Collectible State Research Guides: Arkansas and Michigan
familytreemagazine.com MAY/JUNE 2018 MAGAZINE EllisDiscover Your Island Ancestors’ Journey PAGE 18
Simple Steps for Your 3DNA Results WHAT TO DO with Mom’s & Dad’s Stuff 4TTIPSIPS to Overcome Vanished Records
WEBSITES TO CHECK OUT 6 MEMORIALIZE THE NEW ANCESTORS FIND A GRAVE! Circle your wagons against unfocused research and use GenSmarts to fire your research rocket directly at high priority searches. Quick, reasoned and logical research – that’s what GenSmarts does best!
Automated Genealogy Research www.GenSmarts.com
0618FT_C2_3_5_16_41_58_62_67_69_C3_C4_ADS.indd C2 3/16/18 11:17 AM contents MAY / JUNE 2018
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Look for the green arrow Behind the Golden Door DNA Direction throughout this issue 42 18 Not sure what to do with your DNA E for hints to expanded Millions of our ancestors arrived at versions, free downloads Ellis Island with everything they test results? We’ll outline three and related products at owned and their hopes for a “next steps” to make new genealogy familytreemagazine.com! better life. Our photo tour lets you discoveries. follow in their footsteps. by Diahan Southard by Diane Haddad 48 Holes in History 26 Heirloom Handoff Major, record-destroying fi res have Passing on houseful of family trea- likely impacted your ancestry search. sures to the next generation isn’t We’ll help you raise your family tree always a simple matter. Here’s how to from the ashes of these disasters. work through that transition—and by Sunny Jane Morton ON THE COVER: what to do if no one wants the stuff . Ellis Island 18 by Denise May Levenick Your DNA results 42 Mom’s & Dad’s stuff 26 33 State Research Guides Vanished records 48 Our series helps you trace your ances- The new Find A Grave 70 tors in US states. In this issue: Memorialize your ancestors 68 ARKANSAS 33 MICHIGAN 37 COVER PHOTO: ALVIS UPITIS/FOTOTROVE/GETTY IMAGES by Lauren Gamber
familytreemagazine.com 1
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8 everything’srelative 7 8 Lisa’s Picks Family history faves from the founder of Genealogy Gems. by Lisa Louise Cooke
10 Timeline The history of America’s health insurance system. by David A. Fryxell
12 Family History Home How to organize and preserve kids’ schoolwork. by Denise May Levenick
14 Stories to Tell A woman launches a genetic genealogy search for her grandfather— 26 and discovers a nephew, too. by Diane Haddad
15 Your Turn Preserve your memories by answering our family history prompt.
treetips 59
60 Now What? Expert answers to your genealogy questions about WWII POWs, fi nding burial places and homesteading ancestors. by David A. Fryxell
63 Photo Detective Family history clues in a vacation photo. by Maureen A. Taylor
64 Tech Toolkit What’s New: War of 1812 pensions, DNA privacy and more 64 IN EVERY ISSUE: 63 How To: Load a microfi lm reader 66 Out on a Limb 4 Roundup: Memorial websites 68 Tree Talk 6 Website: The new Find A Grave 70 The Rest is History 72 DNA Q&A 71
Family Tree Magazine (ISSN 1529-0298) is published seven times per year: January/February, March/April, May/June, July/August, September, October/November and December by F+W, A Content + eCommerce Company, 10151 Carver Road, Suite 300, Cincinnati, OH 45242; telephone (513) 531-2690. Copyright ©2018 F+W Media, Inc., Vol. 19, No. 3, May/June 2018. Subscription rates: one year, $36. Canadian subscriptions add $8 per year, other foreign subscriptions add $10 per year for surface mail or $35 per year for air mail and remit in US funds. Postmaster: Send all address changes to Family Tree Magazine, Box 420235, Palm Coast, FL 32141; return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Box 1632, Windsor, Ontario N9A 7C9. Periodicals postage paid at Cincinnati, Ohio and additional mailing offi ces. Produced and printed in the USA.
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You Instructional Designer Vanessa Wieland start to feel like your outward appearance Online Content Director Ashlee Peck doesn’t match what you want people to Social Media Manager Rachel Fountain know about you. That’s when you might Contributing Editors Lisa A. Alzo, Rick Crume, David start to eat more healthfully, clean out your A. Fryxell, Nancy Hendrickson, Sunny Jane Morton, Maureen A. Taylor closet, or color your grays (not that I’d know anything about that). F+W, A CONTENT + ECOMMERCE COMPANY And the same goes for magazines. After CEO Greg Osberg taking a good look at our pages, we decided CFO Jennifer Graham we could do a better job of showing how SVP, General Manager, F+W Outdoors and fascinating genealogy is. How relevant it Small Business Groups Ray Chelstowski is to our lives today and to who we are. We Managing Director, F+W International James Woollam wanted to more eff ectively share our fi rm VP, General Counsel Robert Sporn belief that knowing about your family’s past VP, Human Resources Gigi Healy VP, Manufacturing & Logistics Phil Graham can inspire your future. Newsstand Sales Scott Hill, [email protected] So you might notice that we look a bit VP, Advertising Sales Kevin D. Smith diff erent this issue. A little fresher and less Advertising Sales Representative Jill Ruesch cluttered. A little more visual. We’ve rein- Advertising Services Assistant Connie Kostrzewa vigorated our content, too, complementing our strong instructional articles and website Family Tree Magazine, published in the United States, how-tos with more stories about your fellow is not affi liated with the British Family Tree Magazine, genealogists’ family discoveries, our ances- with Family Tree Maker software or with Family Tree DNA. EDITORIAL OFFICES: tors’ experiences, and how the past matters 10151 Carver Road, Suite 300, Blue Ash, OH 45242, today. In this issue, for example, we’ll follow [email protected]. in our ancestors’ footsteps on a visit to Ellis ADVERTISING: Jill Ruesch, (800) 726-9966 ext. 13223, Island, share what to do now that you’ve [email protected]. gotten your DNA test results, introduce you SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION: U.S.: 1 (888) 403-9002; international: (386) 246-3364; to a genealogist who’s bringing history into [email protected], modern political discourse, and more. Diane shares genealogy news along with tips from her family tree research on FamilyTreeMagazine.com E at 4 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_4_ED NOTE.indd 4 3/16/18 10:16 AM SAVELIMITED $100 - You Choose... 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Promo code: © Hearing Help Express®, Inc. 1-888-847-1189 39-303 39 YEARS OVER 750,000 Order online experience selling SATISFIED www.HearingHelpExpress.com/39303 hearing aids by mail CUSTOMERS A+ *Credit card required – only needed to guarantee your Risk-FREE trial. and online and growing daily RATING Your card WILL NOT be charged during 45-day trial. 0618FT_C2_3_5_16_41_58_62_67_69_C3_C4_ADS.indd 5 3/16/18 11:17 AM TREE TALK The 1833 Leonid shower Readers’ favorite family finds really was something I HAVE LETTERS my third-great-grandparents special. We have the wrote each other during the Civil War. My favor- ite part is the last line of my third-great-grand- written account of my mother’s last letter: She asks if [her husband] keeps his letters and wonders what it will be like fourth- and third-great to look back on them one day. If she only knew grandparents. they got passed down and I’ve read them all. Natalie Hansen / via email Erica Desiree / via Facebook My great-grandparents were married Feb. 14, 1894, and I HAD A COPY of a handwritten family history that said part of the family left South Carolina for Mis- celebrated their 60th wedding sissippi the “night the stars fell.” No dates or fur- ther reference. I contacted every Carolina organi- anniversary just months zation I could think of, looking for any reference to what happened. Nothing. before he passed away. Later, in the mid-1970s, I clicked on the radio and hit a preacher running full blast on his ser- Marlene Bassett Alcorn / via Facebook mon. The radio hadn’t been on 20 seconds, and he started talking about the night the stars fell in 1833. I listened to the end of the show and he got a contribution for the text of his sermon, as he had I restored old photos that people just solved a longtime family mystery. brought in for a history book about Patrick Spencer / via email the township where my family lived for MY GREATGRANDPARENTS James and Dora six generations. I repaired tears, holes, Jackson were married Dec. 17, 1884, in Nashville. spots, missing parts, etc., using Adobe In letters to her family, Dora referred to her hus- Photoshop and Photoshop Essentials. band as “Mr. Jackson” instead of his fi rst name. Alethea Jean / via Facebook Her mother also referred to her husband as “Mr. Plummer.” Diana Stankus / via Facebook JOIN OUR COMMUNITY! 6 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_6_TREE TALK.indd 6 3/16/18 10:17 AM everything’srelative IF YOU HAD TO LEAVE YOUR HOUSE IN A HURRY, what would you grab on your way out? The ques- tion inspired Foster Huntington to start a blog with photos of his friends’ “burning house” belongings /GETTY IMAGES familytreemagazine.com 7 0618FT_7_ER_OPENER.indd 7 3/16/18 10:18 AM everythingg’srelative LISA’S PICKS Springing into Family History Lisa Louise Cooke’s favorite family history books, tips, tools and hot spots. Historic Hotspot Were your ancestors among the 1.6 million to claim western land under the Homestead Act of 1862? Add the Homestead National Monument of America App Obsession E Adobe Photoshop Fix is a powerful, free photo editor. On my computer, I save copies of old pho- tos in need of restoration to my Dropbox folder. When I have a few spare minutes, I pull a pic from Dropbox into Adobe Photoshop Fix on my phone. Tapping the Healing tool repairs even the worst damage sustained over decades. For more helpful apps, see my book Mobile Genealogy: How to Use Your Tablet and Smartphone for Family His- tory Research. Genealogy Tech Tools Lisa Louis Cooke Get an insider’s intro to more of Lisa’s favorite mobile genealogy is the founder of the apps in her downloadable video class Essential Apps for Genealogists Genealogy Gems 8 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_8-9_ER_LISAS PICKS.indd 8 3/16/18 10:20 AM Recent Reads E Sylvia Brown’s family put the “Brown” in Brown University. She wrote Grap- pling with Legacy (Archway) after a speaker declared of her slavehold- ing ancestors, “There were no good Browns.” The book dives deep into the topic of presentism—when our ances- tors’ lives butt heads with modern values—and the family’s philanthropy spanning 300 years. You’ll be fascinat- ed by the genealogy research and the intimate look at charitable giving, an intrinsic part of American culture. N Side Trips Lucky for this “Fixer Upper” fan who’s sad to see Chip and Joanna Gaines’ hit HGTV series end, the Silos familytreemagazine.com 9 0618FT_8-9_ER_LISAS PICKS.indd 9 3/16/18 10:20 AM g’srelative TIMELINE To Your Health! TODAY’S DEBATE over the 2010 Aff ordable Care Act (“Obamacare”) seems never-ending. Our ancestors, on the other hand, worried little about health insurance. Leeches, goat glands and medicine-show elixirs were aff ordable care—just not eff ective medicine. As recently as 1900, the typical American spent only $5 a year (about $100 today) on health care. Health care became something worth paying for only when mod- ern medicine made lifesaving leaps such as antibiotics, bypass surgery, organ transplants and chemotherapy. The evolution of health insurance from a pay-as-you-go system was 1910 largely accidental. While other developed nations chose variations of Catalog retailer Montgomery Ward government-insured care, the United States stumbled into a patchwork adopts the nation’s fi rst employee- of mostly employer-sponsored, private health insurance. These events wide health-insurance program, got us where we are today. underwritten by the London Guarantee and Accident Co. of New York. Primarily focused on dis- ability, the plan pays up to $28.85 a year to employees who become 1679 ill or are injured and unable to In “An Essay Upon Projects,” Robinson Crusoe author Daniel work. Wage loss represents a much Defoe advocates for the establishment of “friendly societies”— greater risk than medical expenses voluntary mutual-aid organizations whose members pay fees to at this time. By 1915, 32 states have create insurance pools. This, Defoe argues, could help protect worker-compensation programs. people from “miseries and distresses” such as fi re, livestock diseases, medical problems and death. | 70 | | | | 1900 | 1847 1912 The Massachusetts Health Insur- The forerunner of today’s National Associa- ance Co. off ers the fi rst com- tion of Insurance Commissioners develops mercial insurance for medical the Standard Provisions Law, a model state expenses. Such “sickness funds,” law for health insurance. It refl ects a push in sponsored by employers, labor several states to enact compulsory health unions and fraternal organiza- insurance, based on the workers’ compen- tions, proliferated by the time of sation model. The American Association of the Civil War. Most initially cover 1877 Labor Legislation proposes covering medi- only sickness or accidents related The Granite Cutters Union estab- cal bills for laborers earning less than $100 to travel. Other funds set up for lishes the fi rst nationwide sick-ben- per month, funded by the state, employers workers—who contributed a efi t program, as workers in the most and workers. Employers mostly oppose percentage of weekly wages— dangerous jobs begin to get accident such proposals. Samuel Gompers of the are more like disability insurance insurance and access to “industrial American Federation of Labor says union (similar to today’s Afl ac). clinics.” Some employers in risky fi elds, members should be free to decide how such as lumber, steelmaking and rail- to spend their own money. The American roads, hire company doctors to tend Medical Association fl ips from support to to workers. opposition. PICTURE AGOSTINI PICTURE LIBRARY/GETTY DEA GRANITE LIBRARY/DE DEFOE: DANIEL IMAGES; PICTURE AGOSTINI LIBRARY/GETTY AMBROSIANA/DE IMAGES; CUTTERS: AGOSTINI/BIBLIOTECA DE SKRYPCZAK/ WITOLD DAM: COULEE GRAND LIBRARY; PUBLIC YORK NEW WARD: MONTGOMERY PLANET IMAGES/GETTY IMAGES LONELY 10 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_10-11_ER_TIMELINE.indd 10 3/16/18 10:21 AM As World War II ended in 1945, 1939 President Harry Truman proposed a The American Hospital Association adopts the Blue Cross name voluntary national health-insurance and symbol, devised in 1934 by a Minnesota hospital insurance program executive, for insurance plans meeting its standards. plan paid for by a four-percent levy Also in 1939, New York insurance executive Carl Metzger on the fi rst $3,600 of wages. The originates the similarly hued Blue Shield logo for a visual link to AMA and AHA successfully opposed the hospital plans. (The two national groups merged in 1982 to form the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association.) the plan as “socialized medicine.” 1965 Senior citizens, left out of 1929 the boom in employer- As hospitals struggle fi nan- sponsored insurance, cially in the Depression, generally pay triple what Baylor University Hospital workers do for health administrator Justin Ford insurance (if they have it Kimble devises the Baylor at all). Pushed by Presi- Plan. He convinces 1,250 1932 dent Lyndon B. Johnson, Dallas public-school teach- A Sacramento, Congress passes Medi- ers to pay 50 cents a month Calif., hospital insur- care as Title XVIII of the each for hospitalization ance plan covers 1953 Social Security Act 1965, insurance, covering 21 days care at any local The share of Americans along with Medicaid of care at Baylor. The plan hospital. Similar covered by health (Title XIX), covering older (the precursor of Blue Cross) plans covering insurance skyrockets Americans and the poor, expands to other Dallas doctors’ expenses to 63 percent, from respectively. citizens and other cities. (forerunners of Blue 9 percent in 1940. Shield) follow. | | | | 1918 1942 A California ballot Concerned about wartime infl ation, Congress passes initiative creat- the Stabilization Act to limit wage increases. Companies ing a statewide seeking to retain workers boost benefi ts such as health health-insurance coverage, instead of wages. A 1943 IRS ruling (codifi ed program fails. By and expanded in 1954) lets employers deduct the costs, 1920, the move- and exempts the benefi t from income taxes and Social ment was mostly Security payroll taxes. dead nationwide. 1933 Kaiser Construction Co. workers on the Grand Coulee Dam have voluntary health-insurance premiums deducted David A. Fryxell from their paychecks. The plan grows is the founding editor of to cover the company’s WWII shipyard Family Tree Magazine. He now writes and researches workers and opens to public enroll- his family tree in Tucson. ment in 1945. Today, Kaiser Permanente insures more than 9 million people. familytreemagazine.com 11 0618FT_10-11_ER_TIMELINE.indd 11 3/20/18 9:33 AM everythingg’srelative FAMILY HISTORY HOME Kids’ Schoolwork 1 Create a gallery. Pick a 2 No need to spend a lot. 3 Take photos. Change the 4 Preserve display pieces. wall to host a rotating art show Most schoolwork is on acidic exhibit when new schoolwork Want to show off Junior’s on shelves or picture ledges. Or paper that deteriorates quickly. comes home. Snap photos of masterpiece in perpetuity? string up a wire and use photo Feel free to use inexpensive, outgoing art, front and back, Mount it on acid-free backing clips, like the ones at 1212 FAMILYFAMA ILY TRTREEEE MAGMAGAZINEAZINE MAY/JUNEMAY/JUNE 20182018 0618FT_12-13_ER_FAM HIST HOME.indd 12 3/16/18 10:22 AM 7 Don’t keep food art. Proj- 8 Share with apps. It’s easy ects with dried pasta, candy and to save and share your child’s other food tend to attract bugs latest handiwork with a mobile and spoil. They’re best enjoyed app like Keepy 6 Paper or plastic? Keep most schoolwork in sturdy plastic storage containers with tight lids. Report cards, diplomas and truly special projects can go in pricier archival-quality boxes (available from suppliers such as Gaylord Archival familytreemagazine.comfamilytreemagazine.com 1313 0618FT_12-13_ER_FAM HIST HOME.indd 13 3/16/18 10:22 AM everythingg’srelative STORIES TO TELL Double the Reward DNA testing led siblings Howard (left) and Kelli (center) Hochhalter to Howard’s son, David Roberts (right). A woman launches a genetic genealogy search for her grandfather—and discovers a nephew, too. elli Hochhalter was proud of her Korean heritage “Where were you in 1987 or 88?” she asked. K on her mom’s side, but knew little about her dad’s Howard had been in the Marine Corps, awaiting de- background. Kent Hochhalter was born to a single ployment to Japan. It took a few more moments of adding mother, Aug. 22, 1929. She never revealed the name of up details before he said, standing in the cheese aisle at Kent’s birth father. Walmart, “Holy cow, Kelli, I have a 28-year-old son!” Kelli took a DNA test, hoping to learn about her ethnic Kelli requested David’s contact information from her ancestry on her father’s side. But she also noticed a fi rst researcher. Within two and a half weeks, Howard had met cousin match. Could he be related through her mystery his newfound son. The families welcomed each other with grandfather? He never returned Kelli’s message. open arms. Curiosity piqued, she hired a researcher from Legacy Three of Kelli’s other close matches, including a probable Tree Genealogists was happily married with four young children. Diane Haddad HOCHHALTER KELLI OF COURTESY PHOTO 14 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_14_ER_STORIES TO TELL.indd 14 3/16/18 10:23 AM YOUR TURN everything'srelative WRITE THIS How was your name chosen? If you’re named after someone, who was it? ______ In each issue, Your Turn off ers a memory prompt to help you preserve your family’s unique stories. Tear out and save your responses in a notebook, or use our downloadable type-and- save PDF familytreemagazine.comfamammilyilylytrerer emaeem gazg iine.cocom 15 0618FT_15_ER_YOUR TURN.indd 15 3/16/18 10:23 AM TECHNOLOGY SIMPLIFIED – BIGGER AND BETTER Wow! A Simple to Use Computer Designed Especially for Seniors! Easy to read. Easy to see. Easy to use. Just plug it in! NEW Now comes with... Larger 22-inch hi-resolution screen – easier to see 16% more viewing area Simple navigation – so you never get lost Intel® processor – lightning fast Computer is in the monitor – No bulky tower Speech to Text translation – You talk, It types for you Text to Speech translation – it can even read your emails to you! U.S. Based Customer Service FREE Automatic Software Updates “I love this computer! It is easy to your fingertips. From the moment you took part? Call now, and you’ll read and to use! 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Computer, countless older Americans This computer is easy-to-use, worry- are discovering the wonderful world free and literally puts the world at of the Internet every day. Isn’t it time © 2018 first STREET for Boomers and Beyond, Inc. 81177 0618FT_C2_3_5_16_41_58_62_67_69_C3_C4_ADS.indd 16 3/16/18 11:17 AM branchingout “IT WAS DIFFICULT. But when you realize what we left, what we went away from—no matter how diffi cult it was, no matter how bad it could have been—when we arrived in this country, it couldn't be one-tenth as bad as what we left. So everybody was really thankful when they saw the Statue of Liberty, when they saw the shores of America, be- cause it was just something brand new for every- body. It was a start.” Michael E. Haspel, born in Romania in 1915, was 5 years old when he arrived at Ellis Island with his mother, fi ve siblings and a brother-in-law. His memories of the fam- ily’s immigration are now part of the Ellis Island Oral History Library familytreemagazine.com 17 0618FT_17_FEAT_OPENER.indd B17 3/16/18 10:25 AM Behind the GOLDEN DOOR Millions of our ancestors arrived at Ellis Island with everything they owned and their hopes for a better life. Our photo tour lets you follow in their footsteps. by DIANE HADDAD photos by MEREDITH HEUER 18 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 18 3/16/18 10:25 AM Ellis Island gets its symbolic nickname as America’s “Golden Door” from its neighbor in New York Harbor. The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty En- lightening the World bears the words Emma Lazarus penned in 1883: “I lift my lamp beside the golden door.” Opened in 1892, Ellis Island was just one of Amer- ica’s 300-some arrival ports. But it was the busiest by far. More than 70 percent of all US immigrants— roughly 12 million people—fi rst set foot in America at Ellis Island’s immigrant processing center. Nearly half of Americans today have an ancestor who arrived at Ellis Island. Fire destroyed the island’s original structure in 1897. The brick-and-limestone building that houses today’s National Museum of Immigration familytreemagazine.com 19 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 19 3/16/18 10:26 AM 1 Ships loaded with immigrants docked not at Ellis Island, but in Manhattan. Immigration offi cials boarded to check for diseases and inspect fi rst- and second-class passengers, (who often included Americans returning from abroad). Though they bypassed Ellis Island, these travelers are still recorded on ship’s passenger lists. Third-class passengers waited on board for hours and sometimes days for ferry transport to Ellis Island. Ellis Island IMMIGRANT PROCESSING BUILDING 9 FERRY BUILDING BOARD OF 4 SPECIAL INQUIRY MAIN HOSPITAL 6 3 5 DORMITORY REGISTRY BAGGAGE ROOM ROOM 2 1 7 TICKET OFFICE DOCK 8 KISSING POST Ellis Island’s modern footprint covers 27 acres. The complex includes more than 20 buildings, many with connecting hallways. Our map shows just the buildings in these photos. 20 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 20 3/16/18 10:26 AM 2 Entering Timeline the immigrant processing station, 1890 passengers left The federal government their trunks and assumes control over bags in Ellis Island’s immigration. Congress fi rst-fl oor baggage appropriates $75,000 for room. a processing station at Ellis Island. 1892 Ellis Island’s immigrant processing center opens Jan. 1. The fi rst passen- ger to enter is thought to be 17-year-old Annie Moore, born in County Cork, Ireland. 1897 Fire destroys the build- ings at Ellis Island. 1900 A new, fi reproof immi- gration center opens; it receives 2,251 immi- grants the fi rst day. 1902 A 120-bed general hospital and a surgeon’s house open on the Find Your Ellis Island Ancestor south side of Ellis Island, across the ferry slip Passenger lists documenting Ellis Island arrivals grew increasingly from the immigration detailed over time as laws required more information of travelers. building. You can search and view the records online at familytreemagazine.com 21 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 21 3/16/18 10:26 AM 3 Steamship lines, which paid to treat ill immigrants and deport those denied entry, screened passengers before departure. Each passenger received an inspection card bearing his line num- More than ber on the ship’s passenger list. Carrying those cards, immigrants climbed Ellis Island’s central 70 percent of all staircase (since replaced with stairs at one end of the room) to the Registry Room, a vast, noisy space lined with wooden railings and, after 1903, benches. US immigrants— roughly 12 million Ellis Island was notorious for its quick medical inspections of the queued immigrants. Doctors looked for signs of tuberculosis, diphtheria, heart disease, lameness and other conditions. They people—ă rst set foot turned eyelids inside-out in search of trachoma. Female matrons evaluated women for preg- in America at Ellis nancy. Anyone suspected of medical problems got a chalk letter on his clothing: H for heart, Pg for pregnancy, X for suspected mental illness. Those needing treatment were sent to the Ellis Island’s immigrant Island hospital or taken out of line for further examination. processing center. Immigrants with minor ailments, perhaps anemia or a missing fi nger or eye, had their inspection cards noted but remained in line. Each line headed for a desk manned by a registry clerk and an inspector. Contrary to common belief, these offi cials didn’t encourage arrivals to change their names (or do it for them). Rather, the clerk—with an interpreter when needed—took each im- migrant’s card and asked for his name, age, place of birth, family members’ names, occupation, whether a polygamist or anarchist, and other details. Any discrepancies from the ship’s passen- ger list or indications the person was a “likely public charge” would raise a red fl ag. Evidence of truthfulness wasn’t required of the immigrant, other than showing the money in his possession. 22 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 22 3/16/18 10:26 AM 4 Approved passengers received a stamp on their inspection cards. Those judged unable to support 1916 themselves, exhibiting signs of a “loathsome” disease, Germans sabotage the or suspected of being a contract laborer received yellow munitions depot on cards marked SI: Special Inquiry. The immigrant (and his nearby Black Tom Island. family, if present) waited on the island for the chance to Explosions damage the plead his case before a three-member board of special Statue of Liberty (whose inquiry. Relatives already in America might be sum- torch never reopens to moned to testify. Passengers ordered deported—about the public) and prompt 2 percent of all arrivals—could appeal the decision to the the evacuation of Ellis Commissioner-General of Immigration; otherwise, they Island. were returned to their ships as soon as possible. 1920 Workers begin fi lling in the basin separating the main and infectious dis- ease hospitals, a project completed in the 1930s. 1921 The Immigration Quota Act limits arrivals from each country, ending the era of mass immigration. 1924 The Immigration Act of 1924 further curtails immigration and moves most processing onto ships. 1936 A new Ferry Building is constructed, along with a new immigration building to hold detain- ees separately. The latter 5 Up to 20 percent of im- goes largely unused. migrants were detained at Ellis Island at least briefl y. Some 1940s awaited legal deportation Ellis Island houses pris- hearings. Unescorted female oners of war, disabled passengers had to wait for a servicemen, war brides, male relative to claim them. refugees and immi- Those lacking train fare had to grants needing further telegram friends or family for documentation. By 1952, money. Detainees stayed in the 30 detainees remain. main building at fi rst, and later, in temporary barracks. In 1909, 1951 a dormitory building replaced The Ellis Island hospital the barracks. It’s now closed to closes. The Coast Guard the public, but an exhibit in the uses the island’s recre- immigration museum replicates ation facilities. the sleeping quarters. familytreemagazine.com 23 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 23 3/16/18 10:26 AM 6 The Marine Hospital Service, forerunner of the Public Health Service, staff ed USPHS Hospital No. 43 on Ellis Island. In 1914 alone, it treated more than 10,000 patients from 75 countries, for conditions ranging from scarlet fever to tropical diseases. The state-of-the-art complex eventually comprised four operating rooms (equipped with skylights for illumination), a laundry, a morgue, and wards for women, pediatrics, maternity, contagious dis- eases and psychiatric patients. More than 3,500 patients died at the hospital during its tenure, and 350 babies were born (including children of resident staff ). Save Ellis Island manages the hospital buildings, now stabilized against further deterioration, with the hope of renovating and reopening them as a museum. Hard hat tours, available at Visit Ellis Island Ready to walk in your immigrant ancestor’s footsteps? Admission to the museum on Ellis Island is free, but you’ll need to purchase tickets for ferry transportation via Statue Cruises, 24 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 24 3/16/18 10:27 AM 1954 Ellis Island is abandoned and declared “excess federal property.” 1965 Ellis Island becomes part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, operated by the National Park Service. 1982 Renovations begin on Ellis Island. 1990 The main building reopens as the Ellis Island Immigration Museum. 1998 The US Supreme Court rules that New Jersey owns approximately 80 7 Admitted immigrants could exchange their currency and purchase train tickets in an area behind the percent of Ellis Island. baggage room, now the Peopling of America exhibit space. There, they were protected from con artists who might overcharge or send them to unscrupulous boarding houses for a cut of the exorbitant rent. Organiza- 2000 tions such as the YMCA, YWCA, Salvation Army, Daughters of the American Revolution, Travelers Aid Society, The Ellis Island website St. Raphael’s Society, National Council of Jewish Women and White Rose Mission had staff at Ellis Island to launches with searchable help immigrants with food, money, employment, lodging and other services. ships’ passenger lists. 2012 Hurricane Sandy fl oods Ellis and Liberty islands. Repairs close both sites for a year. 2015 Ellis Island’s museum, expanded to cover the entire story of US im- migration, is renamed the Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration. 8 Most immigrants—95 percent, in fact, 9 A typical immigrant spent three to fi ve hours navigating lines and from 1900 to 1910—followed family and inspections at Ellis Island. Once cleared, travelers could have a meal friends who’d already crossed the ocean and and wait in the Ferry Building for a ride to Manhattan. The present Art 2018 The Statue of Liberty- established themselves in America. Hus- Deco structure replaced the previous building in 1936. Ellis Island Foundation bands, in particular, often would travel ahead adds pre-1892 New York of their wives to set up house and send Editor Diane Haddad’s paternal great-grandparents arrived in New passenger records to its money back home. These families reunited York Nov. 4, 1900, just weeks before Ellis Island reopened to immigrants website. in an area Ellis Island workers dubbed the with a new, fi reproof main building. Kissing Post, now marked by a plaque in the immigration museum. FERRY BUILDING PHOTO: MEDIOIMAGES/PHOTODISC PHOTO: BUILDING FERRY familytreemagazine.com 25 0618FT_18-25_FEAT_ELLIS ISLAND.indd 25 3/16/18 10:27 AM Heirloom Handoė Passing on a houseful of family treasures to the next generation isn’t always a simple matter. Here’s how to work through that transition—and what to do if no one wants the stuff . by DENISE MAY LEVENICK 26 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_26-32_FEAT_HEIRLOOMS.indd 26 3/16/18 10:47 AM familytreemagazine.com 27 0618FT_26-32_FEAT_HEIRLOOMS.indd 27 3/16/18 10:47 AM and family research fi les. Generally, you’ll consid- er three possible “dos” for each item: distribute it to heirs, donate it somewhere, or discard it. There’s one important “don’t,” too: Don’t put off thinking about this. Read this article and then consider which of the three following routes to take with your own favorite heirlooms. DISTRIBUTE TO HEIRS As part of an overall estate plan, many peo- 1 ple set up irrevocable trusts to distribute inherited money. However, the successor trustees or heirs remain responsible for distribut- ing real estate or personal property, or converting it into cash. You can help your heirs avoid stress and negotiate diff erences in opinion by discussing your plans for heirlooms now. When my mother passed away, my sister and I served as trustees for her estate. We had to clear her home of furniture, dishes, clothes and other household goods before it could be sold. Fortu- nately, Mom had a keen sense of personal and fam- ily history. She’d been curating photos and family As a young married woman, I had a new treasures for several years and had already dis- home and little cash for furniture. So when my in- tributed most items to family members. Tucked laws off ered us their sideboard and huge grandfa- inside other items, we found notes identifying ther clock, I was happy to accept. Their furniture previous owners, memories or family stories. fi lled up the space while connecting us to the past. “Wedding gift, 1954” read a note kept with a cut But like many people, I wasn’t willing to take glass serving tray. Another label said, “Received every family hand-me-down. I preferred antique- this as a gift from our Japanese exchange student looking pieces. My mother decorated in midcen- in 1969. She came back to visit and brought this tury modern style, a clear rejection of her parents’ tea set.” Depression-era, make-do decor. Predictably, I Mom’s advance planning, distribution and in- turned down most of my parents’ furniture off er- structions were the best gifts she could have given ings when they downsized in the early 1980s. us. It made our job easier in those fi rst grief-fi lled And so the cycle continues. Today, many young months. My sister and I knew exactly what heir- adults don’t want their parents’ “brown” furni- looms to look for and which grandchild was to re- ture, says Cynthia Abernethy, a veteran estate ceive a favorite ring or painting. sales dealer in Southern California. “They don’t This is a kindness you can do for your heirs. want anything traditional; they want their house With your detailed instructions in hand, they’ll to look like HGTV.” After helping families down- know they’ve carried out your wishes as much as size and dispose of estates for 27 years, she’s seen possible, instead of guessing what you would’ve heirs reject a lot of furniture, dishes and knick- wanted. Discuss these questions with loved ones: knacks. She says people usually keep family pho- tos—even unidentifi ed ones—and papers, such as letters and diaries. But collectibles and furniture tip are tough to even give away. As you go through a dearly departed Whether you’re planning the distribution of relative’s things, keep your eye out for your own treasures or you’re dealing with a life- items of genealogical value: calendars, time’s worth of a loved one’s stuff , you want to address books, yearbooks, baby books, letters, journals, paperwork, etc. avoid burdening family. But you also want to se- cure the best future for the gilt-rimmed tea set GETTY/ PLUS IMAGES SERJIO74/ISTOCK GETTY/ PLUS, IMAGES SERJIO74/ISTOCK PREVIOUS PAGES: GETTY/ PLUS. IMAGES LILECHKA75/ISTOCK 28 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_26-32_FEAT_HEIRLOOMS.indd 28 3/19/18 11:15 AM Homes now have great rooms instead of formal dining and living rooms, so there’s no space for fancy dining sets, crystal and pianos. Who might carry on your research or be- Sierra Green, archivist at the Detre Library & come the caretaker of your photos and docu- Archives of the Sen. John Heinz History Center ments? Use a form like the Genealogical Codicil familytreemagazine.com 29 0618FT_26-32_FEAT_HEIRLOOMS.indd 29 3/16/18 10:47 AM Green suggests studying the archive, library of signifi cant items and even write a biographi- or museum website to learn about its mission, cal sketch of your family to present to repository acquisition policy and collection priorities. Some (see the Donation Dossier box on page 29). Finally, repositories are research facilities. Others focus wait patiently for a response. Small facilities, such on public access and exhibitions. Still others aim as local historical societies, may rely on a volun- more for an online presence. teer acquisitions committee. Whenever possible, compile a collection of Ask potential repositories these questions: items to donate that tell a cohesive story, such as What are the terms on a deed of gift your grandma’s letters, uniform and medical bag (the document that records your donation with- from her time as an Army nurse. Then contact out being compensated in return)? Read the potential repositories. Green encourages poten- Society of American Archivists’ pamphlet “A tial donors to prepare photos and descriptions Guide to Deeds of Gift” 30 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_26-32_FEAT_HEIRLOOMS.indd 30 3/16/18 10:47 AM The 10 Least-Wanted Heirlooms 1 “Brown” furniture 2 China 3 Crystal 4 Silver-plate serveware 5 Table linens 6 Collectible fi gurines 7 Collectible teapots, teacups and spoons 8 Chafi ng dishes and large serving ware 9 Pianos 10 Grandfather clocks Now, Millennials want the experience, but not Auction houses such as Abell’s work well the things.” when you don’t want to open the home for a public In other words, your grandson may value the sale (for example, following damage from fl ood- memories he’ll create by selling your Wedgewood ing), or when you want to dispose of a limited china service to fund a trip abroad, over the china number of items. These services might pay a fl at itself. Try not to take it personally. Your associa- amount for a houseful of stuff , or sell select items tions with an item—the memories you attach to on commission. You also could use online auction it—aren’t the same as your grandson’s, and that’s services that specialize in estates, such as Every- okay. Perhaps your treasured piece has served its thing But The House familytreemagazine.com 31 0618FT_26-32_FEAT_HEIRLOOMS.indd 31 3/16/18 10:47 AM Buyers will pick up, inspect and move items. They’ll want to negotiate prices. It can be diĜ cult to watch strangers handle and judge your family’s possessions. Arizona. This is a good option if you want to go newspapers, on local community and garage sale the DIY route. websites, on Facebook in the shop good agent,” notes Abernethy, who suggests vis- to support a thrift shop whose sales benefi t cancer Find tips to inventory iting sales to see how they’re managed. Known research, animal welfare or another charitable and preserve your as “the queen of LA estate sales,” she’s run more cause. The nicest items might benefi t a school or family collections in How to Archive than 1,000 successful events of all sizes. Her po- church fundraiser. Some places even do pickups. Family Keepsakes by tential customers often line up before dawn for Be sure to ask for a donation receipt for income Denise May Levenick the fi rst crack at the merchandise. She cautions tax purposes. 32 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_26-32_FEAT_HEIRLOOMS.indd 32 3/16/18 10:48 AM STATE GUIDE ARKANSAS by LAUREN GAMBER WHEN IT COMES to Arkansas, practically everyone has the Arkansas remained mostly unsettled until 1818, when the same question: How did it end up with such a strange name? cotton boom drew families of Scottish, Scots-Irish and Eng- Why isn’t it pronounced “Ar-KAN-zes”? Or conversely, why lish descent from Virginia, the Carolinas, Kentucky, Tennes- isn’t its neighbor to the northwest called “kan-SAW”? see and Mississippi. The settlers brought black slaves and set In the 1600s, Arkansas’ Quapaw Indians were known up plantations in southern and eastern Arkansas. By 1860, to other tribes by a term meaning “south wind,” which to slaves were a quarter of the state’s population. Most modern- French explorers sounded something like the modern-day day Arkansans descend from these Anglo-Saxon and black pronunciation of Arkansas. There was no standard spelling families who migrated from older Southern states. or pronunciation for the next 200 years. During early state- As white settlers rushed into Arkansas, American Indians hood days, even Arkansas’ US senators disagreed about the were forced out. By statehood in 1836, Congress had with- pronunciation: One preferred “AR-kan-SAW;” the other, drawn land titles from Arkansas’ Indian tribes and pushed “Ar-KAN-zes.” Finally, in 1881, Arkansas’ General Assem- them west into Oklahoma. If your ancestors were among bly standardized the moniker, declaring it should be spelled these tribes, consult Indian censuses and removal rolls on Arkansas but pronounced “AR-kan-SAW,” an Anglicized microfi lm at the National Archives and Records Adminis- version of the original French pronun- tration (NARA) Fort Worth familytreemagazine.com 33 0618FT_33-36_ARKANSAS.indd 33 3/16/18 10:53 AM ARKANSAS MISSOURI Benton Beaver Baxter Bentonville Lake Bull Shoals Fulton Randolph Clay Rogers Carroll Boone Reservoir Mountain Home Siloam Springs Harrison Springdale Marion Sharp White R. Izard Greene Lawrence Paragould Fayetteville Madison Blytheville Newton Searcy Black R. Jonesboro Washington Stone Independence Mississippi Craighead Jackson Crawford Van Buren Greens Ferry Franklin Johnson Lake Poinsett Van Buren Pope Fort Smith Conway Cleburne Dardanelle White Crittenden Reservoir Russellville Cross Faulkner Searcy Woodruff TENNESSEE Sebastian West Memphis Logan Arkansas R. Conway Yell Saint Francis Perry Cabot Forrest City Scott Pulaski Jacksonville North Little Rock Sherwood Lee Garland Little Rock Prairie Saline Monroe W Benton h Lake Ouachita Hot Springs Lonoke ite R. Phillips Polk R. OKLAHOMA Montgomery Jefferson Hot Spring Grant Arkansas Mississippi Howard Pine Bluff Arkansas R. Pike Arkadelphia Sevier Clark Ouachita R. Dallas Cleveland Hempstead Lincoln Desha MISSISSIPPI Millwood Little River Reservoir Nevada Camden Drew Calhoun Saline R. Texarkana Ouachita Chicot Bradley Miller Lafayette Red R. Magnolia El Dorado Ashley TEXAS Columbia Union LOUISIANA timeline 1686 1803 1819 1821 1834 1861 Frenchman Henri The United States William E. Woodruff Little Rock be- Quapaw Indians Arkansas secedes de Tonti founds acquires Arkansas founds the Arkan- comes the capital are forced out of from the Union on Arkansas Post on as part of the Loui- sas Gazette, the old- of Arkansas. Arkansas. May 6. the lower Arkansas siana Purchase. est newspaper west River. of the Mississippi. 34 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_33-36_ARKANSAS.indd 34 3/16/18 10:53 AM ARKANSAS Immigrants arriving in New Orleans traveled up the Mississippi River to make their homes in Arkansas. Find 18th-century French and Spanish records in Arkansas MILITARY RECORDS Colonials, 1686-1804 by Morris S. Arnold and Dorothy Jones If your relatives were among Arkansas’ fi rst white settlers, Core (DeWitt Publishing Co.). An 1830 census of Arkansas they may have fought in the War of 1812 and received bounty Territory is searchable on Ancestry, along with various tax land from the federal government. The FHL, NARA and the records dating to 1819. US censuses of Arkansas as a state Arkansas History Commission (AHC) 1906 1921 1927 1957 1969 1993 The United States’ An oil well near El Mississippi River Gov. Orval Faubus Maya Angelou, who Native son Bill Clin- fi rst diamond de- Dorado produces a Valley fl ooding deploys the Arkan- lived in Stamps for ton becomes the posit is discovered “gusher,” spark- inundates 2 million sas National Guard 10 years, publishes 42nd US president. in Pike County. ing Arkansas’ oil acres of Arkansas to prevent school I Know Why the industry. farmland. integration. Caged Bird Sings. familytreemagazine.com 35 0618FT_33-36_ARKANSAS.indd 35 3/16/18 10:53 AM ARKANSAS TOOLKIT in the Civil War, but most of the state sided with the Con- Websites federacy. Find digitized service records for soldiers on both Arkansas GenWeb Project 36 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_33-36_ARKANSAS.indd 36 3/16/18 10:53 AM STATE GUIDE MICHIGAN by LAUREN GAMBER ASK ANY NATIVE Michigander (or Michiganian, as some Northwest Territory. In 1805, President Thomas Jeff erson call themselves) which part of the mitten-shaped peninsula declared Michigan a separate territory, with Detroit as its she comes from, and she’ll likely point to a spot on her take- capital. By 1833, Michigan Territory had more than 60,000 anywhere map—the back of her left hand. That is, unless she inhabitants, enough to achieve statehood. But a battle with hails from the Upper Peninsula (UP for short), a leaping-rab- Ohio over the ownership of Toledo delayed statehood until bit-shaped outgrowth of Wisconsin that’s separated from the 1837, once Michigan had surrendered Toledo in exchange for tip of the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac. the western section of the UP. American Indians settled the UP more than 2,000 years Farming replaced fur trading as the state’s primary indus- ago. During the 1600s, French missionaries and fur traders try. Settlers discovered copper and iron ore in the UP during joined them and founded Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan’s fi rst the 1840s. After the Civil War, the lumber industry fl our- permanent settlement, in 1668. The French settled south- ished, and railroads transported Michigan’s timber, livestock ern Michigan in 1690 at Fort St. Joseph, near Niles. Then in and food throughout the United States. Henry Ford can take 1701, French army offi cer Antoine de la credit for Michigan’s biggest economic Mothe Cadillac established Fort Pon- FAST FACTS and population surge, though, with the tchartrain, the modern-day Motor City, founding of the Ford Motor Co. at the base of the mitten’s thumb. Statehood: 1837 The name Michigan derives from the First federal census: 1820 IMMIGRATION RECORDS Chippewa word Michigama, meaning The state’s population skyrocketed in Available state censuses: Various “large lake.” Wherever your Michigan the mid-1800s. New Englanders settled colonial (1710-1796), territorial ancestors settled, they had direct ac- in the southern counties; Dutch farm- (1810, 1827, 1834) and state cen- cess to four of the fi ve Great Lakes—Hu- ers in the southwest; Germans in the suses (1837-1969) ron, Michigan, Erie and Superior—plus Saginaw Valley; Irish in the southeast; some 11,000 inland lakes. These bod- Statewide birth and death and Finns and Italians in the UP. In ies of water have proved so important records begin: 1867 the early to mid-1900s, the booming to Michigan’s settlement and economy Statewide marriage records automobile industry drew hundreds that the Wolverine State (as it came to begin: 1867 of thousands of Southerners, African- be known) has an alternate moniker: the Public-land state Americans, Canadians, Poles, Italians, Great Lakes State. Hungarians and Greeks to Detroit and Counties: Except minor adjust- surrounding communities. SETTLEMENT AND GROWTH ments, boundaries set in 1897 at Detroit was a major arrival port for For about 100 years after Cadillac found- 83 counties immigrants, particularly in the 1900s ed Fort Pontchartrain (which became Contact for vital records: as they came to work in auto plants. Fort Detroit), the French, British, vari- Michigan Vital Records Offi ce, Browse Detroit passenger manifest in- ous Indian peoples and newly indepen- 333 S. Grand Ave., 1st Floor, dex cards (1906-1954) at the free Fami- dent Americans struggled for control of Lansing, MI 48933, (517) 335-8666, lySearch familytreemagazine.com 37 0618FT_37-40_MICHIGAN.indd 37 3/16/18 10:54 AM MICHIGAN Keweenaw Keweenaw LAKE SUPERIOR Houghton Ontonagon Baraga Marquette Sault Sainte Marie CANADA Marquette Luce Gogebic Alger Chippewa Iron Schoolcraft WISCONSIN Mackinac Dickinson Delta Escanaba Charlevoix Menominee Emmet Cheboygan Presque Isle Charlevoix Montmorency Alpena LAKE HURON Antrim Otsego Alpena Leelanau Traverse City Kalkaska Crawford Oscoda Alcona Benzie Grand Traverse LAKE MICHIGAN Manistee Wexford Missaukee Ogemaw Iosco Cadillac Roscommon Arenac Mason Lake Osceola Clare Gladwin Bay Huron Big Rapids Isabella Midland Oceana Midland Newaygo Mecosta Mount Pleasant Bay City Tuscola Muskegon Montcalm Saginaw Sanilac Muskegon Gratiot Saginaw Muskegon Heights Kent Norton Shores Genesee Lapeer Grand Haven Walker Ionia Owosso Grand RapidsIonia Flint Burton Saint Clair Wyoming Clinton Port Huron East Grand Rapids Shiawassee Ottawa Kentwood Fenton Holland East Lansing Oakland Macomb Auburn Hills Rochester Hills Lansing Livingston Pontiac Allegan Barry Sterling Heights Mount Clemens Eaton Ingham Farmington Hills Roseville Hamtramck Warren Livonia Wayne Grosse Pointe Park Kalamazoo Battle Creek Jackson Washtenaw Dearborn Portage Ann Arbor Taylor Detroit Calhoun Ypsilanti Southgate Wyandotte Benton Harbor Van Buren Jackson Kalamazoo Woodhaven Trenton CANADA Cass Adrian Monroe Berrien Saint Joseph Branch Monroe Niles Sturgis Hillsdale Lenawee LAKE ERIE INDIANA OHIO timeline 1668 1701 1819 1835 1847 1908 Michigan’s fi rst per- Antoine de la The Treaty of Sagi- Michigan and Ohio Lansing becomes The Ford Model T manent European Mothe Cadillac naw cedes almost argue over the the state capital. debuts. settlement founded establishes Fort 6 million acres of Toledo Strip in the at Sault Ste. Marie. Pontchartrain at Indian lands to nearly bloodless present-day Detroit. Michigan settlers. Toledo War. 38 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_37-40_MICHIGAN.indd 38 3/16/18 10:54 AM MICHIGAN Detroit was a major port of entry for immigrants, particularly in the 1900s as they came to work in the auto plants. Find those who entered from the north between 1895 and The counties where your ancestors lived may have reg- 1954 in Ancestry’s collection of Canada-to-US border cross- istered births and deaths before 1867. Check local research ing records (FamilySearch has an index to these). guides or contact the appropriate county clerk for resources. The state archives has some naturalization records, origi- Obituaries can stand in for offi cial death records and add nally recorded by county clerks; you can order copies online. details about your ancestors’s lives and family members. Search online indexes to naturalizations from several coun- The Michigan Obituary Project website 1930 1935 1941 1957 1967 2011 The mile-long The United Auto- Michigan’s auto The Mackinac Racial tensions General Motors Detroit-Windsor mobile Workers of plants are con- Bridge links the cause riots in rebounds after Tunnel opens America organizes verted to produce Upper and Lower Detroit. 2009 bankruptcy. to cars. in Detroit. war materials. peninsulas. familytreemagazine.com 39 0618FT_37-40_MICHIGAN.indd 39 3/16/18 10:55 AM MICHIGAN TOOLKIT MILITARY RECORDS Websites More than 90,000 Michigan men—23 percent of the state’s Cyndi’s List: Michigan 40 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_37-40_MICHIGAN.indd 40 3/16/18 10:55 AM ADVERTISEMENT Drug Companies Fear Release of the New AloeCure Big Pharma stands to lose billions as doctors’ recommend drug-free “health cocktail” that adjusts and corrects your body’s health conditions. by David Waxman HELPS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO CALM body’s ability to break down and absorb Seattle Washington: INFLAMMATION calcium. 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We’ll outline three “next steps” to help you use your results to make new genealogy discoveries. by DIAHAN SOUTHARD ’m constantly amazed at how many genealogists have fully embraced us- ing autosomal DNA testing for family history research. A lot of you not only have spit into a tube or swabbed your own cheeks, you’ve administered DNA tests for family members, too—in some cases, 20 or more. A natural consequence of such autosomal abundance is that many of you are suff ering from information overload. You have DNA results for your- Iselves, siblings, cousins and even your in-laws. But what are you supposed to do with all that data? 42 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_42-47_FEAT_DNA.indd 42 3/16/18 10:55 AM First thing’s fi rst: Stop and remind yourself First of all, maybe you’re looking for ances- exactly what you have and why. Your autosomal tors of a specifi c heritage group, such as Jewish, DNA is a mashup of about half of your mom’s DNA American Indian or African. If those places ap- and half of your dad’s. But of course, since they got pear in your admixture results, you can take it as half from their parents, who got half from their encouragement to watch for supporting genea- parents, and so on, each person ends up with a logical records and connections. However, a lack unique mix of genes, pulled from a random assort- of that particular distinction in your admixture ment of ancestors. This biological reality reveals results doesn’t mean you have no ancestors from two important genetic genealogy concepts: that population. It just means that you didn’t in- First, a person’s DNA doesn’t represent the herit that particular identifying piece of DNA. If DNA of all his or her ancestors. You’ll need to test you think your family tree does contain ancestors siblings and cousins to capture the fullest possible of that ethnicity, consider testing cousins from the range of as many ancestors as possible. relevant family line. Start with the cousins in the Second, those who share your DNA also share oldest generation fi rst. an ancestor with you—presenting the possibility Next, if your paternal and maternal ethnic heri- that researching your relationships to matches tage are very distinct (for example, your mom has may lead to more connections for you. all UK ancestry and your dad’s family is Italian But not all DNA matches are made in genealogy and Greek), noting the origins of a match might heaven. As more folks test, your matches may be help you more confi dently place that match on one multiplying faster than you can analyze them. So side of the family. While each testing company as your family’s self-appointed DNA matchmaker, provides a limited view into the ethnic origins you need to determine which matches are worth of your matches, MyHeritage DNA You can view your Ancestry DNA matches by the region(s) or migration group(s) to which they’ve been assigned, giving you clues to the ancestors you might share with a particular match. Find this option at the top of your match list. familytreemagazine.com 43 0618FT_42-47_FEAT_DNA.indd 43 3/16/18 10:56 AM interconnectivity of people in the database. To As your family’s view only matches who share your Migrations, self-appointed DNA choose that fi lter at the top of your match page. Theoretically, others in your Migration share matchmaker, you need ancestry with you via their ancestor who connects to determine which them to this community. So you may be able to identify your common ancestors if you both have matches are worth only one line coming out of, say, Illinois. Multiple focusing on. lines from the same place will be diffi cult to dis- tinguish. Or the shared Migration group might be coincidental, with your genetic link lying in a dif- Tree hints: If you tested at AncestryDNA or ferent line. MyHeritage, use the tools that compare your tree As technology improves, however, Migrations with the trees of your matches and suggest pos- will become more precise. For example, Ances- sible common ancestors. On AncestryDNA, click tryDNA might currently be able to place you in the leaf icon when it appears alongside names on three diff erent Migrations across the Midwest. your match list. At MyHeritage, use the Smart That’s already pretty remarkable. Eventually, Matches tool. You should always verify the con- Migrations may further distinguish among those nections suggested by hinting tools, but they’re a lines, revealing the Northern German, Southern great head start for identifying your best matches. German, and Germans from Saxony in your fam- Surnames: After exhausting your hints, start ily history. See my article all about Migrations in comparing the surnames on your family tree with the January/February 2018 Family Tree Magazine the surnames on the trees of your DNA matches. 44 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_42-47_FEAT_DNA.indd 44 3/16/18 10:56 AM FREE DOWNLOAD! Get our relationship chart with average shared E cM from matches entered, or that the site has “scraped” ancestor. The second is that you both inherited a from the person’s linked GEDCOM. If you’ve also lot of DNA associated with your common ances- provided surname information from your family, tral region—but not necessarily from the same and any of them are similar enough to those of people. People from Ireland often have this prob- your match, those surnames will appear in bold lem, as do French Canadians and those with Jew- type. Family Tree DNA is fairly generous in decid- ish heritage. ing whether surnames are similar. At Family Tree DNA, MyHeritage and 23an- You also can search your match list for sur- dMe, look for the total amount of shared DNA names appearing in family trees or information on the main match page. At AncestryDNA, go to your matches have provided. your match’s profi le page and click on the circled Locations: With the measly number of sur- “i” icon (next to the confi dence interval) to see the names I have on my dad’s side, I’m going to have total amount of shared DNA. trouble connecting with many fourth cousins on the basis of surname alone. So I can repeat the matching process for locations. To do this, make a list of all of the locations that appear in your pedi- Match Makers gree chart at each generation. Then look for those MyHeritage DNA has a helpful way of showing how the ethnic admix- locations in your match’s pedigree. ture of my grandmother Erma Claudia Elmendorf compares to her Currently, AncestryDNA off ers the best loca- matches. Erma’s father was from Wales; her mother, from Italy. Erma’s tion-specifi c tool. From your match’s profi le page, match is Mary. Clicking on Mary’s DNA profi le brings up this com- click on the Map and Locations tab to see the plac- parison of admixture results for Mary and my grandmother. About es where you and your match both have ancestors. 23 percent of Mary’s DNA is from Southern Europe, but from Greece You also can search your match list for places in and Iberia, not Italy. But Mary does have a strong showing in the your matches’ family tree. Irish, Scottish and Welsh category. So I can tentatively fl ag Mary as a At MyHeritage DNA, you can search your paternal match to my grandma, even if Mary hasn’t posted additional matches by country of residence and check for genealogical information. When I contact Mary, I can start the conver- places of birth in linked family trees. sation by sharing my grandma’s paternal surnames and locations. Again, location is helpful only if you and your match have some geographic variation in your pedigrees. I talked with a lady recently whose ev- ery ancestor fi ve generations back was born with- in the same 30-mile radius in North Carolina. So it may be easy to determine which line of yours she connects with (the only one from North Carolina), but identifying the connected folks in her tree will take a bit more sleuthing. Genetics: Even if your match hasn’t posted genealogical information, you may pick up some clues about your relationship from your genetics. All testing companies provide your total amount of shared DNA with each match. Shared DNA is measured in centimorgans (cM). A cM isn’t as simple a measurement as an inch or a centimeter, but it may help to think of it that way. The more DNA you share, the more likely it is that you share a single, recent ancestral couple. Did you catch that? Single, recent couple. There are two reasons you can share DNA with some- one. The fi rst is that you actually share a recent familytreemagazine.com 45 0618FT_42-47_FEAT_DNA.indd 45 3/16/18 10:56 AM In general, those who share at least 30 cMs are matches Peter, too, and therefore likely is related likely to have a single recent common ancestor. to Hilda or Martin. If she doesn’t match any of Narrow down how you might be related to match- your known relatives, review your list of Shared es (and thus, which generation might contain your Matches and look for a common connection be- shared ancestor) by comparing your total shared tween them. If you can fi gure out how any of those cM with the ranges reported by documented rela- people are related to each other, then you can form tives in the Shared cM Project. Learn more about the hypothesis that you may all be related through this project and see a table of possible shared cM that discovered line. Then use traditional genea- for each relationship at 46 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_42-47_FEAT_DNA.indd 46 3/16/18 10:56 AM What’s the take-home message here? Don’t rely Remember, Anne’s matches could be related to on ethnicity results to direct your genealogy—just Josephine (and therefore Johanna and Otto) or to use them as a clue when you can. In the case of Josephine’s husband, who was a Butterfi eld. Otto, they’re not helpful. The Shared Matches tool brought up 11 people, Second, I looked at more-concrete genea- including two second cousins with small or non- logical information for my matches: surnames, existent pedigrees, and fi ve third cousins. Trees locations and genetics. Otto is my dad’s great- showed that several of the matches were descen- great-grandfather, meaning that fellow descen- dants of my Josephine, but they didn’t come up dants of Otto would be my dad’s third cousins. in my surname searches because they spelled Matches who are descendants of Otto or his wife, Murhard with a t: Murhardt. Note to self: the sur- Johanna’s, parents would be my dad’s fourth name search in AncestryDNA isn’t nearly as for- cousins. I search my match pages at each testing giving as Ancestry’s record search is. company by surname fi rst, looking for any other A fourth cousin, P.H., didn’t have a family tree Murhards. I found no matches for that surname at posted. However, when I clicked on his name, I Family Tree DNA, MyHeritage DNA or 23andMe. found he did have a tree associated with his An- But at AncestryDNA, I found a fourth-cousin cestry account—it just wasn’t linked to his DNA match who has a Murhard in her family tree. Let’s test. That tree contained an Otto Murhard. It ap- call this match Anne. From’s Anne’s tree, I can see peared that Otto was P.H.’s great-great-grandfa- in the shop she’s my dad’s second cousin, twice removed (ab- ther through a daughter named Caroline. If this Watch our All About breviated as 2C2R). That means they’re both de- was same Otto as mine, P.H. and my dad should AncestryDNA web scended from Otto, but there’s a two-generation be third cousins. But they only shared 39 cM of seminar download, available at FIND IT ONLINE Get more help using your auto- somal DNA test results at familytreemagazine.com 47 0618FT_42-47_FEAT_DNA.indd 47 3/16/18 10:56 AM HOLES in HISTORY Major, record-destroying fi res have likely impacted your ancestry search. We’ll help you raise your family Pieces of the tree from the ashes of these disasters. 1790 to 1820 and 1860 by SUNNY JANE MORTON censuses are missing, too: If you’ve ever had cause to say this, It’s likely some “I lost her in the 1890 census!” you’re not alone. Thousands of family history researchers curse the loss of almost the entire districts or 1890 US census. After learning of its destruction due to a fi re nearly a century ago, they quickly states never begin to “skip that year” in their record searches, turning instead to city directories, tax re- turned in their cords and other substitutes that might name an ancestor during those key years between 1880 schedules, and and 1900. the British Unfortunately, the 1890 census isn’t the only major US record set that’s gone up in smoke. Other confl agrations have burned gaping holes in the collective historical record. Most nota- burned most bly: military service records for more than 16 million Americans and passenger records for a of the 1790 half-century of arrivals to New York City. Entire courthouse collections have been consumed, census for too, including vital records, probate fi les, deeds, court cases and more. Virginia during Behind these disappointing, frustrating genealogical disasters are alert watchmen, brave the War of 1812. fi rst responders, bewildered immigrant detainees and government offi cials of varying com- petence. We can at least be glad that three of the major fi res reported here involve no loss of life—just loss of history. But the proverbial smoke clouds produced by these record losses aren’t without silver lin- ings for researchers. Not every loss was complete. And not every loss was fi nal—some records have actually been recreated. Though the following fi res ruined millions of documents, they don’t have to ruin your family history research. 48 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_48-53_FEAT_HOLES IN HISTORY.indd 48 3/16/18 10:57 AM 1890 CENSUS FIRE The missing 1890 census isn’t as simple as “it was lost in a fi re.” Actually, diff erent parts of the census burned in not one, but two fi res. After the second and more devastating fi re, the surviving waterlogged records were left neglected, then quietly destroyed years later by government ad- ministrators. The ill-fated 1890 census was taken at a critical 1890 Census Fire time in US history. The population had topped 50 million in 1880 and climbed by another 25 percent Records lost: 1890 US census population schedule (62.6 million in the following decade. Foreign-born residency names) and most special schedules jumped a third during those years. Inside the country, a restless population moved westward What survived: about 6,300 names from 10 states and Washington, and into urban centers. The 1890 census captured D.C.; as well as Civil War veterans schedules for half of Kentucky, states a nation in motion. alphabetically following Kentucky, Oklahoma Territory, Indian Territory, It also collected individual information of un- and Washington, D.C. precedented genealogical value. For the fi rst time, each family got an entire census form to itself. Where to look: Find surviving schedules at major genealogy websites, Race was reported in more detail. Questions ap- including Ancestry, FamilySearch, Findmypast and MyHeritage. peared about home and farm ownership, English- language profi ciency, immigration and natural- Substitute records: city directories, tax lists, state censuses and ization. Civil War veterans and their spouses were other records created between 1880 and 1900; see the 1890 Cen- noted. Questions about a woman’s childbearing sus Substitute database at Ancestry familytreemagazine.com 49 0618FT_48-53_FEAT_HOLES IN HISTORY.indd 49 3/16/18 10:57 AM subject of restoring them didn’t come up again. fi rst for which the government didn’t require cop- Twelve years after the fi re and without fanfare, the ies to be fi led in local government offi ces. Chief Clerk of the Census Bureau recommended As sad as this story is, it could’ve been worse. destroying the surviving volumes. Congress OKed Those concrete fl oors prevented the 1921 fi re from this fi nal move the day before the cornerstone was spreading to the upper fl oors, which housed the laid for the new National Archives building. 1790 to 1820 and 1850 to 1870 censuses. Inside the Of the nearly 63 million people enumerated on basement vault were the 1830, 1840, 1880, 1900 the 1890 census population schedule, only about and 1910 censuses, but only about 10 percent of the 6,300 entries (0.0001 percent) survive. Worse yet, records were damaged to the point of needing res- a backup protocol followed for previous censuses toration. About half of the 1890 veterans schedule had just been dropped: The 1890 census was the survived. The 1920 census was in another build- ing entirely. So while the losses are signifi cant, consider this: Can you imagine trying to trace your US ancestors without any federal censuses between 1790 and 1910? National Personnel DISASTER AT THE NPRC Records Center Fire The federal government learned a thing or two Records lost: up to 18 million Offi cial Military Personnel Files (OMPFs) about protecting archival records in the half year for the Army (80 percent of fi les for discharges from Nov. 1, 1912 to Jan. following the Census Bureau fi re. That’s why a 1, 1960) and Air Force (75 percent of discharges from Sept. 25, 1947 to 1973 fi re at the National Personnel Records Center Jan. 1, 1964) (NPRC) in St. Louis, Missouri wasn’t a total loss. Although millions of 20th-century US military What survived: about 6.5 million fi les, now marked “B” (“burned”) service fi les were destroyed, quick-acting offi cials, dedicated workers and advancing technology led Where to look: Request records from the NPRC, following instructions to a much more hopeful ending for genealogists. at Document disasters in history 1618- 1688- 1755 1922 1923 1940s 1648 1697 Royal Library of Irish censuses, Collections of WWI British German church More German Portugal collec- wills and parish several Japanese service records records in the records in the tions in the Great registers at the libraries in an and many others Thirty Years War Nine Years’ War Lisbon earth- Four Courts earthquake and in bombings quake bombing in subsequent fi res across Europe Dublin and China 50 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_48-53_FEAT_HOLES IN HISTORY.indd 50 3/16/18 10:57 AM Recovery eff orts began even before the fi re was out. Other agencies received orders to preserve any records that might be helpful in reconstruct- ing the aff ected Offi cial Military Personnel Files (OMPFs). Workers removed key records from fl oors they could safely reach, including more Ellis Island Fire than 100,000 reels of Army and Air Force records. They sprayed the waterlogged ruins of the build- Records lost: passenger arrival records at Castle Garden (1855-1890), ing’s top with a mold prevention agent. the Barge Offi ce (1890-1891) and Ellis Island (1892-1897) Less than a week after the fi re died, employees began hauling thousands of plastic crates fi lled What survived: none of the records held at Ellis Island up to the date with smoky, sodden records to the nearby Mc- of the fi re Donnell Douglas aircraft facility. They stacked 2,000 crates at a time in an enormous vacuum- Where to look: Search for free at CastleGarden.org 1976 1989 2003 2004 2014 Most collections Collections of Iraq National Sweeping losses Historical docu- of the National University of Library and Ar- across South ments spanning Library of Cam- Bucharest library chives and other Asia after Indian centuries in fi re bodia by the and archive in Iraqi repositories Ocean earth- at National Ar- Khmer Rouge the Romanian burned and quake chives of Bosnia Revolution looted and Herzegovina familytreemagazine.com 51 0618FT_48-53_FEAT_HOLES IN HISTORY.indd 51 3/16/18 10:58 AM station while contractors enlarged the land mass wounded WWII servicemen, Coast Guard train- of nearby Ellis Island. ees, enemy aliens and deportees. The new half-million dollar facility opened What records were lost in the fi re? Now that on Ellis Island Jan. 1, 1892. The enormous main you’ve heard the story, the answer will make more building was 400 feet long with distinctive square sense. Ellis Island passenger arrival lists (1892- towers. Its wooden walls and open-ceiling plan 1897) went up in fl ames. So did records created gave the place a light, airy atmosphere. Inside, during the federal startup period at the Barge The passenger immigrants stored their baggage on the fi rst fl oor Offi ce. Unfortunately, federal offi cials also had and climbed to the second for questioning and in- claimed the State of New York’s Castle Garden arrival lists spection. Successful arrivals could exchange cur- passenger arrival lists created between 1855 and lost in the rency and purchase rail tickets to their fi nal des- 1890. So those are gone, too. 1897 Ellis tinations. Those who were detained for further Then what’s in those huge New York passen- Island fi re inspection stayed in dormitories. Other structures ger databases you can search online? Are they didn’t include on the island supported a revolving community of missing early arrivals to Ellis Island and all who arrivals at detainees: a hospital with staff quarters, a bath- passed through Castle Garden? Happily, no. The house, restaurant, laundry, boiler house and elec- US Customs Offi ce also collected passenger lists ports outside tric light plant. from ship’s captains. These records have been New York. This magnifi cent building caught fi re around microfi lmed and indexed, and now fi ll the holes midnight on June 15, 1897. A watchman called burned by the 1897 fi re. an alarm after spotting fl ames dancing out of a second-fl oor window. Newspapers reported that COURTHOUSE CATASTROPHES employees calmly evacuated more than 200 over- Those tracing US ancestors inevitably will come night detainees—including 55 hospital patients— across the discouraging term “burned county.” It to a ferry boat. Fire boats arrived promptly. But refers to places that have experienced courthouse the fast-moving blaze gutted the wood-framed disasters, whether fi re, fl ood or weather. Records building within an hour, then burned the nearby in county courthouses have fallen victim to de- buildings and docks, too. structive acts over the years. Ellis Island remained closed and immigrant One of the unluckiest counties for courthouse processing returned to the Barge Offi ce until Dec. disasters has to be Hamilton County, Ohio, home 17, 1900. The new fi reproof red brick facility cost of the “Queen of the West” city, Cincinnati. Fed three times as much to build as its predecessor. by Ohio River traffi c, German immigration and an Millions more immigrants passed through its early 1800s meat-processing industry, Cincinnati doors. Before it closed in 1954, it also sheltered grew into one of the fi rst major cities of the inland United States. The county’s fi rst courthouse was a log cabin near a swamp. Locals must have been relieved when a two-story limestone brick building re- placed it around 1802. But it only survived a de- cade. Soldiers billeted at the courthouse during the War of 1812 accidentally burned it to the ground. The third Hamilton County courthouse was built on the outskirts of town. But that didn’t keep it safe. In the summer of 1849, sparks from a nearby pork-processing house landed on the courthouse’s exposed wooden rafters. A devastat- ing fi re ensued. The county hired a nationally renowned ar- chitect to design a massive fourth courthouse building. By 1844, it housed one of the country’s leading law libraries. For the next 40 years, it seemed that the fi re gods were fi nally smiling on the courthouse. 52 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_48-53_FEAT_HOLES IN HISTORY.indd 52 3/16/18 10:58 AM But nobody was smiling on March 29, 1884, af- ter a jury returned a manslaughter verdict in the trial of a German immigrant. Seven witnesses testifi ed that he’d described how he planned and carried out the murder of his boss. Locals thought the man should’ve been found guilty of murder, a more-serious charge. Police and Ohio National Courthouse Disasters Guardsmen battled rioters storming the jail. The next day, a growing mob torched the courthouse Records lost: court records such as deeds, probate fi les, marriage and prevented fi refi ghters’ eff orts to put it out. It licenses, vital event registers and trial documents took 2,500 more guardsmen and another two days to quell the violence. The riots left more than 40 What survived: varies dead and 100 wounded, and another Hamilton County courthouse in ruins. Where to look: consult local research guides, county offi cials, and lo- Another courthouse fi re was part of a much cal historical and genealogical societies larger confl agration: the Great Chicago Fire. When the Cook County, Ill., courthouse burned in Substitute records: re-recorded deeds and other documents; delayed the early morning hours of Oct. 9, 1871, no one was birth certifi cates; and local records not kept at courthouses, including thinking about saving records. People were run- church records, newspapers, town or township records ning for their lives. Well, everyone except for the unfortunate souls trapped in the basement of the Pro tip: Research plans are helpful when working in a burned county. courthouse—but we’ll come back to them. Note the specifi c record needed, then (once you’ve verifi ed it was de- The fi re began about 9 p.m. in a poor urban stroyed) list all the records that might provide the same information. neighborhood, in the barn belonging to Irish im- migrants named O’Leary. Postfi re rumors blamed Mrs. O’Leary’s cow for kicking over a lantern dur- ing milking. Historians have refuted this, with most instead pointing to young men playing dice. Courthouses and other county repositories Chicago’s city council offi cially absolved Mrs. across the United States have suff ered fi res, O’Leary in 1997. fl oods, tornadoes, earthquakes and even cleaning Whatever the cause, wind quickly whipped the frenzies by well-meaning offi cials. The Civil War fl ames into a wall 100 feet high. Someone began in particular took a toll on Southern states. Union tolling the courthouse bell as the blaze spread over troops burned 12 courthouses to the ground in downtown Chicago. Sparks landed on the wooden Georgia, for example, and 25 Virginia counties cupola of the courthouse sometime after 1 a.m., have Civil War-related losses of records. igniting the building. Panicked prisoners trapped Because fi res may have spared some records in in their basement cells cried out and pounded on a “burned county,” always double-check whether the walls. Bystanders tried to free them, but were the ones you need survived. Even if they didn’t, all restrained until the mayor could send a hurried may not be lost for your research. Court records message allowing their release. With a few of the have legal implications, so local offi cials would most dangerous criminals left under guard, the go to great lengths to restore the information. rest disappeared into the glowing night. This includes asking residents to re-record their About 2:30 a.m., the heavy bronze bell that had marriage licenses, wills and deeds. Genealogists been ringing for more than fi ve hours crashed to might reconstruct lists of births and deaths from the ground. When the last fl ickers of the Great newspapers, cemetery records and other sources. Chicago Fire died 24 hours later, more than 2,000 Local government offi ces and genealogical or his- acres of downtown Chicago had burned. Three torical societies can help you learn about any sur- hundred were dead and a third of the city’s popu- viving records and substitutes. lation was homeless. The limestone courthouse was gone, along with all the records inside: vital The WWII service records for both grandfathers of contrib- records, court records, deeds and more. Record- uting editor Sunny Jane Morton were destroyed in the keeping begin again the next year. 1973 NPRC fi re. familytreemagazine.com 53 0618FT_48-53_FEAT_HOLES IN HISTORY.indd 53 3/16/18 10:58 AM LINKS in a CHAIN Meet the journalist who’s bringing genealogy out of the past and into current events. BY ASHLEE PECK COURTESY OF JENNIFER MENDELSOHN JENNIFER OF COURTESY 54 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_54-57_FEAT_RESISTANCE.indd 54 3/16/18 10:59 AM She started noticing parallels between her own family history and the growing rhetoric about immigration. rom border walls to Dreamers, immi- the President signed executive order 13769, “Pro- gration is a hot topic in today’s Ameri- tecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry ca. Although common ground is scarce into the United States,” Mendelsohn tweeted when it comes to modern immigration WWII-era letters from her great-uncle, who was policy, Americans can all be certain attempting to get out of Poland. He never made it: Fabout one thing: The vast majority of us are de- He was murdered in the Holocaust, along with his scended from immigrants. wife and four daughters. We’re used to thinking of genealogy as some- Mendelsohn’s approach became more direct thing that happened a long time ago. Jennifer in August, when she spotted potential irony in Mendelsohn, a journalist by day and avid fam- White House Senior Policy Adviser Stephen Mill- ily historian in her spare time, has made it a er’s comments at a press conference about a bill mission to remind immigration policymakers of that would favor immigrants who already speak their roots in the poor, oppressive and war-torn English profi ciently. She did a little research and countries of Europe, Asia and elsewhere. In the tweeted, “Stephen Miller favors immigrants who process, she’s showing how America’s immigrant speak English. But the 1910 census shows his own heritage is central to one of today’s most-pressing political issues—one tweet at a time. The sleuthing skills that serve Mendelsohn’s career in journalism led her to pursue genealogy about fi ve years ago. She now serves on the board of the Jewish Genealogy Society of Maryland familytreemagazine.com 55 0618FT_54-57_FEAT_RESISTANCE.indd 55 3/16/18 10:59 AM CHAIN MIGRATION Genealogists have long used the term “chain migration” to describe the pattern by which our immi- grant ancestors followed their family and friends across the ocean, settling together in the United States. Passenger lists from the early 1900s make it easy to spot this common pattern. They name the traveler’s closest relative still in his place of origin, the person who paid his passage (in an eff ort to prevent contract labor), and the person he was going to meet in the United States. Immigration offi cials also would often note when a male relative claimed an unaccompanied female passenger at the port of arrival. March 28, 1904 Victor and Camilla arrive in New York. March 19, 1905 Hector arrives to join Victor.or. Sept. 4, 1913 Victor returns to the Unitedte States with Gildo. Nov. 30, 1913 Esther (recorded as “Eleanora”) is dischargedscharge at Ellis Island to Hector and Gildo. Dec. 16, 1916 Clothilde, Mario and Giuseppe joinoin Esther. 56 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_54-57_FEAT_RESISTANCE.indd 56 3/16/18 10:59 AM Genealogy became a central theme in news and social media. People were reading about censuses, passenger lists and historical immigration patterns. great-grandmother couldn’t. #oops.” She added laborer in the 1905 New York state census, to an image of the census showing that Sarah Miller, sponsor the passage of his brother Ettore (Hec- a resident alien who’d immigrated in 1906, spoke tor) that year. In 1913, Victor brought along Gildo only Yiddish. when he returned to the United States from Paris. The #ResistanceGenealogy hashtag was born The brothers fetched their sister, Esther, from El- soon after that, but it really took off in January, lis Island two months later. She, in turn, was the when Dan Scavino, White House director of so- “going to join” relative named on the 1916 passen- cial media and assistant to the President, tweeted ger list for her sister Clothilde, nephew Maurice, Jan. 9, “It’s time to end #ChainMigration!” and 68-year-old father, Giuseppe. Mendelsohn answered two days later, “Let’s With that, genealogy became a central theme in say Victor Scavino arrives from Canelli, Italy in news and social media. People were reading about 1904, then bro Hector in 1905, bro Gildo in 1912, censuses and passenger lists, and talking about sis Esther in 1913, & sis Clotilde and their father historical immigration patterns and the Statue Giuseppe in 1916 ... Do you think that would count of Liberty. #ResistanceGenealogy began trend- as chain migration?” ing as one of the day’s most-used hashtags. More As she explains in an article on Politico.com than 22,000 people shared Mendelsohn’s Scavino familytreemagazine.com 57 0618FT_54-57_FEAT_RESISTANCE.indd 57 3/16/18 10:59 AM Read Your Wayy to Research Success Enter code NewspapersFTM SAVE 10%! 3ɥ!'#!*.43ƥɥ7/(1#2ɥ/1(+ɥƑƎƦɥƐƎƏƘƥ THIS HELPFUL HOW-TO GUIDE CONTAINS: tips for finding rich detail about your ancestors in old newspapers steps for searching online papers at websites such as Newspapers.com, GenealogyBank and the free Chronicling America real-life success stories from historical newspaper researchers like you /#1 !*ɥƭɥƐƓƎɥ/ %#2ɥƭɥǬƐƕƥƙƙ ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY! To order by phone, call (855) 278-0408 0618FT_C2_3_5_16_41_58_62_67_69_C3_C4_ADS.indd 58 3/16/18 11:18 AM treetips SAD NEWS FOR FANS OF THE FREE ROOTSWEB familytreemagazine.com 59 0618FT_59_TT_OPENER.indd 59 3/16/18 11:00 AM treetips NOW WHAT? My German The Soviet Union captured about 3 million German prisoners of a war during World War II, mostly in the war’s last year. The POWs Q ancestor went were used as forced labor even after the war ended. Russian records of these prisoners are scant, but some 10,000 records of Germans convicted missing on the in Soviet war tribunals are online The Stillaguamish Valley Genealogical Society presents the NORTHWEST GENEALOGY CONFERENCE August 15–18, 2018 ဣ ¦¡ ¡ဤ 4 Days of Genealogy Many nationally known speakers! AmieAmie CeCeCeC Bowserowser Featured MoMoorere Tennantnnnant BethBeth Keynote PeggyPe FoulkFoul Speakers: LLauritzenaur 6SDFHLVOLPLWHG,5HJLVWHUWRGD\DWZZZ1Z*&RUJ,QZJF#VWLOO\JHQRUJ ,32%R[$UOLQJWRQ:$ ,ZZZ6WLOO\*HQRUJ 0DGHSRVVLEOHLQSDUWZLWKIXQGLQJIURPWKH&LW\RI$UOLQJWRQ 60 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_60-61_TT_NOW WHAT.indd 60 3/16/18 11:00 AM My Grandpa and his friend went from Chicago to home- Qstead near Sugar City, Colo., between 1900 to 1910. They didn’t stay because the friend couldn’t cope with desert life. Grandpa would’ve been under 18. Where should I start? Start with the free General Land Offi ce site from the US Bureau of A Land Management My husband’s grandmother died in 1943 after being hit Qby a car in Chattanooga. Her body was sent home to De- catur, Ala., for burial, but I can’t fi nd any record there. What else can I do? From other details you provided, it’s apparent you’ve already A found her Tennessee death record at FamilySearch David A. Fryxell is the founding editor of Family Tree Magazine. 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DREW SMITH To order by phone, call (855) 278-0408 0618FT_C2_3_5_16_41_58_62_67_69_C3_C4_ADS.indd 62 3/16/18 11:18 AM PHOTO DETECTIVE treetips Gathering Together Can clues in this group portrait help identify the people shown? 6 1 2 5 4 3 1 Turn over photos for clues. 3 The brown cardstock was 5 This older gentleman is formal 6 Someone in the picture could A photographer’s imprint on common for photos during in a suit, while the other men own this house, or it may be the back of this one states it was the 1880s and very early 1890s. wear shirtsleeves. His position rented for a vacation. Study- taken by the studio Sprague and Brown was a change from the in the center marks him as the ing land records of identifi ed Hathaway, on July 4, 1890. bright-colored cardstock of the head of this family. Seating individuals may yield clues as to 1860s. Cream and gray stock arrangements in big group por- why the family gathered here for 2 Bessie Mabel Hodgdon quickly replaced the brown in traits off er clues to relationships a Fourth of July celebration. Hoogerzeil, born in 1877, is the the 1890s. and nuclear family clusters of original owner of this picture. mothers, fathers and children. Is she in it? Only these two girls 4 Our ancestors wore sporty could be 13. The rest of the chil- clothes, like this boldly striped dren are younger. Comparing dress and the boy’s cap, for these girls to known pictures of casual outings. Bessie could ID her. Maureen A. Taylor is Family Tree Magazine’s Photo Detective blogger familytreemagazine.com 63 0618FT_63_TT_PHOTO DETECTIVE.indd 63 3/16/18 11:01 AM treetips TECH TOOLKIT WHAT’S NEW Pensions Plus! DO A GENEALOGY HAPPY DANCE if your War of 1812 ancestor applied for a pension. Fold3’s proj- ect to digitize War of 1812 pension records is two- thirds complete, with fi les searchable for free at The 1879 pension fi le of Olive Cadwell, age 91, describes her husband’s War of 1812 service. It also includes a court-certifi ed note of the couple’s 1806 marriage date, recorded in the family Bible. FIND 1930S UK EMIGRANTS UK genealogy subscription website The Genealo- gist has released more than 2.7 million “BT27” (the designation for the British National Archives record series) outbound passenger lists from 1930 to 1939. You can search by name, year, country of depar- ture, country of arrival, and ports of embarkation and arrival. The search even recognizes family members together on the same voyage thegenealogist.co.uk>. SOMODEVILLA/GETTY CHIP ARCHIVE/GETTY SCHUMER: CHUCK NEWS/GETTY IMAGES IMAGES; NORTH AMERICA IMAGES IMAGNO/HULTON EMIGRANTS: UK 64 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_64-65_TT_TOOLKIT_NEWS.indd 64 3/16/18 11:02 AM YOUR STORY, OUR STORY A conch shell reminds a young American of the hardships his grandfather, a Guyanese fi sherman, faced. A 60-year-old cast-iron frying pan is still the only pan that produces blinis like the ones a Rus- sian immigrant remembers from her childhood. Objects have the power to connect you to your family heritage and culture. New York City’s Lower East Side Tenement Museum is gathering and sharing object stories on its Your Story, Our Story website Is Your DNA at Risk? LATE LAST YEAR, Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York called for the Fed- eral Trade Commission to scrutinize DNA testing companies, claiming they could sell your DNA, provide it to law enforcement for criminal in- vestigations, and use it in other ways you’re not aware of. Testing companies beg to diff er. “We feel the only person that should have your DNA is you,” says Bennett Greenspan, president of Family Tree DNA familytreemagazine.com 65 0618FT_64-65_TT_TOOLKIT_NEWS.indd 65 3/16/18 11:02 AM treetips TECH TOOLKIT HOW TO Load a Microfi lm Reader 1 Microfi lm readers vary, but usually look something like this. You may need to gently pull the carriage assem- 23 bly toward you until the little glass plates pop open. 7 2 Place your mi- crofi lm reel on the left-hand spindle. 1 3 Feed the tail of the microfi lm 6 through the rollers and between the glass plates, then around the core of the uptake reel. Insert the end of the microfi lm into the slot in the core of the uptake reel. 4 Give the reel a turn or two to make sure it’s taking up the fi lm. Look on 5 the side or front of the reader for a hand crank or knob to scroll the fi lm. 4 5 Gently push the carriage assembly back away from you until it locks into place, if needed. 6 Scroll away! Use 7 When you’re Some researchers get motion This model casts the lever to adjust through, you’ll sickness as the microfi lm whirls E by. Look away if you can, and need to rewind the image onto a the position of the consider using medication platform. Others image, and turn the microfi lm back such as Dramamine. have screens the ring around the onto the reel. resembling a com- lens to focus. Don’t puter monitor. be afraid to ask a librarian for help. 66 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_66_TT_TOOLKIT_HOW TO.indd 66 3/16/18 11:02 AM Find Your Roots Reconnect to your birth family with this guide, featuring: t strategies for adoptees, donor-conceived people, and anyone with unknown parentage to fi nd biological relatives using DNA testing t help understanding the major DNA tests and testing companies t tips for identifying and contacting DNA matches SAVE 10%! ENTER CODE AdoptionFTM ɥ ƥɥ 7/(1#2ɥ#!ƥɥƑƏƦɥƐƎƏƘ /#1 !*ɥƭɥƐƓƎɥ/ %#2ɥƭɥǬƐƙƥƙƙɥ PRE-ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY! Untitled-1 67 3/16/18 11:21 AM treetips TECH TOOLKIT ROUNDUP 6 Websites for Memorializing Loved Ones 1 Facebook 2 Find A Grave 3 Fold3 4 Legacy.com Memorial Websites 5 We Remember 6 WeRelate 68 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_68_TT_TOOLKIT_ROUNDUP.indd 68 3/16/18 11:03 AM Take your research to the next level! VIP t Family Tree Magazine one-year subscription (7 issues): Get the tips you need to trace your roots from America’s #1 family history magazine. t Family Tree Premium one-year subscription: Get members-only access to thousands of how-to articles on FamilyTreeMagazine.com. Join the t Members-only savings: Family Tree VIP Log in before you shop to save even more on every order from the Family Tree Shop with your automatic 10% discount! 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C Enter a country, city, county or state, and select the right place from the type-ahead menu that appears. H D Click for options G to search on a partial last name, include nicknames E These options F Browse forums G Watch tutorial H Send comments I See if your family or maiden names, let you contribute about using Find A videos on 30 topics, and critiques to cemetery has any look for burials burial information Grave, researching including searching Find A Grave site memorials by click- added in the past or cemetery photos in cemeteries, fi nd- for burials, contrib- managers. ing here and typing one, seven, 30 or 90 to a memorial. ing famous graves uting to the site in the cemetery days, and more. You’ll need to regis- and more. and managing your name or searching ter and/or log in. account. by place. On your search results page, you can sort matches by name, birth or death date, or cemetery (handy E for fi nding relatives buried in the same place). 70 FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE MAY/JUNE 2018 0618FT_70_TT_TOOLKIT_WEBSITE.indd 70 3/16/18 11:04 AM DNA Q&A Related Multiple Ways Get live customer support in seconds, your price in minutes and your books printed in 48 hours. Go to 48hourbooks.com ... we print books unnaturally fast. My grandparents were second cousins, and Grandma’s Qsister married Grandpa’s brother. So my mother had double fi rst cousins (about 25 percent shared DNA) who were also third cousins (.781 percent shared DNA). How would I calculate the amount of shared DNA between Mom Get genealogy and these cousins? advice from the Your testing company uses the total amount of shared DNA, experts in the A measured in centimorgans (cM), to estimate your relationship free Family Tree with a match. If you’re related to the person in multiple ways, as you are with these cousins on your mom’s side, that estimated relation- Podcast, hosted by ship can be misleading. Lisa Louise Cooke The Shared cM Project is a study of how much DNA various types of relatives share. You’ll fi nd more information and a table of average shared cM at DIGITALVISION VECTORS/GETTY IMAGES DIGITALVISION ment for various relationships in both typical populations and endoga- 123/ mous ones (in which individuals tended to marry within the group). Diahan Southard DRAFTER familytreemagazine.com 71 0618FT_71_TT_TOOLKIT_DNA.indd 71 3/16/18 11:14 AM the rest is history “The morning I left Ireland it was gray and wet. I was by then 11. The date was Aug. 4, 1964—the same day that Ian Fleming died, ironically. My dear Aunt Eileen packed my tiny cardboard suitcase, and I wore a gray V-neck hand-knitted sweater with a tartan bowtie. 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