ployed by it during the 6-month period from John L. Taylor_ __ _ Territorial and In­ 7, 787.82 Rugh,M. HalL ••••. Research specialist 3, 226.08 dian consultant. (to Sept. 30., 1960). July 1 to December 31, 1960, inclusive, to­ KarlS. Landstrom. • Minerals and lands 7, 787.82 Raymond W. Mar- Special Assistant____ 4, 476. 64 gether with total funds authorized or ap­ consultant. tin. propriated and expended by it: Clerical staff: Edward M. Jones••• Investigator. (to 537.68 Nancy J. Arnold____ Chief clerk.. ______July 15, 1960). e. 909.12 Raymond C. Cole.. Investigator______Laura A .. Moran ____ Assistantcbiefclerk. 4, 555.14 5, 773.54 'l'otal Dixie S. Duncan____ CJerk •. ------­ 3, 745.02 Lurlene Wilbert..... Executive secretary_ 4,512.67 gross 3,522.24 Dolores E. File clerk-stenog- 3, 930. 99' PenelopeVirginia E P.. Bedsole. Harvi- ----___ _·-dO_do - _------______------______Dougberty. rapher. Name of employee Profession salary 3, 522.24 Blanche Plant ______Stenographer-clerk•. 3,601. 56 during son. Elizabeth Paola______dO------6-mon tb Marion Jo Gum­ ____ do ....• ------3, 522.24 Catherine McLees ______do ______3,601.56 ' period melt. ; 3, 601.56 Herman Clay Beas- Chief clerk.. ______7,283.34 ley. Rex Sparger______Frederick C. Belen____ Ch[ef counseL______$8,824.74 Paid from funds appropriated for committee Clerical assistant___ _ ~. 192.61 Charles E •. Johnson.• _ CounseL ______expenses: Jean Mockbee••••••• Clerical assistant 2,137.00 8,446. 92 Paul D . Shriver, special consultant on terri­ (to Nov. 20, 1960). Bun Benton Bray, Jr _ Professional staff 7, 634. 04 Olerlcal assistant 201.97 member-. tories,, balance committee on Ad­ Geraldine Louise _____ do. ____ ------__ 1,012. 21 Leshin. Total ministration of Robert Rota ______Investigator ______gross Foreign Trade 2, 955.19 Name of employee Profession salary Laws and Policy, Carolyn A. Latimer___ Research analyst ___ _ 674.81 during Ron. HALE Helen E. Steady ______· Secretary for the 400.60 6-month BOGGS (Demo­ minority. period crat, Louisiana), Dorothy F. Council! .. Stenographer ______3, 674.16 chairman: Bessie C. Harding ______do._------3, 674.16 Mildred Akins ______Staff assistant (C)___ 3, 755.16 Barbara W. McCon- _____ do ______3, 289.38 nell. Standing committee Myer Rashlsb ______Economist.______7, 984.10 Olga E. SclJreiber ______do ______staff: Expenses ______------97.25 3, 228.59 Oliver E. Meadows. Staff director (P) __ _ $8,824.74 Anna A. Holovacb____ Secretary-stenog- 1,022. 39 rapher. Edwin B. Patterson. Counsel (P) ______8, 824.74 TotaL ______------11,836.51 Frances C. Crane ______do ______Harold A. L. Law- Professional aid to 8, 089.34 3,228. 59 Jean Willi~ms Fender. Stenographer______renee. minority _(P). Subcommittee on Ad­ Margaret C. Stalcup ______do ______2,823. 54 J. Buford Jenkins ___ Professional aid 7, 699.98 ministration of 1,864. 52 (P). Internal Revenue Marcia G. Rucker •.•• -----dO------2, 691.86 George W. Fisher ••• Clerk ______8,824. 74 JoAnn Jeffries ______do._--·------2, 109.51 Ida Rowan ______Administrative aid 8, 051.46 ~~:~~~fii!'IL- (minority). · (Democrat, Ar­ PaulK. Jones______Assistant clerk ______6, 294.00 kansas), chair, Funds authorized or appropriated for . com- Helen A. Biondi. ______do ______5, 160.66 man: mittee expenditures.------$520,000.00 Alice V. Matthews.. Clerk-stenographer•• 4; 302.00 Sybil D. Burd ______Staff assistant (C) ___ 4,276. 68 George J. Turner ____ Assistant clerk ______4,302. 00 Frances Russell ______do ______5, 527.98 Amount of expenditures previously re­ Investigative staff: Eileen Bonnett------_____ do ______3,289.38 ported------337, 233.20 Adin M. Dowrier ••. Staff member ______6, 720.18 William E. Wells . • ~ _____ do·------~------2, 702.04 Amount expended from July 1 to Dec. 31, Mark L. Davis _____ Clerk-messenger ___ _ 905.04 Expenses ______------1. 50 Joanne Doyle._----- Clerk-stenographer __ 3, 496.98 1960.------139,820. 39 Jean Johnson ______do._------TotaL ______------·- __ ; ____ 15,797.58 1, 748.49 'l'otal amount expended !rom Jan. 4, Audrey June Lyle•.• Secretary ______1.452. 27 Paul H. Smiley ______Investigator ______3, 980.76 Subcommittee on Ad­ 1959, to Dee. 31,1960------477,053.59 John Billie Smith .•• _____ do ______5, 397.48 ministration of Balance unexpended as of Dec. 31, Glyndon M. Hague, _____ do ______5,338.81 Social Security Jr. Laws, Ron. BURR 1960. ------42, 946. 41 Margaret J. Bales... Clerk-stenographer .. 1, 847.22 P.HARRISON WRIGHT PATMAN, Billy E. Kirby------Investigator ______3, 554.88 (Democrat, Vir­ ginia), chairman: Chairman. Jacqueline Staff assistant (C) 1, 827.39 Funds authorized or appropriated for com- McKenna. (to Oct. 10, 1960). JANUARY 25, 1961. Expenses ______------·------28.28 mittee expenditures.------$160,000.00 SPECIAL COMMITl'EE TO INVESTIGATE CAMPAIGN A.mountofexpenditurespreviouslyreported. 83,453.97 TotaL------1, 855. 67 EXPENDITURES FOR THE HOUSE OF REPRE­ Amount expended from July 1 to Dec. 31, SENTATIVES, 1960 1960------46,432.01 Funds authorized or appropriated for com- To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE: Total amount expended from Jan. ·1, mittee expenditures •• _------$300,000.00 The above-mentioned committee or sub­ 1959, to Dec. 31, 1~------129,885.98 Amount of e::~:penditw·es previously re· committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of Balance unexpended as of Dec. 31, ported .••. ------106,341.45 the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, 1960.------30. 114. 02 Amount expended from July 1 to Dec. 31, Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved OLIN E. TEAGUE, 1960.------31, 613. 28 August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the Chairman. Total amount expended from Jan. 1, following report showing the name, profes­ 1959, to Dec: 31, 1960.------137,954.73 sion, and total salary of each person em­ Balance unexpended as of Dee. 31, ployed by it during the 6-month periog from JANUARY 7, 1961. 1960.------162,045. 27 August 1 to January 3, 1961, inclusive, to­ COMMITl'EE Ot:f WAYS AND MEANS gether with total funds authorized or appro­ WILBUR D. M:ILT:-s, priated and expended by it: TO the CLERK OF THE HOUSE: Chairman. The above-mentioned committee or sub­ committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of JANUARY 15, 1961. Total the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, gross SELECT COMMITl'EE ON SMALL BUSINESS Nnme of employee Profession salary Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved durin~ August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the To the CLERK OF THE HoUSE: 6-month following report ·showing the name, profes­ The above-mentioned committee or sub­ period sion, and total salary of each person em­ committee, pursuant to section 134(b) of ------1------ployed by it during the 6-month period from the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, Gillis W. Long______Chief counseL ______$7,000.00 Public Law 601, 79th Congress, approved Richard 0. O'Hare____ CounseL ______July 1 to December 31, 1960, inclusive, to­ Robert F. Nunez _____ ••••• do ______4,000.00 August 2, 1946, as amended, submits the RobertS. Smith ______do ______4, 500.00 gether with total funds authorized or following report showing the name, profes­ 950.00 appropriated and expended by it: Ruth M. Heritage.... Clerk ______5,573. 99 sion, and total salary of each person em­ Elizabeth H. Feltman. Secretary______1, 401.28 ployed by it during the 6-month period from 2312 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE February 17 Funds authorized or appropriatcu for com- By Mr. AVERY: By Mr. KASTENMEIER: mittee Oll:pen diturcs ____ ------$35, 000. 00 H .R . 4503. A bill to amend section 1 ( 14) H .R. 4517. A bill to extend an d increase Amount of expenditures preViously reported_ None (a ) of the Interstate Commerce Act to insure the special milk program for children; t o t he .Amount expended from Aug. 1, 1960, to the adequacy of the national railroad freight Committee on Agriculture. Jan. 3, 196L------. 27, 228. 40 car supply, and for other purposes; to the . By Mr. KNOX: - Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ H.I?.. 4518. A bill to amend the Internal T otal amount expended !l'Om Aug. 1, 1960, to Jan. 3, 196L ______Zl, 228. 40 merce. Revenue Code of 1954 to repeal the t ax By Mr. BARING (by request): presently imposed on the transportation of Balance u nexpended as of Jan. 3, 196L 7, 771.00 H.R. 4504. A bill to amend title II of the persons; to the Committee on Ways and CLIFFORD DAVIS, Social Security Act to include Nevada among Means. Chair man. those f:;;tates which are permitted to divide H.R. 4519. A bill to amend the Internal their retirement systems into two parts for Revenue Code of 1954 to repe.al the excise purposes of obtaining social security cover­ t ax on communications; to the Commit t ee' EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, age under Federal-State agreement; to the on Ways and Means. Committee on Ways and Means. H.R. 4520. A bill to amend title II of the ETC. By Mr. BATTIN: Social Security Act to increase the amount Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive H.R. 4505. A bill to provide that States and of outside earnings permitted each year communications -were taken from the political subdivisions which operate liquor without deductions from benefits there­ stores shall not be required to -pay more than under; to the Committee on Ways and Speaker's table and referred as follows: one tax as a retail dealer in liquor; to the Means. 571. A communication from 'the President Committee on Ways and Means. H.R. 4521. A bill to amend title II of the of the United States, transmitting a draft of H.R. 4506. A blll to provide for the designa­ Social Security Act to increase the maximum a proposed bill entitled "a bill to provide a tion of a highway from a point near Moor­ benefits which may be paid thereunder for special program for feed grains for 1961 "; to croft, Wyo., to a point on tne Canadian any month on ·the basis of the wages and the Committee on Agriculture-. boundary near the city of Raymond, Mont., self-employment fncome of an insured incH­ 572. A letter from the Secretary of Com­ as part of the National System of Interstate vidual where such individual has a disabled merce, transmitting a report of the activities and Defense Highways; to the Committee on child over age 18 entitled to child's insurance relating to providing aviation war risk in­ Public Works. benefits; -to the Committee on Ways and surance as of December 31, 1960, ·pursuant to By Mr. DENT: Means. title XIII of the Federal Aviation Act; to the H.R. 4507. A bill vesting in the American H.R. 4522. A bill to amend section 902(b) Commit tee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ Battle Monuments Commission the care and of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to merce. maintenance of the original Iwo Jima Memo­ allow a credit for foreign taxes paid by a 573. A letter from th e Chairman, Federal rial on Mount Surabachi, Iwo Jima Volcanic foreign corporation 20 percent or more of Communications Commission, transmitting Islands, Pacific Ocean area; to the Committee the voting stock of which is owned by an­ a draft of a proposed bill entitled "a bill to on Foreign Affairs. · other foreign corporation in which a domes­ amend the Communications Act of 1934 to H.R. 4508. A bill to provide for the estab­ tic corporation has a substantial stock authorize the Federal Communications Com­ lishment of a national cemetery at Bushy interest; to the Committee on Ways and mission to issue rules and regulations with Run Battlefield Park in the State of Pennsyl­ Means. · respect to community antenna television sys­ vania; · to the Committee on Interior and H.R. 4523. A bill to amend section 4242 tems"; to the Committee on Interst ate and Insular Affairs. of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to Foreign Commerce. By Mr. EDMONDSON: exempt from the club dues tax certain 574. A communication from the President H.R. 4509. A bill to provide readjustment charges made by nonprofit clubs for the use of the United States, transmitting a proposed assistance to veterans who serve in the of facilities; to the Committee on Ways and supplemental appropriation in the amount Armed Forces between January 31, 1955, and Means. of $33 million for the Department of Labor, July 1, 1963; to the Committee on Veterans' ByMr.KYL: a proposed increase in limitation in the Affairs. H.R. 4524. A bill to provide that the un­ amount of $10 million for the Department of By Mr. POAGE: incorporated territories of the Virgin Is­ Health, Education, and Welfare, and a reduc­ H.R. 4510. A bill to provide a special pro­ lands and Guam shall each be represented tion of $12 million in a proposed supple­ gram for feed grains for 1961; to , the Com­ in Congress by a Territorial Deputy to the mental appropriation for the Post Office De­ mit tee on Agriculture. House of Representatives; to the Committee partment, all for the fiscal year 1961 (H. Doc. By Mr. GARLAND: on Interior and Insular Affairs. No. 91); and ordered to be printed; to the H .R . 4511. A bill to extend for 2 years the ·By Mr. LESINSKI: Commit tee on Appropriations. temporary provisions of Public Laws 815 H.R. 4525. A bill to require the Postmaster 575. A letter from the Acting Director, Bu­ and 874, 81st Congress, which relate to General to adjust the compensation of star reau of the Budget, Executive Office of the Federal assistance in the construction and route, panel body, and mail messenger con­ President, transmitting a report that the ap­ operation of schools in areas affected by Fed­ tractors, by reason of added costs imposed propriation to the Department of the In­ eral activities; to the Committee on Edu• upon them by statute, and to modernize the terior for the Bureau of Indian Affairs for cation and Labor. law relating to contracts tor the transpor­ "Education and welfare services," for the fis­ By Mrs. GRANAHAN: tation of mail and for other purposes; to cal year 1961, has been reapportioned on a H.R. 4512. A bill to amend section 405(a) the Committee on Post Office and Civil basis indicating a need for a supplemental of the National Housing Act to increase to Service. estimate of appropriation, pursuant to sec­ $20,000 the maximum insurance with re­ H.R. 4526. A bill to amend the Civil Serv­ tion 3679 of the Revised Statutes, as amend­ spect to any member or investor of a sav­ ice Retirement Act to provide for the inclu­ ed (31 U.S.C. 665); to the Committee on Ap­ ings and loan association; to t he Committee sion of certain additional types of compen­ propriations. on Banking and Currency. sation within the meaning of the term 576. A letter from the Director, Office of By Mr. HALEY: "basic salary" for the purposes of such act; Administrative Operations, U.S. Department H.R. 4513. A bill to provide for national to the Committee- on Post Office and Civil of Commerce, transmitting a report of for­ cemeteries in the county of De Soto, State Service. eign excess property disposed of during cal­ of Florida; to. the Committee on Interior H.R. 4527. A bill to extend to employees endar year 1959 by the U.S. Department of and Insular Affairs. subject to the Classification Act of 1949 the Commerce, pursuant to Public Law 152, 81st By Mr. INOUYE: benefits of salary increases in connection Congress; to the Committee on Government H.R. 4514. A bill to increase the amount with the protection of basic compensation Operations. authorized to be appropriated annually to rates from the effects of downgrading ac­ carry out the program for the conservation tions, and for other purposes; to the Com­ and restoration of the Hawaiian Nene goose, mittee on Post Office and Civil Service. PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS and to extend such program for an additional By Mr. GEORGE P. MILLER: Under clause 4 of rule public 5 .years; to the Committee on Merchant H.R. 4528. A bill for the relief of certain xxn, Marine and Fisheries. persons involved in the negotiation of forged bills and resolutions were introduced and H.R. 4515. A bill to amend the National or fraudulent Government checks issued at severally refeiTed as follows: Defense Education Act of 1958 to make cer­ Parks Air Force Base, Calif.; to the Commit­ By Mr. ANFUSO: tain benefits under that act available to tee on the Judiciary. H.R. 4502. A bill to amend the Communi­ teachers in nonpublic elementary and By Mr. MONTOYA: . cations Act of 1934 to make it unlawful for secondary schools; to the Committee on H.R. 4529. A bill to reaffirm the national the licensee of any radio or television broad­ Education and Labor. public policy and the purposes of Congress casting station to consistently or systemati­ H.R. 4516. A blll to amend the National in enacting the Robinson-Patman Antiprice cally portray, in the programs broadcast by Defense Education Act of 1958 to permit Discrimination Act entitled "An act to such station, any religious group, race, or laboratory schools operated by public in· amend section 2 of the act entitled 'An act nationality in a degradin.g or criminal stitutions of higher education to participate to supplement existing laws against unlaw­ manner; to the Co:nunittee on Interstate and tn certain programs under that act; to the ful restraints and monopolies, and for other Foreign Commerce. Committee on Education and Labor. purposes approved October 15, 1914, as 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2313 amended (U.S.C. title. 15, . sec. 13), and for H .R. 4542. A bill to amend the Internal By Mr. MEADER: other purposes," and .to clarify the intent Revenue Code to remove the· li-mitations. on H. Res. 173. Resolution to amend rule XI and meaning of the aforesaid law by pro­ the amount of medical and dental expenses of the Rules of the House of Representatives; viding for the mandatory nature of func­ which may be deducted, to permit. taxpayers. to the Committee on Rules. tional discounts under certain circum­ to deduct such expenses, to arrive at their By Mr. THOMAS: stances; to the Committee on the Judiciary. adjusted gross income, and for other pur­ H. Res.174. Resolution to amend rule XXI By Mr. O'HARA of Illinois: poses; to the Committee on Ways and Means. of the Rules of the House of Representatives; H.R. 4530. A bill to amend the Veterans' H.R. 4543. A bill to amend the Internal to the Committee on Rules. Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952 to make Revenue Code of 1954 to ano·w .a taxpayer a the educational benefits provided for there­ deduction from gross income for tuition and in available to all vete.rans whether or not other educational expenses paid by him, they serve during a period of war or of armed whether for his own education or for the MEMORIALS hostilities; to the Committee on Veterans' education of his spouse or a dependent or Under clause 4 of rule XXII, me­ Affairs. · any other individual; to the Committee on morials were presented and referred as H.R. 4531. A bill to authorize the estab­ Ways and Means. follows: lishment of a Youth Conservation Corps to By Mr. WILLIAMS: provide healthful outdoor training and em­ H.R. 4544. A bill to repeal the provisions By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legis­ ployment for young men and to advance of the Railroad Retirement Act which reduce lature of the Stat!'! of Idaho, memorializing the conservation, development, and man­ the annuities of the spouses of retired em­ the President and the Congress of the United agement of national resources of timber, ployees by the amount of certain monthly · States relative to being opposed to the dedi· soil, and range, and of recreational areas; benefits payable under the Social Security cation of additional lands as primitive or to the Committee on Education and Labor. Act; to the Committee on Interstate and wilderness areas in the State of Idaho; to H.R. 4532. A bill to relieve hardship for the Committee on Interior and Insular Foreign Co~merce. Affairs. · Q.isplaced families and businesses by assist­ H.R. 4545. A bill to amend section 117 of ing in their relocation and by providing them the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 with re­ Also, memorial of the Legislature of the with mortgage financing under a new low­ spect to the treatment of certain educational State of South Dakota, memorializing the rent private housing program, and for other leave allowances; to the. Committee on Ways President and the Congress of the United purposes; to the Committee on Banking and and Means. · States relative to the ratification of a pro­ Currency. H.R. 4546. A bill to repeal the excise tax posed amendment to the Constitution of the \ By Mr. OLSEN: on amounts paid for communication serv­ United States of America relating to grant­ H.R. 4533. A bill to provide for the estab­ ices or facilities; to the Committee on Ways ing representation in the electoral college lishment of an effective Federal aid program and Means, to the District of Columbia; to the Com­ mittee on the Judiciary. to assist States in the development of cer­ By Mr. WRIGHT: tain outdoor recreational -resources; to the H.R. 4547. A bill to amend the Federal Committee on Interior and Insult-.r Affairs. Water Pollution Control Act ·to provide for By Mr. PUCINSKI: a more effective program of water pollution PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS H.R. 4534. A bill to provide for payment control; to the Committee on Public Works. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private for hospital services, skilled nursing home By Mr. LANKFORD: services, and home health services furnished H.R. 4548. A bill to amend the act of May bills and resolutions were introduced and to aged beneficiaries under the old-age, sur­ 29, 1930, in order to increase the authoriza" severally ref err~ ~ follows: vivors, and disabllity insurance program, and tion for funds for the extension of certain By Mr. AV.ERY: , for other purposes; to the Committee on projects from the District of Columbia into H.R. 4549. A bill for the relief of Susumu Ways and Means. the State of Maryland, and for other pur" Mort; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania: poses; to the Committee on Public Works. By Mr. CORMAN (by request): H.R. 4535. A bill to grant a deduction, for H.R. 4550. A bill for the relief of Shafiq income tax purposes, to handicapped individ­ By Mr. ADDONIZIO: H.J. Res. 242. Joint resolution authoriz­ (Shalom) Kassab; to the Committee on the uals, for expenses for transportation to and ing the creation of a Commission to Judiciary. from work; and to provide an additional ex­ consider and formulate plans for the emption for income tax purposes for a tax­ By Mr. CURTIS of Massachusetts: payer supporting dependents who are so construction in the District of Columbia of H.R. 4551. A bill for the relief of Delio an appropriate permanent memorial to the D'Alfonso; to the Committee on the Judi­ handicapped as to be unable to care for memory of Woodrow Wilson; to the Com­ ciary. themselves; to the Committee on Ways and riilttee on House Administration. By Mr. DOMINICK: Means. . By Mr. BREEDING: By Mr. STRATTON: H.R. 4552. A bill for the relief of Edward T. H.J. Res. 243. Joint resolution proposing Paca; to the Committee on Interior and In­ H.R. 4536. A bill to extend and increase the an amendment to the Constitution of the sular Affairs. special milk program for children; to the United States; to the Committee on the Ju" Committee on Agriculture. By Mrs. DWYER: diciary. H.R. 4553. A bill for the relief of Zbigniew By Mr. TEAGUE of Texas: By Mr. CAHILL: Ryba; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 4537. A bill to amend chapter 71 of H .R. 4554. A b111 for the relief of Annun­ title 10, United States Code, to provide that H .J. Res. 244. Joint resolution authorizing the creation cif a Commission to consider ziata Sabatini; to the Committee on the in determining eligibility of a member of an Judiciary. armed force for retirement, the Secretary and formulate plans for the construction in concerned shall credit service performed be­ the District of Columbia of an appropriate H.R. 4555. A bill for the . relief of Miss fore the attainment of 18 years of age; to permanent memorial to the memory o.f Giuliana Vardeu; to the Committee on the Woodrow Wilson; to the Committee on Judiciary. the Committee on Armed Services. House Administration. · H.R. 4538. A bill to amend the Flood Con­ H .R. 4556. A bill for the relief of Edward trol Act of 1958 with respect to certain reser­ By Mrs. DWYER: Gruszka; to the Committee on the Judiciary. voir projects in Texas; to the Committee on H.J. Res. 245. Joint resolution authorizing 'By Mr. HUDDLESTON: Public Works. the creation of a Commission to consider H.R. 4557. A b111 for the relief of Manuel · H .R. 4539. A bill to amend section 723 of and formulate plans for the construction Martinez-Lopez; to the Committee on the title 38 of the United States Code to provide in the District of Columbia of an appropriate Judiciary. for immediate payment of dividends on in­ permanent memorial to the memory of By Mr. LIPSCOMB: surance heretofore issued under section 621 Woodrow Wilson; to the Committee on H.R. 4558. A bill for the relief of Otis D. of the National Service Life Insurance Act of House Administration. Shreves; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 1940 which has been converted or exchanged By Mr. JENNINGS: By Mr. McFALL: for new insurance under such section, and H. Con. Res. 164. Concurrent resolution H.R. 4559. A bill for the relief of Francisco for other purposes; to the Committee on creating a Joint Committee on a National Silveira Machado; to the Committee on the Veterans' Affairs. Fuels Study; to the Committee on Rules. Judiciary. By Mr. WHITTEN: By Mr. KYL: By Mr. MASON: H.R. 4540. A bill to repeal the excise tax H. Con. Res.165. Concurrent resolution to H.R. 4560. A bill for the relief of the estate on amounts paid for communication services clarify the intent of Congress regarding the of Walter Clark; to the Committee on the or facillties; to the Committee on Ways and extension of rural mall deliveries; to the Judiciary. Means. Committee on Post omce and Civil Service. By Mr. MULTER: H.R. 4541. A bill to amend the Social Se" By Mr. FRIEDEL: H.R. 4561. A bill for the relief of Jack curity Act to provide that the Federal pay" · H. Res. 172. Resolution expressing the Mishanieh; to the Committee on the Ju­ ments for old-age assistance, aid to the blind, sense o.f the House of Representatives that diciary. and aid to the permanently and totally dis­ the President should call a White House By Mr. O'BRIEN of Illinois: abled shall be $50 per recipient per month; 'Conference on Highway Safety; to the com­ H.R. '4562. A b111 for the relief of Flora T. ·to the Committee on Ways ~nd Means. . mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Lamboy; to the Committee on 'the. Judiciary. 2314· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·:..:..: HOUSE"' February 17

ByMr.RYAN: · . ByMr.SCHENCK: · · . · By Mr ~ WIDNALL: · - H.R. 4563. A blll 'for the relief of Abraham ·. H.R. 4565. A blll for the relief of Nora M. , H.R. 4567r A bill for the relief of John Gelb; to the Committee on··the JUdiciary. JJammond; to the Committee on the .Ju­ Korenda; to the Committee on the Judiciary. diciary. By Mr. SAUND;· . By Mr. STRATI'ON: ·By·Mr. WILLIAMS: H.R. 4564. A blll for the relief of Matheos _ H.R. 4566. A. bill for the relief of Vincen­ · H.R. 4568. A ·bill for- the relief o:f M. Sgt. Matheopoulos; to-the Committee on.the Ju-. zlna Ciavattini Restuccia; to the Committee a·n:d Mrs. Jamei H. McintOsh; to the Com­ diciary. on the .Judiciary. - mittee on the Judiciary.

Mil!ard E. Tydings It was courage again that persuaded more appropriate epitaph could be found the Senator to oppose President Roose­ ~or this courageous man than those EXTENSION ·OF REMARKS veWs .Supreme Court plan in 1937. It wor.ds-he lived by: OF was courage that drove him to stand . "I shall vote for those measures I be­ up against hysteria and vilification what­ lieve to .. be right and oppose those I HON. GEORGE H. FALLON ever the -political cost. · If the lives of believe to be wrong, no matter who OF MARYLAND great men are their monuments, Millard advocates or opposes them." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES E. Tydings' monument· will tower over our-· land until the end of time. Friday, February 17, 1961 Mr. FALLON. Mr. Speaker, courage is Lifting Ban on Russian Canned Crab a precious commodity in this world. But , Last Tribute to a Gre~t States~an­ there are some precious . few to whom EXTENSION 0~ REMARKS the Creator of us all has, in His wisdom, Millard E. Tydings OF allotted the courage of 10. Millard E. Tydings was such a man, and the State: HON. RALPH J. RIVERS . of Maryland and the United States of EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF OF ALASKA America are diminished by his passing. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It was courage that drew him as a liON .. SAMUEL N. FRIEDEL Friday, February 17, 1961 young man into local politics and it w_as OF MARYLAND that courage combined ·wit}). out~tanding_ IN _:I'HE HOUS~ OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. RIVERS of Alaska. Mr. Speaker, ability that enabled him to win in the the Russian political offensive to spread face of great obstacles. Another man Friday, February 17, 1961 its . Communist ideology and control might have been content to enjoy in Mr. FRIEDEL. Mr. Speaker, recently throughout the world is being matched peace the fruits of political victory, but one of Maryland's beloved and respected by its economic offen.Sive which is be-· not Millard Tydings. A stronger trum­ sons passed from our midst. Formerly coming of increasing concern to all of pet blew in his ears, sounding the call a Member of this body, he later gained us. From its rapid construction of va.St to arms.and. the defense of _his country, national renown as a U.S. Senator. hydroelectric projects and reportedly ac­ With such a man there could be but I am sure that you all know that I celerated gold mining to increase the one answer to that trumpet call. Even speak of Millard E. Tydings. monetary impact of the ruble, to inten­ before World War I he served in the It" is not necessary for me to recite his sive exploration. and exploitation of the Mexican border campaign. He entered life history, though inspirational in it­ resources of the seven seas, the Russians the Army a private, served in the World self;- and indeed it lends itself to book ar~ forging ahead. War, and 3 years later emerged a lieu­ form. Rather, I would prefer to pay In speaking of the resources of the tenant colonel. He was awarded a tribute to Millard Tydings, the personal­ ocean I refer to- a subject which has Distinguished Service Medal, a Distin­ ity. Men are not often cast in the come uncomfortably close to home. Be­ guished Service Cross, and three cita­ mold from which he was made. His cause the Russians have for 2 years now tions. was an independence and strength of operated a massive trawling fieet in the His foreign wars fought, he returned character which could only evoke ad­ Bering Sea, capturing bottom fish on to political combat. ·He was ·elected to trliration and emulation. a large scale~ which they have a right the Maryland house of delegates, where - Om·ing one of his early campaigns for to. do in the . international waters in­ he served ably as speaker, and ·then to election, Millard Tydings said: "If I am volved, those of us interested in the the State senate. In 1924 he- was sent eleGted, I shall vote for those measures great wealth of the North Pacific fish­ to the House of Representatives. And 2 I 'believe to be right and oppose those- I eries.. have developed a mounting and years later the free State proudly elect­ believe to be wrong, no matter who ad­ frustrating concern. This concern be­ ed him, at the age of 36, to the u:s. vocates or opposes them, and when I can came enhanced when the Russians last Senate. no longer do that I care no longer -to year expanded their activities to the Senators who served with Mr. Tydings 'i·epresent this State in any public body.'! taking of king crab from the Bering have eloquently testified to the magnifi­ Many high-sounding statements and Sea and prooessing the crabmeat on cent work he performed during his 24 promises are made during political cam­ mother ships. Russian ocean explora­ years' service in the Senate. As chair­ paigns, only to be lost sight of in the tion was also expanded. The Russians man of the Senate Armed Services Com­ dazzling brilliance of victory. But Mil~ have now stated that their next move mittee he was acknowledged to be one of lard Tydings never lost sight of that will be exploration of the Gulf of Alaska, this country's experts on military af­ statement. He never forgot it. He the site of halibut banks long fished al­ fairs. He also served on the Foreign Af­ lived by it. , most exclusively by United States and fairs Committee, the Appropriatiolll? · .Even when he stood alone, being at­ Canadian fishermen. Committee, and the Joint Atomic En­ tacked from all sides, condemned and It has been bad enough to watch ergy Committee. In all his duties he vilified, he never flinched, because he -these developments backed by the Rus­ was conscientious, willing, ~ourageous believed that what he was doing was .sian Government as a,gainst the feeble and intelligent, so that his reputation right. And time has proven him so. efforts of privately owned and opel'ated spread throughout the land, and over ·Though you may not have always agreed fishing vessels of the United States, but the seas -as well. On learning of Sena­ with him, you had to respect bini. the worst recent development is the de­ tor Tydings' death, the President of the Millard E. Tydings has carved -for clared intention of the Department of Philippines expressed his country's grati­ himself a respected place in the history the Treasury to lift the ban on Rus­ tude to the man ·who coauthored the :Of our country and he will be long re~" -sian canned crabmeat. This ban was measure providing for Philippine · inde­ membered and sorely missed by lrls fel.­ effectuated 10 .years ago because Rus­ pendence in 1946. - low Marylanders. I believe that no sian-caught crab was· being canned by 1961 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD -HOUSE· 2315 _... -- . "'- - .. . convict labor. . Now that this practice . miles of -land area, embracing 21 coun­ Military Merit Taeguk. President Rhee, has been reportedly discon~imied, .the tries, and comprised of 5 major subor­ in presenting the Korean award, stated: Treasury Department is all set to lift dinate commands where U.S. troop's are General White, with brilliant tactical per­ the ban. Presumably, of course, the stationed in Korea, · Japan, Okinawa, · ception, coordinated the deployment of 8th consideration for such a step was · '.('aiwan, and Hawaii. Army and Republic of Korea Army units in weighed against the impact upon our . General White's Army career began in - a· manner which abruptly halted the on­ slaught of the enemy and subsequently own crabmeat industry which produces 1923 when he was co~issioned a sec­ about 29 percent of crabmeat consumed ond lieutenant of cavalry. In the days forced their disorderly retreat. in the United States. Perhaps also our when cavalry meant· horses, he served After the Korean truce, General White own producers, who are expanding their successively with the 14th, 3d, and 7th returned to command the 4th U.S. Army crabmeat enterprises, can be protected Cavalry Regiments. He became an ex­ at Fort Sam Houston, Tex., and in 1955 by realistic quotas, but on this score I pert rider, played on Army polo teams, again crossed the Pacific, this time as have been given no assurance whatso­ and as recently as 1948 managed the a four-star general, to command Army ever. Even if such assurance were Army's equestrian team that competed Forces Far East and 8th U.S. Army. given, I feel that this latest concession in the world Olympic games in London. When the U.S. military forces in the to Russia is not warranted, if only for While on his first assignment with the Pacific and Far East were reorganized the following reason: The North Pacific 14th Cavalry at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, in 1957, he moved to Fort Shafter to Fisheries Convention between the he first met and in 1928 married Miss begin his present assignment, as first United States, Canada, and Japan will Julia Eleanor Cotton, his constant part­ commander in chief of the greatly ex­ expire in 2 years. Under this conven- · ner these past 31-years. panded U.S. Army Pacific and the first tion the Japanese have limited their Though first making his mark as a four-star general to serve in Hawaii. In high seas salmon fishery to an area of "horse soldier," he really won his spurs the past 3 years he has logged well over the North Pacific west of a provisional in the mechanized cavalry as a tank 1,800 flying hours and covered almost a line set at 175 degrees west longitude. · commander. He was among the van­ half of a million miles in visiting the Through tagging and other research, it guard of farsighted officers who in the various elements of his farflung com- has beeri determined that many salmon early 1930's pioneered the transition from mand. · caught by the Japanese in their pres­ horses to armor. General White holds 12 U.S. and 14 ently prescribed area are spawned in He was assigned to the 2d Armored foreign decorations. His alma mater, Alaskan streams. It has also been es­ Division being organized at Fort Ben­ Norwich University, Northfield, Vt., has tablished that many are spawned in ning, Ga., in 1940, with the rank of awarded him a master of military science Russian streams and that the Japanese major, and remained with that division degree and an honorary doctorate of North Pacific fishery has a considerable throughout World War II, participating laws, and the University of Maryland· impact upon the Russian coastal salmon in eight major campaigns in Africa, recognized his achievements with the fishery as great, if not greater, than Sicily, and Europe. Before the war's degree of doctor of military science~ the impact of such Japanese fishing end, he had served the 2d Armored Di­ He has the unique distinction among upon Alaska's Bristol Bay red salmon vision in every grade froi:n major to general officers in the Army today of runs. It is my considered opinion that major general, and was division com­ having spent almost his entire career as about 2 years hence, when United mander when the "hell on wheels" divi­ a troop .commander-compiling an im­ States negotiators will be working with sion gained the distinction of being the pressive record of tactical command the Japanese toward revision and ex­ first American force to reach and cross from platoon leader to theater Army tension of the North Pacific Fishery the Elbe River in Germany. commander. Convention, they will have to reckon · Between World War II and the Korean General White is the last officer on with the Russians one way or the other conflict, General White had three major active duty of that distinguished group, and that a reappraisal of the whole assignments. He headed the Cavalry including Generals Van Voorhis, Chafee, subject will have to be brought to bear. School (later, the Ground General Patton, and Scott, which played such a Therefore, I strongly oppose the Treas­ School) at Fort Riley, Kans.; command­ key role in developing the fledgling ury Department's proposal to lift the ed the crack U.S. Constabulary in Ger­ armored force into the most powerful ban on Russian-c::mght crabmeat at this. many for 3 years where he developed . it armored formations ever employed in time, which will not only encourage into a hard hitting armored fighting Russian exploitation of the great king combat. force; and returned to become com­ During the past 6 years in the Far crab resource of the Bering Sea off the manding general of the Armored Center coast of Alaska, but weaken the bar­ East and Hawaii, General Whit-e recog-· and commandant of the Armored School nized and became keenly aware of the gaining position of the United States in at Fort Knox, Ky. the approaching clash of interests with increasing interdependence of political, the Russians in regard to the utiliza­ While head of the two service schools, economic, · cultural, and military efforts tion and conservation of the fisheries General White revised the curriculums to the overall objectives of the free dem­ of the North Pacific. in the light of World War II experience ocratic peoples of the world. He consti­ and the advent of nuclear weapons, and tuted his staff so as to be continually was instrumental in effecting the reor­ advised of the trends of the governments ganization of American Armor into its in his field of interest, and throughout Gen. Isaac David White present pentomic concept. In Europe the wo:fld, and evaluated the changing he set up a Nonoommissioned Officers political and economic postures of the Academy for the Constabulary which be­ nations of the Far East and southeast EXTENSION OF REMARKS came· a model for si.inilar schools OF throughout the armed services; spon­ Asia; in the light of their military re~ HON. DANIEL K. INOUYE sored the first of the Army's NCO Ad­ quirements. He was unique in laying visory Councils; and created a tank great stress on the value of mutual un­ OF HAWAII training center at Vilseck, Germany, derstanding and good will within the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES which has become a model for Armor areas wherein his troops were positioned. Friday, February 17, 1961 training around the world. His activities in this respect have been noted in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. bY Mr. INOUYE. Mr. Speaker, America's General White has spent 7 of the past 9 years in the Pacific area. He first went resolutions of the House and Senate o:f top soldier in the Pacific theater, 59..; the State of Hawaii, and by numerous year-old Gen. I. D. White, announced to Korea· in 1952 to command the X on January 29, 1961, that he currently Corps through three mountain cam.: personal commendations. He conceived, planned to retire on April 1, 1961, after paigns, directed the training of four Re-. implemented, and developed brother­ more than 38 years of active military public-of Korea A~my d~visiop.s and the hood programs among the various ethnic servic-e. organization of a ROK corps headquar­ groups in Hawaii with the peoples of the As commander in chief, U.S. Army, ters. For outstanding success in these lands of their ancestors in the Far East. Pacific, General White heads the iargest assignments, General White was awarded His programs, as an East-West concept, geographical U.S. Army command in the· 8.n oak leaf cluster to the Distinguished have done much to create and further world, covering some 12 million square Service Medal ana the Korean Order of the now existing good relationships with CVII--147 2316 CONGRESSl0NAL :RECORD·-· ·HOUSE February 17 the peoples of the countries within the ber 4, 150,., he gives ai\ 11occo:unt ·_ or' the the act to 4.3 million additional workers. USARP AC area. of responsibilities·. . f~ur v9y~e,s he. s~ys .he_· m~Q.e_ ; i# . ~~e I am pleased that in addition to other im­ His wide, personal aequaintanceship first, that . of 149.7, he says, that . a{ter portant changes, the bfll . would provide a three-step increase ~n existing wage ·orders with heads of state, as well as the mili­ running to the Canaries, the expedition in Puerto ·Rico and the Virgin Islands. tary leaders of the Far East and south­ made land 1,000' leagues to· the south­ I wish to express my hearty support of this east Asia, and his untiring efforts m the westward from those islands and then bill, to which President Kennedy has re­ all encompassing fields of political, eco­ proceeded to coast for 870 leagues along quested Congress to· give prompt considera­ nomic, cultural, and ll.lilitary endeavors a shore so extensive that it was thought tion. On January 3, 1961, I reintroduced mark him as an outstanding soldier­ to' be a continent; passed 37' days in a my bill to increase the minimum hourly diplomat in the truest ·sense of the word. fine harbor and then returned to Spain. wage to $1.25, for. the 'millions of underpaid The people of Hawaii are saddened It has been surmised that Vespucci pos­ workers in our country have needed . this sibly might have sailed from Cape Hon­ assistance for a long time. over the retirement of this outstanding Lengthy hearings anci debate on amend­ soldier-diplomat. However; we are joy­ duras to a point not far from Cape ments to the Fair Labor Standards Act dur­ ous over his decision to reside in Hono- · Canaveral, Fla. If this is so, then he ing the 86th Congress proved the merits of lulu, Hawaii. We extend to him our did indeed touch the continent which, the legislation now before you · and pointed fondest aloha. however, like Columbus a year later, he up the hardships of underpaid workers and thought to be that of Asia. those not now receiving protection under From this letter, supposedly to the the l~w . who can· barely exist. on their low Florentine magistrate, of which four earnings arid whose living conditions are printed copies exist, without place or woefully substandard. We know that wage Amerigo Vespucci increases have not been commensurate with date, but probably written before 1507, skyrocketing living costs-the Consumer EXTENSION OF REMARKS a French version was made, and from Price Index has reached an alltime high. OF this one in Latin, printed in Lorraine I am pleased, Mr. Chairman, that you have in April 1507, which was immediately ·indicated that extensive hearings on this HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND made use of by Martin Waldseemtiller, subject will not be necessary now.- OF MASSACHUSETTS professor of cosmography in St. Die Uni­ The bill under consideration is moderate versity. Because in some of the earlier and the propos~d benefits are the very least IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES reprints of Vespucci's letters the title, we should provide at this time. Fr#day, February 17, 1961 or introduction, bore the words "Mundus I urge your committee to take favorable action without delay, and I trust that the Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, I think Novus"-New World, Waldseemilller Congress will pass this important bill at its it safe to assume that when the name made the first suggestion in a printed earliest opportunity. of Christopher Columbus is mentioned book that the newly discovered fourth most of us have a fairly clear idea of part of the world "should be called the identity of the ·individual referred America, because Americus discovered to. But I am bold enough to hazard it." Alaska and New Federal Judgeships the guess ·that when we refer to the But this is by no means certain; ofticial name of our country, the United in fact, since Alexander von Humboldt, founder of the science of physical geog­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS States of America, some of us might be OF a little vague concerning the derivation raphy (for whom the Humboldt Current of the last word, as applied to the two is named) published his great work in HON. RALPH J. RIVERS western continents. At any rate, I feel 1837, scientific and scholarly opinion has generally inclined to the belief, accord­ OF ALASKA it will do no harm to refresh ·our memo­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ries as to why we are called the United ing to Sir Charles Raymond Beazley, States of America and hence are Ameri­ contributor to the article on Vespucci Friday, February 17, 1961 cans and not Columbians. in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, that the Mr. RIVERS of Alaska. Mr. Speaker, Amerigo Vespucci was born, probably Florentine had no part at all in the dis­ under leave to extend my remarks in the on March 9, 1451, or 1452, the son of covery of the continents and the isthmus RECORD, I include the following state­ a Florentine notary. A clerk in the which now bear his name. ment, which I submitted last week- to commercial oftice of the Medici, the Be that as it may, our Republic re­ Subcommittee No. 5 of the Commit-tee great banking family of Florence, Ves­ mains the United States of America­ on the Judiciary of the House of Rep­ pucci seems generally to have resided and may the name long figure on the resentatives in :mpport of ·H.R. 2226, the in Spain, especially in Cadiz and seville, maps and in the histories of this, our· so-called omnibus judgeship bill, .to pro­ no doubt as an agent of the Medici. It world. vide for the appointment of 63 additional is recorded that he acquired "an excel­ district court judges. This statement lent practical knowledge of astronomy" highlighted the need for an additional and was the greatest expert of his day We Must Take Prompt Action on the district court judge for the U.S. District in the calculation of latitude and longi­ President's Minimum Wage Increase Court for the District ·of Alaska. The tude, and made an avocation of geog­ Proposals statement follows: raphy and the collection of globes, charts, STATEMENT OF HON. RALPH J. RIVERS, OF and maps. As contractor to the Span­ ALASKA, ON MARCH 1, 1961, BEFORE SUBCOM­ ish crown for the fitting out of vessels, EXTENSION OF REMARKS MITrEE No. 5 OF THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON it is probable that Vespucci participated OF THE JUDICIARY ON H.R. 2226 in the organization of Columbus' second Mr. Chairman, I appreciate the opportu­ voyage in 1493. HON. JACOB H. GILBERT nity of being heard on the matter of H.R. Our knowledge of Vespucci's voyages OF NEW YORK 2226, the so-called omnibus judgeship bill, to IN THE HOUSE OF R~RESENTAT.IVES provide for the appointment of 9 additional are based on his own letters, which are circuit court judges and 63 additional dis­ sketchy and generally believed to be un­ Friday, February 17, 1961 reliable, as they are in part contradic­ trict court judges. I speak in support of this Mr. GILBERT. Mr. Speaker, the fol­ measure, but shall confine my comments ·to tory. All the originals have been lost. lowing is a. copy of my statement to the the need for an additional district court Despite his reputation as the greatest judge for Alaska, as is provided for in this expert of his day in the calculation of House Committee on Education and bill. . latitude and longitude, his accounts of Labor on the important subject of mini­ The U.S. District Court for the District of all of his four voyages to the New World, mum wage increase: Alaska came into existence on February 20, beginning with the first one in 1497, are Mr. Chairman and members of the Com­ 1960; pursuant to Alaska's becoming a State. hopelessly confused and there is no tell­ mittee on 'Education and Labor, your com­ Prior to that time, the District Court for mittee has before it for consideration today the Territory of Alaska, which was composed ing just what landfalls he made. His H.R. 3935, which embodies the administra­ of four divisions, served as the only judicial letters, it should be added, are cursory tion's wage-hour proposals. The amend­ establishment -in Alaska. According to a and informal and not in the nature of ments to the Fair Labor Standards Act would report prepared by the Division of Procedural ofticial reports. In a letter written lift the minimum wage to $1.25 hourly in Studies and Statistics of the Administrative probabiy to one Pietro Soderini, chief three annual installments. Another chief Office of the U.S. Courts, '8,048 civil cases were magistrate of Florence,· dated· Septem- purpose would be to extend the coverage of pending on the· date ·that the district court 1·961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ;HOUSE 2317 for the territory ceased to exist. As might by bad weather, resulting in delays in court Fourth. I am disturbed at recent be expected, a large percentage of thes~ ·cases s_chedules, and increased travel expenses. It statements minimizing the achievements were of a local. nature and as a result were. should also be ·mentioned that Alaska is of the Committee on l}n-American Ac· transferred to the new State courts. The growing rapidly so that the volume of busi­ remainder, totaling 214 civil cases, were­ ness will increase apace. tivities. I oppose the move to reduce its transferred to the newly created U.S. district Inasmuch as the U.S. District Court for effectiveness by curtailing its funds. court. Between February 20, 1960, and De· the District o:( Alask.a is not as yet a year Furthermore, I feel it proper, since the cember 31, 1960, a total of 101 cases were old, no record of cases filed or terminated, recent vote to continue the committee commenced and a total of 111 cases were or of the time required to dispose. of cases was unanimous, without one single dis­ terminated by the court. Therefore, at the covering a full year has been compiled. How­ senting vote, for the House to recognize start of 1961, a total of 204 civil cases were ever, .attached to this prepared statement is its moral obligation to provide necessary still pending before the court. To be sure, a copy of the statistical study and general funds for its work. · this figure is below the national average of information summary prepared by Judge backlogged cases pending before other U.S. Hodge covering the first three quarters of Fifth. I have had occasions to call on district courts, and might not be considered operation of the U.S. District Court for the this committee for printed material and impressive except for the unusual conditions District of Alaska. These statistics demon­ information to meet the requests of my prevailing in Alaska. strate the need for an additional district constituents. ·· The chairman of the com· To vividly illustrate these unusual condi­ judge. mittee and staff have been extremely tions I would like to quote several paragraphs In closing, Mr. Chairman; I would like to emphasize that the existence of the need helpful. -- · from the statement of the Honorable Walter Sixth. From firsthand knowledge I H. Hodge, U.S. district judge for the District for additional judgeships throughout the of Alaska, before the Committee on Court United States iu the Federal courts, both know the workload of the committee is Administration of the Judicial Conference district and appellate, has been amply proven heavy. I understand there was a 27-per­ of the United States, at Seattle, Wash., and documented both in the records of pre­ cent increase in inquiries in 1960 over August 16, 1960. At that time, J:udge Hodge vious congres~ional hearings and in. the press the previous years. I noticed in the stated: of the Nat1on. We all know that the exist­ ence of court congestion and consequent·de­ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD about a month "First there was the problem of the very lay in the disposition of cases causes serious ago, in a Senate report on Senate Reso­ considerable backlog which faced the former hardship to the litigants. It also places lution 49, that the Senate committee to U.S. district court at ·the time of the transi­ heavy burdens on the judges so serious in service the needs of 100 Members of the tion. At this time there was pending in the . nature as to impede the efficient performance third division at Anchorage some 2,200 cases other body as reflected by the Senate res­ of judicial functions. This is so in Alaska olution for funds was $300,000. If the and in the fourth division at Fairbanks some and in every other Federal district. There­ 900 cases. The criminal cases had been kept 437 Members of the House call· on our fore, I respectfully urge that the committee ' I fairly current but the civil cases were far report H.R. 2226. · committee to the extent do, I do not behind, having been pending between the Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of quite see how $331,000 which I under- · date of issue and possible-date of trial for as this committee. stand the House committee has asked long as 5 years and a great majority of them would be adequate. over 3 years. In urging adequate funds, I want to "Facing this problem we attempted first say that I think the constituents whom to hold pretrial conferences in all civil cases Statement Supporting Adequate · Funds throughout the circuit so !ar as we could I have the honor to represent are not reach them, covering the cases pending at for House Committee on Un-American for unnecessary expenditures.· They are Anchorage up through 1957 and those at .strongly against waste and unneeded Fairbanks through 1958. We were amazed Activities expenditure of their tax money. - In 1959, to find that out of 54 such conferences held I received 33,000 signatures on a petition only 2 case,s were immediately disposed _ EXTENSION OF REMARKS to reduce Government expenses, and of, one by confession of judgment and the OF thousands of letters, too. Nevertheless other by order -of the court, which of course is far below the national average. the people of the First Congressional HON. THOMAS M. PELLY District of washington State are strongly . "Travel involved is the next most serious OF WASHINGTON problem. Alaska is by far the largest district against curtailment of the Committee on in the Union, being approximately 2¥2 times IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATI.VES Un-American Activities. the size of the State of Texas. The distance Friday, February 17, 1961 I sent out 30,000 questionnaires last between Ketchikan, farthest point southeaSt April. In it I asked the question: "Do . where the judge is required to hold court, Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, this is the you believe the House of Representatives and Nome, the farthest point northwest, is ftt·st time I have ever requested an op­ slightly over 1,300 air miles. More appro­ portunity to appear in person before the should continue the On-American Activ­ priately, the distance from our headquarters · Committee' on House Administration in ities Committee?" A tabulation of re­ at Anchorage to the four places where we are support of a committee obtaining funds plies showed 3,652 or 83.4 percent in favor required to hold court, as given ·by the air­ necessary to carry out its jurisdictional of continuation; and only 728 or 16.6 l!nes, is as follows: Ketchlkan, 768 miles; percent against continuation. Juneau, 578 miles; Fairbanks, 263 miles; responsibilities. · Also it may -be somewhat unusual for However, Mr-. Speaker, something has and Nome, 535 miles. occurred which has kindled anew public "The cost of travel is also significant, someone like myself to actively support where we find that our cost as extending a committee's request for adequate funds interest in seeing the committee continue through September 30, 1960, is $10,839. when, as in this instance, the person is its function. I have been deluged with These costs would not be eliminated by the not a member of that committee. hundreds and hundreds of individually addition of a second judge but would be There are several reasons why I sup­ written letters and postal cards support· substantially reduced. In this connection port investigations and so forth of un­ ing the committee. we find it necessary to take with us our clerk This surge of mail followed FBI Direc­ or deputy clerk as an in-court deputy for American propaganda activities and the the reason that at the four places other than obtaining of information about sub­ tor J. Edgar Hoover's recent warning re­ Anchorage we have the assistance of the versive propaganda attacking our con­ garding a drive to form a new Socialist­ State superior court clerks who also serve as stitutional form of government. oriented youth group. Mr. Hoover called deputy clerks of our court without compen• First. Let me eJ:eplain that I ~tro~ly it a "sinister and determined movement sation, and we find that we cannot justly support the purposes for which the Com· to communize the coliege campuses of the require them to appear in court. We also mittee on Un-American Activities was United States." He added, "While pa­ need the services of a reporter, my secretary, established in 1945. rading as a movement to popularize pro­ and a law clerk, whose services I find in­ gressive ideas among youth, it is in back valuable in doing research work. Second. I believe the record of the ac­ a coldly calculated Communist maneuver "It is my firm belief that the task ca:nnot complishments of this committee is such be adequately accomplished by one judge. I as to fully justify its continuance. to envelop thousands of unsuspecting am not thinking so much of the burden upon Third. I am convinced that it is im­ young Americans into the subversive the judge as the burden upon litigants who portant at this time, as I shall explain fold." . have been so long awaiting disposition of hereinafter, for the American people and In c.onnection with ·;;he ·drive to estab· their cases." lish Marxist youth groups on American By now, I have the latest figure shOWing especially its youth to learn the goals, that by December 31, 1960, the tOtal cost methods and treachery of imperialistic campuses, I refer to an article by Edward for travel, including subsistence" expenseS, communism and tp .. dedicate their op­ J. Mowery which appeared in the Newark has risen to $18,859.13. Furthermore, the position to the spread of Communist Star-Ledger on January 29, 1961. It travel by air has frequently been delayed ideology. was entitled "Reds Setting Up Cells on 2318 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- . HOUSE February. 17 College Campuses" and described dem­ HITS HOUSE COMMI'I"I'EE delivered by HoN. JESSICA McC. WEis, onstrations. in various colleges including The new group would exploit the evalua­ Republican, of- New "York, on February a youth rally in my congressional district. t ion of scientific socialism, which, o! course, 2, 1961, before the District of Columbia is communism. · · · Republi~an Central Committee: I quote . now from this newspaper Another speaker launched a bitter attack article: on the House Un-American Activities Com­ THE FuTURE OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Emboldened by student demonstrations mittee and the FBI. Pearl Hart, president-of As a member of the House District Com­ here and abroad, the drive to enlist unwary the Chicago chapter of the N~tional La-yvyers' mittee in Congress, I am very properly con­ students has. two immediate alms . . Guild. • received a standing ovation after her cerned about the future of 'the Nation's To establish a Communist Pa rty youth t alk. Capit al. Too ~ew of our citizens· across this front in lieu of the ill-fated Labor Youth · (The National Lawyers' Guild has been great country ,really appreciate the dimcul­ League· and American Youth for oemocracy. cited as a Communist front, "the foremost ties we Members of Congress have in dealj.ng To have on instant call an organized stu­ legal bulwark of the Communist Party.") with the affairs o{ what has now become the dent group for tactics of incit ation, disrup­ Conference leaders beat down a delegate's capital of the free world. How' many people tion, and agitation. , suggestion that the new youth group should know that t h e District of Columbi~ was es­ "This is not a casual Red-sponsored youth employ the word "socialism." They· de- · tablished solely for the purpose of becoming maneuver," one omcial.declared .. "The move­ ·scribed as more acceptable ~ . " broad leftwing the: permanent seat -of Government of the­ ment is gaining momentum from Portland,. student, t eenage and working youth organi- United States? (So declared in the act of Oreg., · to Madison, Wi~ .• ·and it's deadly. zation." · .. - J u ly 16, 1790.) Haw· many ·Americans ..un- ··-­ . These people are seeking recruits even among det:stand why the Federal Constitution pro­ theological students." . On February 17, 1961, I inserted in the vides that the Congress shall have power to Th~ campaign wi~h l~ttle fanfa.re_ last CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ari article which,. exercise exclusive legislation in all cases March 7 when Mortimer Daniel Rubin toured ·as·I said, pointed up the need to inform whatsoever over the District .' of Columbia? college campuses in the South. fully our university students about com­ While ~he Continental Congres~ was meeting He appeared before southern student munism and Communist·tactics. it'was hi PhiladelphH\ on· Ju-ne 20, · 1783, veterans groups as a youth leader. (He is national by L. Jack Allen, Nebraska, chairman, of the Revolutionary War arrived to obtain youth director of the Communist Party.) Young Americans for Freedom, and dis­ a settlement of accounts. The harrassment And he solicited the support of white stu­ by the soldiers continued for several days dents for sit-in demonstrations: cussed the ·danger of communism with until Congress, abandoning hope that State On March 28 at. the University of Wiscon­ special references to Nebraska Univer­ authorities · would disperse the soldiers, re­ sin, Rubin ·relinquished the main speaking sity. moved itself from Philadelphia. It met role at a youth forum in favor of Herbert Anyone who reads these and other thereafter in Princeton and Trenton, N.J., Aptheker, known to his youthful audience as articles will only ask one question. That Annapolis, Md., and New York City: The editor of Political Affairs. question is: "Why is CoJ:?.gress not doing Coi1t1nental Congress did not lightly dismiss {Political Affairs is the notorious "theoreti­ · more?" · · this Philadelphia incident, and later that cal" magazine of the Communist Party.) year adopted a resolution providing for · Rubin's barnstorming grand tour included The Washington Post and some other buildings and land to be under the exclusive appearances at William · and Mary College, newspapers say the student riots at the jurisdiction of the United States. When our Williamsburg, Va.; University of North Caro­ San Francisco committee hearings last present Constitution was being debated in lina, Chapel Hill,; Duke University, Durh~m. May were not Communist inspired. the Constitutional Convention of 1787, it was N.C.; and Union Theological Seminary, at­ As long as such publications close urged that provision be made for a per­ tached to the University of Virginia:. their eyes to what is going on the public manent seat of Government under exclusive ' With the groundwork well laid in parts of interest requires that Congress investi­ Federal control, away from any State capital the South and Midwest, the Communist so as to avoid similar incidents, and because gate and inform the America~ people functionary swung. to the west coast. . On the intermixture of the State and Federal October 28 he met with an assembly of stu­ about communism and Communist tac­ Legislatures would tend to give a provincial dents ·at Reed College, Portland, Oreg., and tics. University students and the public tincture to the national deliberations. And on November 1 at the Uniyersity of Wash­ must obtain the facts. t hat is. how the District of Columbia achieved ington, Seattle, the youth leader unveiled a Mr. Walter and the other members of its unique status in our Federal Constitu­ new come-on. the Committee on Un-American Activ­ tion. SUPERB SALESMAN ities have given patriotic and dedicated As you know, the original District of Co­ service. I cannot praise them too lumbia passed under Federal control in 1800, He distributed copies of New Horizons for consisting of an area ·10 miles square, the Youth, a monthly Marxist publication edited highly. Public apathy, not opposition portion north of the Potomac River having by Mortimer Daniel Rubin. to the Un-American Activities Commit­ been ceded by Maryland, and that south- of . On the following day the editor addressed tee is the only weapon the Communists the Potomac River having been ceded by a youth rally at Seattle's Wilsonian Hotel. can use which could be fatal. Virginia. In 1846 Congress retroceded to Throughout his tour of campuses, Rubin Virginia that portion of the District of Co­ urged students to participate in the na­ Would that the committee had avail­ tional organizing conference of progressive able twice as much money and a much lumbia in that State, during the administra­ larger staff. I would favor increased tion of President Polk. The present District youth to be held in Chicago starting De­ contains approximately 68 square miles (43,- cember80. funds also to print more reports as to 677 acres) , of which 4,404 acres are water and Rubin proved to be a superb salesman. No the menace of communism. 89,283 are land. Streets and alleys, etc., less than 86 delegates appeared at the 3-day The answer to Communist propaganda comprise 8, 711 acres. The land area exclu­ meeting held in Chicago's Albany Park CUl­ and tactics in our country is an informed sive of streets (30,562 acres) is divided as tural Center. public and laws to punish traitors within follows: Taxable, 14,380 acres, or 47.1 per­ AVERAGE AGE 22 the framework of the Constitution. cent; United Statefl and District Govern­ Their average age was 22 and they reg­ In conclusion, I repeat, Mr. Speaker, ments, 14,256 acres, or 46.6 percent; other istered from these States: California, 3; exempt (privately owned or foreign govern­ Washington, 4; Pennsylvania, 21; Ohio, 5; I strongly urge an adequate appropria­ ment), 1,926 acres, or 6.3 percent. New York, 19; Minnesota, 2; Illinois, 29, and tion for the expenses of the House Com­ Up until the Civil War the population of 1 each from Oregon, Michigan, and Iowa. mittee on Un-American Activities. the Nation's Capital was so small it didn't Rubin and two other group leaders con­ seem to make any difference what kind of ducted a preconference press interview · to community it was. There were few munici­ deny all Communist Party connections with pal improvements and the seat of Govern­ the meeting. At his side were Alva Buxem­ The Future of the District of Columbia ment had the appearance of a frontier town baum, 24, teacher in a Philadelphia suburb, and was an international joke. and Milton Anthopoulos, who identified him­ The population growth during and after self as being from the College of the City of EXTENSION OF. REMARKS the Civil War made Congress conscious that New York. OF the District of Columbia no longer was a While conference sessions were barred to village, and in 1871 the independent munici­ the press, here's what transpired: HON. CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR. pal corporations of Georgetown and Wash­ Miss Buxenbaum lauded the technical ad­ OF MARYLAND ington City were abolished and a territorial vances and increasing strength of the government for the District was established. U.S.S.R. and her satellites, and said this con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stitutes a challenge to the United States. Friday, February 17_. 1961 A successful effort was made literally to lift With youth demanding a brighter future, Washington out of the mud. Since that there is need for a new youth organization Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Spea·ker, under time, our Nation's Capital has developed, to uproot racial inequality, to fight for better leave to extend 'my· remarks in the CoN­ not only as the seat ·of Government, but as schools and erase witch h:unttng. GRESSIONAL RECORD,~ include the speech a ceriter ·of culture with a great symphony 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - · ·HOUSE 2319 orchestra and other performing· arts and of the city !30 that it continues to be an When FLORENCE DWYER invited me to be several universities of internat ional renown. attractive and desirable .place to live for all with you tonight, it. was an il:ivitatlon that I It has become a symbol of hope and inspira­ Americans, regardless of rac·e or creed. Fur­ accepted without hesitation, for my admira­ tion to all who love freedom around the thermore, with regard to the population tion and respect for FLORENCE as a legislator world. trends I mentioned earlier, tlfe changing ra­ and a public officer is limitless. Her district However, it would be less than candid for cial character of the District · population, has been receiving and will continue to re­ a Member of Congress charged with respon­ with all of its resultant eco'nomic and social cei\~ e intelligent , and brave 1; epresenta~ion. sibility as a member of the House District challenges, must be squarely faced. And ef­ And of course CLIFFORD CASE is a Republican Committee, to fail to recognize that behind forts must be inade to encourage the edu­ whom I regard as being among the first in the facade of beautiful tree-shaded boule­ cated, productive, working-~ge population to the Grand Old Party. He leads in our party vards, majestic Government buildings, beau­ remain in the District. There has been too and suggests new and constructive directions tiful residences, and ·spacious park areas long a delay and indifference with respect for,its growth and welfare. I only wish 'that filled with monuments of our Nation's heroes, to these matters, and Congress should dis- ol,lr p~trty more often had, the wisdom to there is another Washington whose future is 9harge its. con.stitution~l responsi~ility · to learn and apply the lessons that he teaches. uncertain. the Nation before it is too late. Certainly New Jersey has distinguished ·This situation is not unique, for · Wash­ •The future ef· the District of Columbia· itself· in the-quality and effecttveness:of·the ington is plagued by the same problems that ought to hold in prospect what a joint com- leadership that· it has contributed in the are afflicting most of our large . cities.· . My . mittee of Congress in 1915 once terme~ "the last .8 . Yea·~·s both to. .the Eise1;1,hower admin,is­ own home, the city of Rochester, has been splendiJi .and beautiful central residence of tration and to the Congress. Former Secre­ wrestling with these serious developments this great Nation, to become and be forever tary of Labor James Mitchell is one of your for some time. There· is the alarming flight maintained as a ·model for all the cities of native sons with whom I had the pleasure of to the suburbs of taxpaying families, caus­ the world." This vision cannot be fulfilled sharing executive branch responsibilities for ing a population drop from 803,000 in 1950 unless the present trends are brought to a a period-! in a very small way in the De­ to 764,000 in 1960. There is an alarming sharp and ·permanent halt and charted in a partment <;>f Justice, he in a very large way budget increase from about $140 million to ·new and more favorable course. in the Cabinet. And Douglas Dillon is a $286 million 1n the same period. Taxes on man who commands the respect and admira­ the local residents have been multiplied and tion of the country, and of two administra­ multiplied again, until they are higher than tio-:ls in office. t he taxes of all but a handful of comparable Responsibility in Opposition I want to talk tonight about some of the cities in the United States. Crimes of vio­ men who have made the Republican Party a lence and juvenile delinquency have in­ great party, and who have given it inspira­ creased from 25 percent to 30 percent since EXTENSION OF REMARKS tion and guidance, and chiefly about men 1958 alone, despite one of the most compre­ OJ' who nobly and effectively filled the role of hensive law-enforcement programs in the the opposition. The men that I will talk United States. There is a consistent in­ HON. FLORENCE P. DWYER about tonight represent a pattern of fidelity crease in the welfare and health demands OF NEW JERSEY to our historic institut~ons, coupled with upon the District Government, with the insight and sensitivity to the problems of the number of persons receiving public assist­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES future, that wove the strongest and most ance increasing at the rate of about 20 per­ Friday, Februa1·y 17, 1961 durable strands in the evolution of the Re­ cent per year. The traffic problem-so vividly publican Party. The Republican tradition illustrated by the infamous storm of 2 weeks Mrs. DWYER. ' Mr. Speaker, when it that I invoke is that .which links the past to ago--and the problem of urban renewal seem was announced that our colleague from the future with indissoluble bonds without to become more aggravated each month; and New York, Representative JoHN v: LIND­ ever forgetting the requirements of either. there is a serious question whether the Dis­ SAY, was to be the principal speaker at We might C1\.ll this the tradition of realism trict of Columbia is ·not losing ·the battle the Lincoln Day dinner of the Republi­ with vision. against the forces of decay. I hasten. to add at this pqirut that I , always ·In addition to all these problems, there ai:e can County Committee of Union County, hesitate to get into definitions about Repub.­ two major shifts in population underway. N.J., the affair quickly became a sellout. licans. I am reminded of the story about The first is in the age grouping of the popu­ The presence of some 500 Republican the famous geneticist who was asked for a lation. There are relatively more persons in men and women in Watchung, N.J., on definition of heredity. He thoughit for a the District of Columbia in the very young February 13, was testimony of the high moment and said, "Well, if your parents and the very old groups, and comparatively regard in which our vigorous and able didn't have any children, the probability is fewer persons in the 18- to 44-year age group. young colleague is held by those who that you won't, either." Nevertheless, hap­ Thus, there is a decrease among the taxpay­ pily risking the grunting reproof of those ing age group, but an increase in those groups have watched his brief but impressive who say they can't abide hyphenated Repub­ that are heavy users of tax dollars through career in the Congress. licans, let me say that men and women like schools, health, welfare, and related services. JOHN LINDSAY's remarks on this occa­ CLIFFORD CAsE and FLoRENCE DwYER can be The second. major population shift is ra­ sion were, I am delighted to report, equal classified as prudent progressives, ·or, if you cial. Each year the Board of Commissioners to his reputation. In a most interesting will, as enlightened conservatives, and that of the District of Columbia reports a change and original way, he developed the most in them lies the strength of our party. They in the percentage ratio· of white to non­ important theme concerning the Repub­ stand in the tradition of some of the great white residents, with the white population lican Party today, "Effectiveness in Pow­ men of the Republican Party whose credo can having decreased now to about 45 percent. be summed up as follows: wisdom and effec­ Moreover, the whites increasingly represent er; Responsibility in Opposition." He tiveness in power; responsibi11ty in opposi­ primarily the older population segment, and did this through a series of incisive word tion. Men cast in this mold, whether in the nonwhite the younger. The implica­ pictures of some of the men who have power or in opposition, have always been tions of these trends are clear. The Nation's · helped most to shape the Republican tra­ distinguished by fidelity to our heritage, a Capital wm require more schools and wel­ dition and who themselves, under diffi­ vibrant awareness of public needs and public fare services, while at the same time the cult circumstances, demonstrated the interests, and a strong sense of the move­ decline tn the 18- to 44-year-old wage-earn­ degree to which the national interest ment of history. Such men, when entrust­ ing, taxpaying group means less and l~ss ed with office, have exercised power with revenue potential. Revenue needs are in­ relies on a responsible and consti·uctive wisdom and etrec.tivene&s, while in opposition creasing ·while the tax base grows smaller. opposition. they have fulfilled their twofold obligation All responsible citizens, regardless of race or Under leave to extend my remarks in of constructive criticism and responsibility creed, must feel a grave concern about the the RECORD, I include Mr. LINDSAY'S to the Nation. future of the District of Columbia in the Union County speech, and I urge our History has a way of putting things in light of these facts. colleagues to give it the attention it de­ perspective. Thus when we meet to do hon­ Members of Congress charged by the serves. The speech follows: or to the memory of the first and the great­ Federal Constitution with exclusive legis­ est Republican of them all, we do so in the lative responsibility for the Nation's Capital, A REPUBLICAN TRlADITION: EFFECTIVENESS IN assurance that our tributes are sta.mped with must take more resolute steps to protect POWER; RESPONSmn.ITY IN 0PPOSITI~N unchallengeable validity by the stern judg­ the interest of all of the people in their Mr. Chairman, my colleagues, Senator CASE ments of history. On February 12, 1923, a Nation's Capital City. We must not impose and Congressman FLORENCE DWYER, and Congressman from Kansas, Homer Koch, ad­ property, income and other taxes on local your honored guest, former Secretary of dressed the House of Representatives with . residents above the level of Maryland and Labor Mitchell, it is flattering and reassur­ these words on Lincoln: Virginia, or we simply aggravate the flight ing to have been asked to be with you here "There is no new thing to be s·aid about of taxpayers to the suburbs. Sufficient Fed­ tonight-because New Yorkers are not neces­ Lincoln. There is no.new thing to be sa.i~ eral funds should be appropriated each year sarily prophets with honor outside of their of the mountains, or of the sea, OJ; of the to carry forward public works, school con­ h~mes; or always even welcomed in tP,e great stars. The years go their way, but the same struction, urban renewal, and maintenance stretches west of the Empire State. old mountains lift their granite shoulders 2320 CONGRESSI0NJU.: .RECORD...._ HOUSE February 17 above the drifting clouds;.. the. same myste­ ,Taft was never quite partisan. enough to was in Stimson's view a plain abdication of rious sea beats upon the shore; the same st.,. please his Republican .colleagues. Speaker responsibility and an open · confession that lent stars keep holy vigil above a tired world. of.. the Bouse Joe Cannon said of him, democracy and effective government could But to the mountains and sea and stars men "The trouble with Taft is that if he were not be combined. turn forever in unwearied homage. And Pope he· woulq finq-it 1;1ecessary to appoint When the Japanese made the first major thus with Lincoln. For he was a mountain a few Protestan1; cardinals.'' Taft himself assault on the peace system of 1919 by their in grandeur of soul, he was a sea in deep un­ said: aggression in Manchuria in 1931, the League dervoice of mystic loneliness, he was a star "Political considerations have never of Nations looked for the United States to in steadfast purity of purpose and service. Yre.ighed heavily with me. I have tried to take the lead in an area of traditional Amer­ And he abides." do in each case what seemed to me the ican responsib111ty. In the face of an over­ Encomiums such as this, let us remember, wisest thing, regardless of its effect upon my whelmingly isolationist public opinion, the were not tributes that Lincoln heard in his own future. Indeed, in more than one case Secretary of State enunciated the "Stim­ lifetime. Lincoln had to run uphill-he was I have been perfectly conscious bad blood son Doctrine": the United States would not forever standing up against a barrage of would be stirred by some act of mine or recognize the fruits of aggression. A moral kicks, not a few of them delivered by mem­ some refusal to act.. The circumstance that embargo was imposed against Japan by the bers of his own party. You will recall that the same persons who hail me. after one United States, and the League adopted the when he came up for a second term in office application of equal justice, as a far-seeing, same posture. The Stimson doctrine, of after 3 years of the "grinding drr..ma of conservative patriot, denounce me after the course, did not thwart the Japanese aggres­ drums, blood, and agony ;• to borrow from next as an unreasoning radical. does not sion, but it expressed the conscience of the Sandburg, there was hardly a Member of greatly disturb my equanimtty. I set that United States at a time when that conscience Congress who dared speak out to adVt)Cate a down as all in a day•s work." seemed to be frozen solid under the glacier second term for the President. Sandburg I am sure that this comment or Taft•s will of isolationism. Stimson went as far as points out that in early 1864 only one Con­ strike a sympathetic chord with many of he could go--that he could go only a pitifully gressman in the House of Representatives you who are here tonight. Every man and short distance was a factor of his times and was definitely committed. He was Isaac woman in elective office has felt the shifting . not of his desires and convictions. In the Arnold of nunois--49 years old, once a coun­ barbs of public reproach from those who days of deep isolati.onism, Stimson, virtually try schoolteacher in my own State C'f New think of liberal versus conservative attitudes alone, exemplified realism with vision. York. "The opposition to Mr. Lincoln,'' as so many pigeonholes, each carefully Stimson fought hard for President Hoover's wrote Indiana Republican Congrel)sman labeled-black or white, God or Devil. reelection in 1932. He believed in Hoover and George W. Julian, "was secretly cherished by There is a wonderful passage from Stephen he disapproved of Franklin Roosevelt's poli­ many of the ablest and. most patriotic men Vincent Benet's "John -Brown's Body" in cies as they were set forth in the campaign. of the day. • • • .Of the more earne~:.t and which Lincoln soliloquizes: Stimson accepted the defeat gracefully and thoroughgoing Republicans in both Rouses "Bull Run-the 7 days-Bull Run again­ eased the transition for his successor. He of Congress probably not 1 in 10 really fa­ and 18 months of war-and still no end to then withdrew to retirement. vored lt (his renomination)." A committee it." On June 19, 1940, Stilll!on, at work in his of prominent Senators and Representatives "WHAT IS GOD'S WILL? New York law office, received a telephone call issued a confidential circular bitterly attack­ "They come to me and talk about God's will . -from-the White House. · The President whom ing Lincoln and urg1ng the nomination of In righteous deputations and platoons,­ he had opposed now called on him to lierve Chase. Naturally the press printed the Day after day, laymen and ministers. as Secretary of War. Roosevelt confessed secret document in full. "Go on, gentlemen. They write me prayers from 20 million souls -that the war emergency in Washington was Wash your dirty linen in public," jibed the Defining me God's will and Horace ~reeley's. running at loose ends and that StilllEon's Democratic New York .world. God's will is General this and Senator that, ·Steady hand was needed. Stimson laid down Lincoln was renominated and went on to God's willis those poor colored fellows' wm, conditions, which were accepted, and w-ith tight a fierce and blistering campaign. On It is the will of the Chicago churches, another distinguished Republican, Frank election night the reelected President spoke It is this man's and his worst enemy's. ,Knox, accepted the ca;U to serve tn what was from the White House by torchlight: "It has But all of them are sure they know God's soon to become Roosevelt's national war long been a grave question," Lincoln said, will. Cabinet. Stimson was widely attacked by "whether any government, not too strong 1 am the only man wno does not know it." Republicans for his decision to accept a ma­ for the liberties of its people, can be strong jor post in the Democratic adminlstratton. enough to maintain its own existence, in Responsibility in oppostion was the credo The Republican Convention was coming up great emergencies." . A11d he went on_: "So of a latter day Taft, whose work is more familiar to you. Robert A. Taft was in the and it was generally .considered that the long as I have been here I have not willingly Pr~sident had stolen· a polltical mareh and planted a thorn in any man's bosom." As mainstream of the great Republican tradi­ tion I have been discussing. that Mr. Stimson had made it possible for Sandburg has pointed out In his book, the him to do so. Interestingly enough, th,e par­ outlook· that Lincoln W(l.S here voicing was Now let me talk for a moment about an­ tisan' outcry backfired, because the country "toward concillation-no retaliation, no re­ other but lesser knpwn figure in the Repub­ approved of Stimson's decision. Stimson prisals, no thorns knowingly planted in the lican tradition of effectiveness in power and was in any case unmoved by the hue and bosoms of others." responsibility in opposition-Henry L. Sttm- . ery. In a time of national and world crisis, son. Stimson is best described a pro­ This is what I mean by wisdom and ef­ as he set partis~ship aside without hesitation fectiveness in power. gressive conservative-the term which heap­ and turned over to the Nation's service all Let us now look at some of the other men plied to himself. As Secretary of State in of his formidable capacities of wisdom and whom history has elevated to heights they the Hoover administration, he gave unwaver­ statesmanship. In due course, he was given never knew in their lifetimes, and some ing support to the beleaguered President in recognition for what he was-a man of whom even history has overlooked. domestic affairs while in foreign affairs he enormous integrity who was eminently re­ William Howard Taft, he deserved greater struck the first small breach in the wall of sponsible in opposition. an isolationism that during the interwar tribute than he received in his lifetime, and Throughout the war. Stimson ran the War in my judgment, he merits a kinder verdict years gripped both parties and virtually all of the American people. Department with energy. dedication, and than history has accorded him. He was bit­ decisiveness, culminating his career with the terly attacked during his tenure of office Stimson's credo as a progressive conserva­ awesome task of guiding a new and unpre­ because of his rigorously constitutional view tive was built on two basic convictions: First, pared President in the climatic final days of of the powers of the Presidency-a view that that the primary and overriding requirement the war. It was Stimson who briefed Presi­ advocates of strong leadership have always of all government was that it should not dent Truman on the existence of the Man­ hastened to decry, but one which, by any infringe the essential liberties of the indi­ hattan project which was soon to produce fair standard of judgment, must be respected Vidual, and second, that within this limita­ .the world's first atomic bomb, and it was as an important strand in our national tion government could and must be made a Stimson who served as the President's most development. powerful instrument of positive action. inttmate adviser in the agonizing process But the reason I call up Taft's name is not It seemed absurd to Stimson that a pro­ which led to the decision to use the new so much what he did in office, but after. found respect for human freedom should be weapon against Japan. He became the unofficial leader of the move­ construed into an assertion that all govern­ stimson's role 1.n the decision to use the ment" for a league of nations. As the lead­ ment was evil. Stimson's political philoso­ atomic bomb was the ultlmate manifestation ing figure in an organization of distin­ phy was in its essence a. belie! in the of his qualities as a statesman guided by possibility of combining democracy with guished citizens known as the League to realism with vision. This is what he wrote Enforce Peace, he worked tirelessly for a leadership. The democrats of the 19th cen­ about this epochal event: world body with enforcement powers. He tury had feared government as the tool of gave wise counsel and faithful support to despotism and had deliberately made it weak. .. The decision to use-the atomic bomb was President Wilson-a distinguished etrort that Stimson and those of like mind feared weak a decision that brought death to over a was little appreciated either by Wilson or by government as an open invitat1on to prtvate 100,000 Japanese. No explanation can the public as a whole. He received no re­ despotism. and they sought to restore its change that fact and I do not wish to gloss ward, except the personal satisfaction that strength. To make the government weak it ov:er. But this deliberate, premeditated he was responsible in opposition. because all government seemed dangerous destruction was our least abhorrent choice. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HCUSE 2321 The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Undoubtedly burdened and torn by the credit for accomplishments which he, Van­ put an end to the Japanese war." politics of the question in his own mind, denberg, had made possible. It was perhaps Stimson looked far beyond· the immediate Willkie perceived that his country was con­ an unpleasant price to pay for the rewards act, perceiving the horrendous implications fronted, not with a theory but with a condi­ of responsible opposition, but Vandenberg for the future. He continued with these tion of cataclysmic potentialities. In the in­ paid it gladly, knowing that the stakes ot words: · terests of the free world, Willkie set aside an history far exceeded personal vanities and "In this last great action of the Second explosive partisan issue, and perhaps it cost partisan predilections. World War we were given final proof that war him the election, but it may also have saved This brings us down to Eisenhower, whose is death. War tn the 20th century has grown the world from the advent of a new Dark place in this noble tradition is beyond ques­ steadily more barbarous, more destructive, Age. Here was responsibility of heroic pro­ tion. It fell to Eisenhower, whose renown more debased in all its aspects. Now, with portions. I like to think that in the long was established as a statesman-general under the release of atomic energy, man's ability to run this was also the best politics. Democratic Presidents, to heal the ugly destroy himself is very nearly complete. One cannot discuss Willkie's role in inter­ schisms that had developed within our own The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Naga­ national affairs without logically moving to body politic during the closing years of the long Democratic era. He gave a new and saki e~ded a war. They also made it wholly another Republican in this great tradition­ clear that we must never have another war. Senator Arthur Vandenberg, of Michigan. urgently needed unity to the Nation and al­ This is the lesson men and leaders every­ Throughout the 1930's Vandenberg was as ways placed the preservation of the peace where must learn, and I believe that when stout an opponent of the New Deal as could and defense of the free world above consider­ they learn it they will find a way to last ing be -found. He was also an aggressive isola­ ations of partisan advantage. tionist. During the war he underwent some­ In the closing days of his administration, peace. There ts no other choice." President Eisenhower pointed the way for Next let me talk about another great thing resembling an agonizing reappraisal, and :a man of his integrity had no inclina-­ the Republican Party as it goes into opposi­ Re"Publican, cut from the same mold-Wen­ tion. No effort was spared in his determina­ dell Wtllkie. Here was a man who rose far tion to conceal the total reversal of his con­ victions behind a cloud of platitudes and tion to insure continuity through the above personal ambition to espouse a respon­ change of administrations and to protect sible opposition that in the final countdown sophistries. Vandenberg became as articu­ late and ·effective an internationalist as has the Nation from the dangers, foreign and became the price of political victory. His domestic, of a stagnant interregnum. Set­ concern with America's future and the cause appeared in the last generation. An eminent place in our history is assured ting aside the bitter criticisms that were of freedom, at great personal sacrifice, leveled against his stewardship during the astonished his most vociferous adversaries. to Vandenberg by reason of his role as the In the campaign of 1940, the New York preeminent statesman in the forging of a campaign, President Eisenhower presided Times declared: "Even such professional bipartisan foreign policy for the postwar era. over the transition with dignity and generos­ cynics as newsmen knew that no mere love The Marshall plan probably would have been ity, for these, as no one knows better than of office or appetite for acclaim could drive impossible without his powerful advocacy in he, are dangerous days, when the dubious a man to the punishment Willkie was taking a Republican Congress of this blueprint of satisfactions of partisan recrimination must daily." a Democratic a-dministration for saving free be subordinated to the overriding require­ ments of American unity in a perilous world. Taking up the work begun by Stimson, Europe. Willkte was one of the first Americans of As a delegate to the San Francisco confer­ In this talk I have not mentioned some either party to see that America, whether it ence, Vandenberg successfully resisted Soviet other Republicans who were effective pro­ wished to or not, was bound to live in an efforts to emasculate the United Nations gressives, and who were immensely important interdependent world...:..."one world," as he Charter and was largely responsible for some Republican keynoters-Theodore Roosevelt, called it--and that America's survival was of the most constructive and foresighted pro­ for example, who gave luster and vitality to indissolubly linked to the survival of - all visions of the Charter. He successfully the Republican tradition; Richard NiXon, free peoples. ~e saw the close relationship fought down the Soviet effort to hobble the who elevated the Vice Presidency to unprec­ between foreign and domestic policy, and General Assembly with restrictions on the edented heights. My purpose here has been he laid foundations upon which such men as scope of its deliberations, and largely at Van­ rather to talk about men who, by the turn Arthur Vandenberg could build even more, denberg's tenacious insistence the Soviets of history, found themselves in opposition, moving toward the now commonly accepted yielded on their demand for an absolute veto and who met that responsibility with cour~ idea of bipartisanship in foreign policy. in the Security Council, one that would en­ age and sacrifice in the interest of America. Willkie persuaded others of the imj>ortance compass even procedural questions and rec­ Now with the loss of Executive power we of international responsibility and he re­ ommendations for the peaceful settlement of Republicans are again confronted with the charged the Republican Party with vibrant disputes. In his diary, Vandenberg wrote democratic responsibility of providi-ng vigi­ progressivism, internal and domestic, that these words of the total veto, which our own lant but constructive opposition. This re­ had sagged to levels which never were in­ State Department _had accepted as authorized sponsibility lies chiefly with those of us in t_ended for the party of Lincoln. "A political by the Yalta agreements: the Congress. It is a diftlcult and often party," declared Willkie, "can never. stand "It means, in plain language, that the thankless task, indeed far more diftlcult, I still. * * • Those leaders of a party who in­ Russians can raise hell all over the world, think, in many respects than being in the sist on applying old formulas to present through satellites and fifth columns, and majority. But in exercising the respon­ problems merely because those formulas stop the new league from even inquiring into sibilities of democratic opposition, we can worked in the past are damaging the party it. It is the worst of our legacies from do no better than to apply the lessons and will eventually destroy it. For these are Roosevelt." taught by those eminent Republicans of standing stlll, whereas the world around Largely because of Vandenberg's efforts this whom I have spoken this eveni-ng. them moves." legacy was overcome. The substantive veto, Here then is the task that confronts us­ Willkie was to some extent a visionary. He of course, remained, and Vandenberg was in to confront the Democratic administration wanted to exchange a small measure of favor of it, but the a-dded veto that would with support where it is warranted, but with have all but denuded the U.N. of its basic articulate and coheren:t opposition when sovereignty for the surpassing goal of achiev­ freedom of inquiry was most fortunately ing man's age-old aspiration toward "one _prevented. that administration, in our judgment, presses world"-an established system of world peace Vandenberg was also la-rgely responsible for unwise or ill-conceived policies or flaunts under world law. War to Willkie was in­ article 51 of the United Nations Charter, the public interest. I do not propose the tolera-ble, but peace without justice was which is the legal basis of NATO, indeed of initiation of a false "era of good feeling," worse. our entire collective security system. Here for without opposition there is no democ­ Willkie's conduct of the 1940 presidential was extraordinary foresight, for it was the racy. Were we to offer this administration campaign was nothing less than a towering famous Vandenberg resolution of 1948 which nothing but passive and amiable consent to demonstration of responsible opposition. Al­ gave President Truman the mandate of the all that it proposes, we would be derelict in though it might conceivably have won the Republican-controlled Senate for the nego­ our duties and we would be doing a grave election for him, Willkie refused to make a tiation of the North Atlantic Treaty. The disservioe to ourselves and, above all, to the campaign issue out of the destroyer deal Vandenberg resolution gave the sanction of American people-for it is the function of the with Great Britain, even though there was the Senate to American participation in mili­ opposition to oppose. We must scrutinize all serious question as to the constitutionality tary and political alliances for the defense that the majority proposes and resist with of the arrangement by which 50 World War of the free world. It is thus a major state all our resources when we think they are I destroyers were transferred to war..:torn paper in our diplomatic history, the ulti­ wrong. But we must also support them Britain by an executive agreement that by· mate reversal of the dictum of Washington's when they are right, and when the national passed the treaty powers of the Senate. Farewell Address, which, though admirably interest is at stake, we-and they-must set Britain was undergoing the awfUl trials of conceived for the problems of the 18th cen­ aside our partisan interests and work for the her "finest hour" and invasion by the vic­ tury, was bound to give way to a dynamic good of the Nation. t orious German armies seemed imminent. new doctrine for the 2oth century. It was Let us follow the example of those great If Britain were defeated and her :fleet fell Vandenberg who provided this doctrine. Republicans whom I have invoked tonight. into German hands, America would stand Vandenberg, as loyal a Republican as one We have been wise and effective in power: alone and exposed, an isolated fortress in a can find in our history, must have known let us now be responsible and constructive hostile world. that Harry Truman would claim partisan in opposition.