Mind Your Language at Home No.14 Articles About Language
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Mind Your Language at Home No.14 Articles about Language Dear Mind Your Language Colleagues Here we are at Issue No.14. Several more articles to keep your language interests alive during our stay-at- home time! Help me out and send me any articles, jokes, etc that you come across, and I will include them in the next edition! Rodney What happened to Issue 13, I hear you cry! Now, I considered having a number 13. But read more…….. Why is the number 13 considered unlucky, anyway? Here are 13 possible reasons. 1. THERE WERE 13 PEOPLE AT THE LAST SUPPER. And tradition has held that the 13th to take their seat was either Judas or Jesus himself. 2. MANY BELIEVE EITHER THE LAST SUPPER OR THE CRUCIFIXION OCCURRED ON THE 13TH. One of the great controversies surrounding the Last Supper is whether or not it was a Passover meal. John seems to suggest that the meal was eaten the day before Passover, which has led some scholars to date the Last Supper to the 13th of Nisan (a month on the Jewish calendar), while others say that the crucifixion itself was on the 13th of Nisan. 3. BIBLICAL REFERENCES TO THE NUMBER 13 AREN'T ALL THAT POSITIVE. According to historian Vincent Foster Hopper, one of the people who really pushed 13 as being unlucky was 16th century numerologist Petrus Bungus. Among his reasons? Hopper says that Bungus "records that the Jews murmured 13 times against God in the exodus from Egypt, that the thirteenth psalm concerns wickedness and corruption, that the circumcision of Israel occurred in the thirteenth year." 4. TRADITIONALLY, THERE WERE 13 STEPS TO THE GALLOWS. According to popular lore, there are 13 steps leading up to the gallows. Gallows actually varied wildly, but even then, the number was often brought up to 13. A park ranger at Fort Smith Historic Site once said, "[There were] 13 steps on the gallows—12 up, and one down." 5. THE MASS ARREST AND EXECUTION OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR BEGAN ON FRIDAY THE 13TH. The Knights Templar, who were widely believed to be protecting the Holy Grail (the cup Jesus drank from at the Last Supper) as well as other holy objects, also acted as a bank of sorts to European kings. But after French King Philip IV lost a war with England and became heavily indebted to the Knights, he conspired with Pope Clement V to have all members of the Knights Templar arrested, charged with Satanism and other crimes, and massacred. The roundup of the Knights Templar began in earnest on Friday, October 13, 1307. 6. WOMEN MENSTRUATE ROUGHLY 13 TIMES A YEAR. Some suggest that the association with 13 being unlucky is due to women generally having around 13 menstrual cycles a year (based on a cycle length of 28 days). 7. A WITCHES' COVEN HAS 13 MEMBERS. Although a coven is now considered to be any group of witches (or vampires, in some tellings), it was once believed that a coven was made up of exactly 13 members. 8. 13 LETTERS IN A NAME MEANS THE PERSON IS CURSED. There’s an old superstition that says if you have 13 letters in your name, you’re bound to be cursed. Silly, yes, but slightly more convincing when you consider that a number of notorious murderers' names (Charles Manson, Jack the Ripper, Jeffrey Dahmer, Theodore Bundy, and Albert De Salvo) all contain 13 letters. And, in case you were wondering: Adolf Hitler's baptismal name was Adolfus Hitler [PDF]. 9. SUPERSTITION HAS MADE FRIDAY THE 13TH TOUGH FOR BUSINESSES. Friday the 13th is an expensive day for businesses. One analyst claims that around a billion dollars a year are lost as people choose not to do business of any kind on Friday the 13th. 10. 12 IS A PERFECT NUMBER, SO 13 MUST BE UNLUCKY. In some schools of numerology, the number 12 is considered to be the representation of perfection and completion. It stands to reason, then, that trying to improve upon perfection by adding a digit is a very bad idea indeed—your greed will be rewarded with bad luck. 11. ZOROASTRIAN TRADITION PREDICTS CHAOS IN THE 13TH MILLENNIUM. The ancient Persians divided history into four chunks of 3000 years. And although the exact timeframes can vary, some scholars feel that at the beginning of the 13,000th year there will be chaos as evil mounts a great battle against good (although good will eventually triumph). 12. SPORTS GREATS WITH JERSEY NUMBER 13 SOMETIMES COME UP SHORT. Dan Marino is a constant fixture at or near the top of any "best quarterbacks to never win a Super Bowl" list. Perhaps his failure to grab the biggest prize in football comes down to his jersey number—13. And he's not the only example: Basketball star Steve Nash was a two-time NBA MVP and is considered one of the all-time great point guards, but he and his #13 jersey never won a championship. 13. SUPER BOWL XIII WAS A HUGE FINANCIAL SETBACK FOR SPORTS BOOKIES. And keeping with sports, 1979's Super Bowl XIII was a particularly bad one for bookies. Called "Black Sunday," it pitted the Dallas Cowboys, the defending champions, against the Pittsburgh Steelers. But as money kept pouring in from Texas and Pennsylvania, the spread kept changing until settling precisely at the game’s actual spread. The losses were legendary. To counter all of this undue hatred of the poor number 13, here's one reason to love it: a baker’s dozen. Mmm, extra doughnut. Tongue and Talk, The Dialect Poets On with the Newsletter………. First of all, a link to the BBC Radio 4 Series exploring Dialect Poetry from different parts of England: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b3m9sh Secondly, Gill Johns contacted me concerning Polari: Fabulosa! The Story of Polari, Britain’s Secret Gay Language by Paul Baker Polari is a more recent spelling. In the past, it was also known as Palari, Palare, Parlaree or a variety of similar spellings. It is mainly a collection of words, derived from a variety of sources but most strongly linked to an older form of slang called Parlyaree that was used by travelling entertainers, beggars and market stall holders. It contains bits of other languages and slangs including rhyming slang, back slang (saying a word as if it’s spelt backwards), Italian, French, Lingua Franca, American air force slang, drug-user slang and Cant (an even older form of slang used by criminals). It was a secret, informal form of communication, used by relatively powerless groups of people who were often on ‘the wrong side of the law’, so it was not written down or recorded. Nobody owned it and there were few standards so as a result there is little agreement on spellings, pronunciations or even meanings of many of the words. Some speakers developed new words in their own social groups or ad libbed it to make it even more difficult to understand. For those who were very good at it, it resembled a proper language, distinct to English. In 2010, Cambridge University labelled Polari as an “endangered language”. Who used it? Mainly gay men, although also lesbians, female impersonators, theatre people, prostitutes and sea-queens (gay men in the merchant navy). It was not limited to gay men, however. Heterosexual people who were connected to the theatre also used it, and there are numerous cases of gay men teaching it to their straight friends. It is still used, albeit in a more limited way in theatrical circles or among older gay men. The most famous users of Polari were Julian and Sandy (played by Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Williams) in the 1960s BBC radio comedy show, Round The Horne (written by Barry Took and Marty Feldman). It has also been used less extensively in the past by Julian Clary, Larry Grayson, Peter Wyngarde, and even in a Jon Pertwee episode of Dr Who (Carnival of Monsters). How many words are there? I have collected around 500 Polari terms, although it’s unlikely that most people would have known or even used that many. During my research I found that people’s individual knowledge of Polari was very different – about 20 core words were known to almost all the people I interviewed, and then there was a much large fringe lexicon, of which most people would only know a small sample. What words were in it? There are lots of words for types of people, occupations, body parts, clothing and everyday objects. There were also a lot of evaluative adjectives in it. It was ideal for gossip. Verbs concerned sexual acts, cruising or looking at people. A few words are below. ajax – next to BMQ (black market queen) – closeted gay man, especially in the merchant navy. bona – good cod – awful dish – anus/bum dolly – pretty drag – clothing eek – face Eine – London feely – young lally – leg lattie – house lily (law) – the police naff – awful, tasteless nanti – none, no, nothing, don’t, beware omi – man omi-palone – gay man palone – woman Polari – to talk, or the gay language itself riah – hair TBH – to be had The Dilly – Piccadilly Circus, a popular hang-out for male prostitutes in London trade – a sex partner vada – to look Where and when was it used? Most commonly, in the 1920s-1960s, in places where gay men congregated or worked, especially in pubs, private bars, cottages, parks, cinemas, tea-shops and cafes. Because it was a secret language, it could also often be used in public spaces like the London Underground.