duke conference on the public domain focus paper discussion drafts (in order of conference presentation) 3 people 3 • james boyle • elinor ostrom & charlotte hess • pamela samuelson • mark hosler & don joyce • david lange & jennifer lange anderson • arti rai & rebecca eisenberg • larry lessig • yochai benkler 3 topics 3 the public domain and the commons: history & theory • mapping the digital public domain • the cultural public domain • fair use and appropriationist art • the public domain in biotech • innovation, the commons and digital networks • constitutional protection of the public domain online schedule at http://www.law.duke.edu/pd table of contents • introduction & paper excerpts ................ iv • james boyle the second enclosure movement and the construction of the public domain .............. 1 I the second enclosure movement ....................... 1 II the construction of the public domain ................... 19 a.) anti-monopoly and a tax on reading ................. 19 b.) recognizing the public domain ...................... 25 c.) discovering the e-commons ....................... 31 d.) reifying the negative? ............................ 38 • elinor ostrom & charlotte hess artifacts, facilities, and content: information as a common-pool resource ....................... 44 I. introduction ............................................. 45 II. What is a commons? .................................... 47 III. Clarifying key concepts ................................. 52 The confusion between the nature of a good and a property regime ............................................ 53 The confusion between a resource system and the flow of resource units ................................ 55 The confusion between common-property and open-access regimes ............................................ 56 The confusion over what property rights are involved in “ownership” ............................................ 59 IV. Artifacts, facilities, and content of scholarly information .. 65 V. The evolution of scholarly information ...................... 70 VI. Conclusion ........................................... 79 • pamela samuelson digital information, digital networks, and the public domain ..................................... 80 I. Introduction ........................................ 80 II. Mapping the public domain as an aid to understanding its present state in the digital environment ....................... 81 -i- A map of the public domain and adjacent terrains ........ 84 III. Threats to the public domain in the digital environment .... 87 IV. Strategies for preserving and nurturing the public domain in the digital environment ................................. 102 V. Conclusion ....................................... 105 • negativland (hosler & joyce) two relationships to a cultural public domain .. 108 Introduction ....................................... 108 part one: free exchange in the digital domain ................. 109 Two positions ..................................... 109 Screams of indignation ............................. 112 The consumer as criminal .......................... 114 Art over profit? .................................... 115 Paradoxes of practicality ............................ 117 part two: sticky fingered history ............................ 118 Grist for the mill .................................... 118 Jumping music .................................... 120 In crept collage .................................... 121 How it began and what it became .................... 122 Pay to play ....................................... 124 A distinct lack of understanding ...................... 125 Defining art and business .......................... 126 Fair use for collage ................................ 128 Two relationships to a cultural public domain ........................................... 129 • david lange and jennifer lange anderson copyright, fair use and transformative critical appropriation ............................... 130 Introduction ............................................. 130 I. The first amendment ................................... 133 II. Appropriation ......................................... 137 III. The private domain .................................... 140 IV. Transformative critical appropriation .................... 143 -ii- • rebecca eisenberg & arti rai the public and the private in biopharmaceutical research ................................... 157 I. The Bayh-Dole act and the increasingly proprietary character of university-based biomedical research ................. 163 II. Patents in biopharmaceutical research: finding the right balance III. NIH's Role in preserving the public domain.............. 167 IV. Enhancing the legal authority of NIH ................... 173 Conclusion ............................................. 175 • larry lessig the architecture of innovation ................ 177 • yochai benkler through the looking glass: alice and the constitutional foundations of the public domain 192 The white rabbit ......................................... 192 Off with his head! ........................................ 192 What, exactly, is your problem? ............................ 193 I. General framework ................................. 193 II. Political theory of the constitutional limitations on exclusive rights in information ....................................... 198 A. Democracy ................................. 199 B. Autonomy .................................. 205 C. The court as an institutional counterbalance ...... 212 III. Pressure points—the state of play today...... ............... 215 A. That’s not what the law says at all ............... 215 B. neo-lochnerism and the moral inversion of the first amendment ........................................... 218 D. regulating the logical layer: code and the constitution .. 226 E. Criminalization .............................. 231 Conclusion ....................................... 236 -iii- introduction The last fifteen years has seen a rise in both the importance and the strength of intellectual property rights in the world economy; rights have expanded in areas ranging from the human genome to the internet and have been strengthened with legally backed digital fences, lengthened copyright terms and increased penalties. Is this expansion of intellectual property necessary to respond to new copying technologies, and desirable because it will produce investment and innovation? Must we privatize the public domain to avoid a “tragedy of the commons,” or can the technologies of cheap copying and global networks actually make common pool management more efficient than legal monopolies? Questions such as these have thrown attention on the “other side” of intellectual property: the public domain. What does the public domain do? What is its importance, its history, its role in science, art, and in the building of the internet? How is the public domain similar to and different from the idea of a commons? This conference, the first major meeting to focus squarely on the topic of the public domain, will try to answer some of these questions in areas ranging from the human genome to appropriationist art, from the production of scientific data to the architecture of our communications networks. The papers gathered in this collection are attempts to answer these questions. On our request, the authors, all of whom are leading thinkers in the field, have made them available as discussion drafts, lacking the polish, the reservations, the citations, the second and third thoughts that more time would have provided. In return, we ask that you be charitable in noticing typos and slips of the pen, or brain. Thanks to all the contributors for producing such excellent papers on such short notice. The Duke Conference on the Public Domain is made possible by a very generous grant from the Center for the Public Domain http://www.centerpd.org Thanks to the Center for their support and in particular to Laurie Racine, Jen Horney, & Tawnya Louder-Reynolds for all their hard work. We would also like to acknowledge the support of Duke Law School’s intellectual property program; thanks to Professors David Lange and Jerome Reichman for organizing panels, to Eileen Wojciechowski, the conference coordinator and to Patti Meyer and Kurt Meletzke for countless organizational efforts, to Daphne Keller and William J. Friedman, the Senior Fellows in Intellectual Property and the Public Domain & to Lauren Dame, Associate Director of the Duke Genome, Ethics, Law and Policy Center -iv- excerpts from the papers The framing papers for the conference are intended to start the discussion before the conference even begins. They are arranged in sections corresponding to the organization of the conference: 3 the history and theory of the public domain: 3 a ‘state of the public domain’ report: digital networks, cultural creation and basic science 3 subject area 1: the cultural public domain: fair use and appropriation 3 subject area 2: commodification of the public domain: the challenge for science and innovation 3 subject area 3: the architecture of networks: the public domain in bandwidth, software and content 3 the constitutionalization of the public domain 3 the history and theory of the public domain 3 james boyle, the second enclosure movement and the construction of the public domain We are in the middle of a second enclosure movement; it sounds grandiloquent to call it "the enclosure of the intangible commons of the mind" but in a very real