TevatronTevatron ColliderCollider RunRun II:II: AA CCiinnddeerreellllaa SSttoorryy ……oror TheThe ArtArt ofof ColliderCollider CommissioningCommissioning

VladimirVladimir ShiltsevShiltsev FermilabFermilab AbstractAbstract 2007-08 ACADEMIC TRAINING PROGRAMME LECTURE SERIES ƒ 01, 03, 04, 05 October 2007 ƒ Main Auditorium, bldg. 500, 11:00-12:00 ƒ Tevatron: The Cinderella Story or Th SHILTSEV / Fermi National Accele ƒ The Tevatron Collider at Fermilab (Batavia, IL, USA) is the world's highest energy particle collider at 1.8TeV c.m.e. The machine was a centerpiece of the US and world's High Energy Physicse for Art many Of Collideryears. Currently, Commissioning the V. Tevatron is in the last years of its operationrator Laboratory, in so-called RunBatavia II which IL, USA started 2001 and is tentatively scheduled to end in 2010. In this lecture series, we'll try to learn from the exciting story of the Tevatron Collider Run II: the story of long preparations, great expectations, initial difficulties, years of "blood and sweat", continuous upgrades, exceeding its goals, high emotions, tune-up of accelerator organization for "combat fighting". The lectures will cover Introduction to the Tevatron, its history and Run II; "Plumbing" Issues; Beam Physics Issues; Luminosity Progress; Organization of Troops and Lessons for LHC. CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 2 ContentContent ƒ Monday Lecture 1: Introduction ¾ what is Tevatron Collider? ¾ why Cinderella? ƒ Wednesday Lecture 2: “Plumbing” of Accelerators ¾ Hardware (no beam): magnets, vacuum, RF, etc ¾ Hard-soft-ware (beam): diagnostics, controls, etc ƒ Thursday Lecture 3: Physics of Accelerators ¾ High intensity issues ¾ High luminosity issues ƒ Friday Lecture 4: Lessons ¾ Tevatron vs other accelerators ¾ Will LHC be different?

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 3 Scenery:Scenery: TevatronTevatron ColliderCollider RunRun IIII

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 4 Detectors:Detectors: CDFCDF andand D0D0 For the purpose of these lectures:

Fascinating apparata Great people (~700 in each team) Tons of great results Unfortunately - they need Collider (very demanding - with good Luminosity@ 1.96TeV) Have some systems affecting beam Very instrumental and can be a great beam diagnostics

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 5 TheirTheir role:role: PrincePrince Charming?Charming?

Higgs… not here yet (expct ’09 ?)

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 6 TevatronTevatron C=6.28km This is not Tevatron! ~800 SC remnants of Main Ring Magnets (4d+q) B_max=4.5T E=980GeV E_inj=150 GeV Proton clockws Pbars counter 36+36 bunches Same aperture 26 HV separators 2 Low-beta This is the Tevatron! insertions

ItIt’’ss aa COLLIDERCOLLIDER CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 7 TevatronTevatron’’ss Role:Role: CinderellaCinderella

… you’ll see later that’s not that simple but… CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 8 MainMain InjectorInjector C=3.32km

Room temperature magnets (<2T)

E_max=150GeV E_inj=8 GeV

Min cycle time 1.4s

Accelerates protons and Pbars to 150GeV for Tevatron

Accelerates protons to 120 GeV for pbar production and NuMI

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 9 MainMain InjectorsInjectors’’ss Role:Role: WorkhorseWorkhorse

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 10 RecyclerRecycler RingRing Shares tunnel with Main Injector

C=3.32km

Permanent magnets (344, 1.45T, Sr-Fe combined function)

E_kin=8 GeV fixed

Stores and cools antiprotons (originally – from Tevatron, now-from Antiproton Accu- mulator only)

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 11 RecyclerRecycler’’ss Role:Role: MagicMagic WandWand

… not that simple… but played well at the end CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 12 Booster,Booster, DebuncherDebuncher andand AntiprotonAntiproton AccumulatorAccumulator Two 8 GeV pbar rings for stochastic cooling in one Δ- shape tunnel Debuncher (fast cool) Accumulator (deep cooling with stacking).. aperture

Booster: C=480m 15 Hz synchtron E_inj=400 MeV H- E_max=8GeV protons ~5e12 p/pulse max Space charge dominated CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 13 Booster,Booster, AAAA andand DebuncherDebuncher:: HorsesHorses

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 14 ProtonProton SourceSource E_kin=400MeV H- to Booster room temperature RF linac 400MHz

H- ion source and 750keV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator,

sends beamCERN to AcademicLinac Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 15 ProtonProton Source:Source: CoachCoach

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 16 ……andand FinallyFinally

Entire Lab US labs CERN et al

Funding agencies TevatronTevatron RunRun IIII TeamTeam

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 17 CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 18 AA BitBit ofof HistoryHistory March 1971: R.R. Wilson announces intention to request authorization to build the Energy Doubler/Saver

RobertRobert WilsonWilson ““fatherfather--founderfounder”” CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 19 MoreMore HistoryHistory July 5, 1979: US Depart- ment of Energy authori- zation of Tevatron project (after magnet R&D done)

March 18, 1983: Installation of the last of 774 supercon- ducting dipole magnets in the Tevatron CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 20 Success!Success!

July 3,1983: Tevatron achieves world-record proton beam energy 512 GeV

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 21 TevatronTevatron asas pp--pbarpbar ColliderCollider:: 19851985 -- October 13, 1985: 1st observation of pbar-p collisions by CDF at 1.6 TeV June 20, 1988: First Collider run begins

Mar.22,1993: Main Injector groundbreaking

Sep.4,1993: New 400 MeV Linac 1st beam CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 22 SmashingSmashing Success!!Success!!

March 2, 1995: CDF and D0 announce the discovery of the top quark.

Feb.19,1996: End of Run I and start of shutdown to complete Main Injector

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 23 TevatronTevatron RunRun I:I: 1.81.8 TeVTeV comcom

Peak L=25e30 Typ. L=16e30

Avg. 2 pb-1/wk Best 18pb-1/m

Total delivered 0.15 fb-1/detector

Pbar stacking rate 5e10/hr (weekly avg)

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 24 Luminosity,Luminosity, LifetimeLifetime andand IntegralIntegral

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 25 γ LuminosityLuminosity πβ andand LuminosityLuminosity IntegralIntegral ε (B N p )N pε σ * L = f H ()β 0 * τ l 2 ()p + p I = Ldt ≈ N L ln(1+T /τ ) ∫ stores L 0 L ƒ Luminosity Integral: primary factors ¾Beta* at IP and bunchlength: H(x)/beta^*

¾Emittances εp εpbar ¾Number of protons: Np ¾Number of antiprotons: BNpbar ¾Lumi-lifetime: τL

¾Number Stores: Nstores CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 26 WhatWhat peoplepeople thoughtthought inin 19961996 Recycler TDR FNAL TM-1991

Note: Design luminosity Achieved luminosity Projected luminosity LHC design 10000xe30 Log-Lin scale

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 27 WhatWhat peoplepeople thoughtthought inin 19991999

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 28 WhatWhat peoplepeople thoughtthought inin 20012001 FNAL-AD Beams-doc-2385

X10 Run I X10 Run I

X100 Run I

X25 Run I

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 29 AA WellWell LaidLaid PlanPlan forfor ColliderCollider RunRun IIII

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 30 WhatWhat peoplepeople thoughtthought inin 2001:2001: UpgradesUpgrades

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 31 So,So, MarchMarch 1,1, 20012001 comescomes…… READY?!

SET… GO !!!

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 32 LuminosityLuminosity ProgressProgress 20012001--0303

FY’01 FY’02 FY’03

ƒ Total integral/yr 20 pb-1 80 pb-1 236 pb-1 expectedexpected inin

goal set prev.’’0101 year 200 300 230 200200 18001800 800800 ƒ Peak Luminosity 7e30 49e30 103e30 (record) expectedexpected inin

(typical)(typical) ’’0101 CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 33 2525 8080 120120 WWW:WWW: WhatWhat WentWent WrongWrong --?? ƒ Let’s go over L-factors (as we understand now) ¾Beta* at IP and bunchlength: H(x)/beta^* • Beta*~60cm instead of 35,optics was not controlled, lattice measurements were hard due to old BPMs, etc • Bunchlength was 60-70cm instead of 37, coalescing was not tuned up, strange “dancing bunches” observed

¾Emittances εp εpbar • Larger from sources: p(Booster – orbit and machine control) and AA(pbar – very large IBS) • blown up at each transfer, also in collissions • Factors 2-3 larger than design, awful diagnostics

¾Number of protons: Np • Low trsf eff in MI and Tev due to large emm., optics • Bad lifetime in Tev at Inj due to high chromaticity • Intentionally limited due to pbar lifetime in Tevatron CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 34 WWW:WWW: WhatWhat WentWent WrongWrong --??

¾Number of antiprotons: BNpbar • Transfer eff as low as 30% (source to low-beta) – losses all along the chain, incl. beam-beam in Tevatron • Stacking rate low due to losses in beamlines, slower than expected stochastic cooling, low production eff • Short Tevatron stores limited the max pbar stack size

¾Lumi-lifetime: τL • The only parameter that was decent – but because of low luminosity and intensities

¾Number Stores: Nstores • periods when every other store ended prematurely • …even every beam abort resulted in a quench (4-6 hrs) • 60-80 stores/week were normal, toll of beam studies • Even that was waisted as detectors eff was ~50-75% CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 35 MotherMother NatureNature –– Stepmother?Stepmother? TheThe teamteam waswas sentsent backback toto blackboards,blackboards, labs,labs, controlcontrol roomroom…… ““trenchestrenches””

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 36 TevatronTevatron RunRun IIII :: TheThe BattleBattle BeginsBegins Feb’04: DoE ReviewJul’04: -“B” L>100 mark? May’02: Jul’02:AAC review, L=26 – over Run I record Jun’04:Aug’04: L>86 (RunFY04 IIa goals goal) achieved lotJan’02: of concerns, detectorsOct’02: L~20 DoE “~ready” Review “C-mark” Sep’04: DoE mini-review Mar 1, 2004: Run II begins Jan’03: Management“total butmobilization” L~10 Recyclingchanges, (40% started ofand Run 132 I) ns abandoned Upgrade Project started DoE calls otherRealistic labs to goalshelp set for FY03 Mar’03: Integral>150 pb-1 (Run I) 1st CDF Run II paper out Jul’03: DoE Review “C+”

“…the nextAug’03: 6 months L=50 (2xRunI) are critical” Sep’03: FY03 goal achieved Oct’03: DoE mini-review

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 37 IntegratedIntegrated LuminosityLuminosity

1st three yrs Run II total 0.68 fb-1

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 38 FacingFacing TheThe RealityReality ƒ Get realistic! ƒ Attention to Basics ƒ Understand Physics ƒ Get into R&D and Upgrades All that simultaneously!!

Collider Run II had become a complex campaign of operation, beam studies and continuous upgrades

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 39 GetGet Realistic!Realistic! ƒ “Get realistic!”: ¾ goals adjusted to understanding • yearly goals were set between “base” (low) and “design” (high) numbers • No Run IIa and Run IIb , Run II only ¾ several projects abandoned as their outcome was found doubtful: • Liquid Lithium Lens • 140x105 bunches • Crossing angle in Tevatron • Recycling of antiprotons (RR never rec’d) • Luminosity leveling

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 40 AttentionAttention toto BasicsBasics ((““pplumbinglumbing””)) ƒ Get machines clean and orderly ¾Alignment of magnets, field control ¾Address vacuum issues ƒ Understand your machine ¾ get better beam diagnostics ƒ Machine protection ¾ to reduce # of quenches, failures ƒ Uptime ¾Reduce tuneup time, transfer, etc

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 41 UnderstandUnderstand PPhysicshysics ƒ Effects which caught us by surprize: ¾Strong Pbar Intra-Beam Scattering ¾Slow Pbar stacking with stochastic cooling ¾Instabilities in MI and Tevatron ¾DC beam generation in Tevatron ¾Very strong beam-beam effects

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 42 R&DR&D andand UpgradesUpgrades ƒ Tevatron Luminosity Upgrade project started (3 yrs, ~45M$): ¾Support major R&D toward higher L ¾Suport operational gains ƒ R&D projects paid off: ¾Electron cooling in Recycler ¾Slip-stacking in Main Injector ¾Digital feedback systems in MI ¾Tevatron electron lenses

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 43 LongLong Campaign,Campaign, ManyMany BattlesBattles 1. Optics AA->MI lines fixed Dec’01 ~25 % 2. DC beam cleaned by TEL-1 Feb’02 uptime 3. New LB squeeze helix Mar’02 ~40 % 4. “New-new” injection helix May’02 ~15 % 5. AA Shot lattice vs IBS July’02 ~40 % 6. Tev BLT/inst.dampers at injection Sep’02 ~10 % 7. Pbar coalescing improved in MI Oct’02 ~5 % 8. C0 Lambertsons Removed Feb’03 ~15 % 9. S6 cuircuit tuned/SEMs removed June’03 ~10 % 10. “5 star” helix on ramp Aug’03 ~2 % 11. Reshimming/Alignment Nov’03 ~12 % 12. Longer Stores/ MI dampers Feb’04 ~19 % 13. 2.5MHz AAÆMI trnsf/Cool shots April’04 ~8 % 14. Reduction of beta* to 35 cm May’04 ~26 % 15. Shots from Recycler July’04 ~18% CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 44 ImprovementsImprovements inin 20052005--20072007 16. Slip Stacking in MI Mar’05 ~20% 17. Tev Octupoles at 150 GeV April’05 ~5% 18. Reduction of beta* to 28 cm Sep’05 ~10 % 19. RR Electron Cooling operational 2006 ~30% 20. Pbar production task force Feb’06 ~10 % 21. Tev 150 GeV helixÆ more p’s June’06 ~10 % 22. Tev collision helix Æ lifetime July’06 ~15 % 23. New RR WP Æemittances Sep’06 ~25 % 24. Fast AAÆRR trsfers (60Æ15min) End’06 ~15% 25. New Pbar target/higher gradient Jan’07 ~10% 26. Accumulator stack-tail gain correct Spring’07 ~12% 27. Tevatron sextupoles for new WP (ongoing) ~10?% CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 45 ColliderCollider RunRun IIII

Total integral to each detector: 3.2 fb-1

FY07 1.31 fb-1 FY06 0.62 fb-1 FY05 0.60 fb-1 2fb-1 goal FY04 0.33 fb-1 Fall’07 vs Fall’03 FY03 0.24 fb-1 FY02 0.08 fb-1 FY01 0.03 fb-1

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 46 CurrentCurrent RunRun IIII

42 peak luminosity records in 2003-2007 Record for hadron colliders 292e30 cm-2s-1 (previous: 140e30 cm-2s-1 at ISR in 1980’s)

200=Run IIb goal

86=Run IIa goal

25=Run I record

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 47 CurrentCurrent RunRun IIII ProjectionsProjections

Spread reduced to 6-7 fb-1 ~ 50% of original Run II goal extra year 2010 = extra 1.5 fb-1

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 48 Thus,Thus, thethe realreal storystory ofof TevatronTevatron isis

we deserve some luck ?

Run I Run II troubled years CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 49 ThankThank YouYou forfor YourYour Attention!Attention!

LectureLecture 22CERN Wed:Wed: Academic Training PlumbingPlumbing Programme:Tevatron’s ““showshow Cinderella Story andand telltell””50 LuminosityLuminosity 20022002--2004:2004: 1.161.161616 == 1010 ƒ First 9 months Mar-Nov’01 ƒ Optics AA->MI lines fixed Dec’01 ~25 % ƒ Quenches on abort fixed by TEL-1 Feb’02 uptime ƒ Pbar loss in LB squeeze fixed Apr’02 ~40 % ƒ “New-new” injection helix May’02 ~15 % ƒ Shot lattice, AA cooling reduces IBS July’02 ~40 % ƒ Tev BLT/inst.dampers help at injection Sep’02 ~10 % ƒ Pbar coalescing improved in MI Oct’02 ~5 % ƒ C0 Lambertsons Removed Feb’03 ~15 % ƒ S6 cuircuit tuned/SEMs removed June’03 ~10 % ƒ “5 star” helix on ramp Aug’03 ~2 % ƒ Reshimming/Alignment Nov’03 ~18 % ƒ Longer Stores/ MI dampers Feb’04 ~18 % ƒ 2.5MHz AA Æ MI transfer/Cool shots April’04 ~7 % ƒ Reduction of beta^* to 35 cm May’04 ~26 % ƒ Shots from Recycler July’04 ~18 % CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 51 WhatWhat peoplepeople thoughtthought inin 20012001

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 52 IntroductionIntroduction ƒ Tevatron Collider Run I: ¾ 1992-1995, discovery of top-quark ¾ Integral 150 pb-1, peak L=25e30 cm-1 s-1 ¾ 6(proton)x6(antiproton) bunches, 900 GeV/beam ƒ Original Run II Plan: ¾ 2001-2007, Higgs and supersymmetry ¾ 11-15 fb-1, peak L~86e30… with Recycler Æ 300-500 ƒ Major Changes (1996-2000): ¾ High intensity 150 GeV Main Injector ¾ Antiproton Source Upgrade ¾ 36x36 bunches in Tevatron, 980 GeV/beam ¾ Recycler Ring with e-Cooling - for Run IIb CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 53 RecyclerRecycler RingRing Shares tunnel with Main Injector

C=3.32km

Permanent magnets (344, 1.45T, Sr-Fe combined function)

E_kin=8 GeV fixed

Stores and cools antiprotons (originally – from Tevatron, now-from Antiproton Accu- mulator only)

CERN Academic Training Programme:Tevatron’s Cinderella Story 54