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Women's Political Representation in Europe

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Women's Political Representation in Europe University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Women's Political Representation in Europe: An Analysis of Structural and Attitudinal Factors Jenna Elaine Mcculloch University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Mcculloch, Jenna Elaine, "Women's Political Representation in Europe: An Analysis of Structural and Attitudinal Factors" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4153 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women’s Political Representation in Europe: An Analysis of Structural and Attitudinal Factors by Jenna Elaine McCulloch A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Government and International Affairs College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Kiki Caruson, Ph.D. M. Scott Solomon, Ph.D. Peter N. Funke, Ph.D. Date of Approval: June 26, 2012 Keywords: Politics, Female Representation, Religiosity, Gender Quotas, European Elections Copyright © 2012, Jenna Elaine McCulloch Acknowledgments I wish to thank the chair of my thesis committee, Dr. Kiki Caruson, for all of her help and encouragement throughout this process, especially for her assistance with the quantitative analyses. I greatly appreciate her patience with my constant desire for perfection. I also want to thank Dr. M. Scott Solomon and Dr. Peter N. Funke for their suggestions and feedback on my work. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to my family for their incredible patience, understanding, and support over the years. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................v Abstract .............................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Why Europe? ...........................................................................................................3 Chapter 2: Literature Review ...............................................................................................7 Substantive Representation ......................................................................................7 Structural and Attitudinal Factors ..........................................................................11 Women’s Suffrage .................................................................................................12 Electoral System ....................................................................................................13 Proportional representation ........................................................................13 Majoritarian systems ..................................................................................16 Mixed systems ...........................................................................................17 Gender Quotas .......................................................................................................18 Gender Equality .....................................................................................................22 Female Professionals .............................................................................................25 Religiosity ..............................................................................................................27 Theoretical Framework ..........................................................................................32 Hypotheses .................................................................................................33 Chapter 3: Research Methodology.....................................................................................35 Operationalization of Variables .............................................................................35 Dependent variable ....................................................................................35 Independent variables ................................................................................36 Women’s suffrage ..........................................................................36 Electoral system .............................................................................36 Gender quotas ................................................................................37 Gender equality ..............................................................................38 Female professionals ......................................................................38 Religiosity ......................................................................................39 Chapter 4: Quantitative Results .........................................................................................41 Europe-wide Model ...............................................................................................41 i Western Europe Model ..........................................................................................45 Eastern Europe Model............................................................................................49 Chapter 5: Introduction to Western Europe Case Studies .................................................54 Chapter 6: Sweden .............................................................................................................56 Women’s Representation since Suffrage ...............................................................56 Electoral System ....................................................................................................58 Gender Quota .........................................................................................................59 Gender Equality .....................................................................................................61 Female Professionals .............................................................................................63 Religiosity ..............................................................................................................64 Impact on Substantive Representation ...................................................................65 Conclusion .............................................................................................................65 Chapter 7: Ireland ..............................................................................................................66 Women’s Representation since Suffrage ...............................................................67 Electoral System ....................................................................................................68 Gender Quota .........................................................................................................70 Gender Equality .....................................................................................................73 Female Professionals .............................................................................................75 Religiosity ..............................................................................................................77 Impact on Substantive Representation ...................................................................78 Conclusion .............................................................................................................79 Chapter 8: Introduction to Eastern Europe Case Studies ...................................................81 Chapter 9: Macedonia ........................................................................................................83 Women’s Representation since Suffrage ...............................................................84 Electoral System ....................................................................................................85 Gender Quota .........................................................................................................87 Gender Equality .....................................................................................................89 Female Professionals .............................................................................................91 Religiosity ..............................................................................................................92 Impact on Substantive Representation ...................................................................94 Conclusion .............................................................................................................94 Chapter 10: Hungary ..........................................................................................................96 Women’s Representation since Suffrage ...............................................................97 Electoral System ....................................................................................................98
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