DOCSLIB.ORG

Men and Women Asylum Seekers in European Reception Facilities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Men and Women Asylum Seekers in European Reception Facilities Gender in Waiting: Men and Women Asylum Seekers in European Reception Facilities Giorgia Demarchi and Sara Lenehan January 2019 This paper is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the governments they represent. 1 Acknowledgments This paper was prepared by Giorgia Demarchi and Sara Lenehan, from the World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Practice. It is part of a World Bank work program on “Building the evidence base on asylum seekers in the European Union”, financed by the Trust Funds from the Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Cross-Cutting Solutions Area (FCV CCSA) and the Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality (UFGE). The overall work program was led by María E. Dávalos, Giorgia Demarchi and Quy-Toan Do, under the leadership of Arup Banerji, Carolina Sanchez Paramo and Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva. The project was conducted in close collaboration with the FCV CCSA, the Country Management Unit for the EU countries and the External and Corporate Relations Vice-Presidency. The team received useful guidance and valuable support from Caroline Bahnson, Julia Barrera, Christian Bodewig, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet, Jo De Berry, Nora Dudwick, Nandini Krishnan, Marta Mueller, Dirk Reinermann, Nikolaos Schmidt, Stavros George Stavrou, Paolo Verme and Tara Vishwanath. The qualitative field research this note relies on was based on the methodology developed by Giorgia Demarchi, with substantive inputs by the World Bank team and the field team who piloted the instruments (Rima Al-Azar, Daniele Bolazzi and Sara Lenehan). Two local teams conducted the qualitative field work and provided useful insights into the local context of each country. In Greece, the fieldwork was conducted by Rima Al-Azar, Daniele Bolazzi, Rawaa Harati, Sara Lenehan and Taies Nezam. In Italy, the fieldwork was led by the Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale CESPI, under the leadership of Sebastiano Ceschi, Anna Ferro, Petra Mezzetti and Marco Zupi; the team included: Sofia Araia, Lavinia De Ranieri, Silvia Fregoso, Kaius Ikejezie, Iyho Ikhuenbor, Valentina Mutti, Francesca Rodriguez, Tenin Sanogo, Ali Sheik Shukri and El Sayed Youssef. The fieldwork would not have been possible without the support of the Ministry of Interior of Italy (Department for Civil Liberties and Immigration) and the Ministry of Interior of Greece (General Secretariat of Migration Policy) and the management and staff of reception centers. The team is grateful to the men and women who shared with us their experiences and hopes. 2 Abstract This paper explores how men and women experience their time waiting for a response to applications for international protection, in asylum seekers’ reception centers in Italy and Greece. The experience of waiting in camps can be characterized as one of extended uncertainty, during which women and men live lives in a new environment, with limited physical and social interactions with local communities. Qualitative data collected in early 2017 reveals that these prolonged waits generate various vulnerabilities, some compounding those already caused by trying journeys, which include gender-specific vulnerabilities. In addition, the paper provides an overview of the aspirations men and women asylum seekers hold as they look at the future. These aspirations are informed by pre-existing gender and social norms, but their development appears to be influenced also by the time in waiting. Specifically, aspirations seem constrained for all by the high levels of uncertainty and duration of the legal process, as well as by limited information, and barriers to interactions with local communities. Thus, men and women miss out on opportunities to qualify or broaden their aspirations, as they wait. Taking into account the different challenges and opportunities men and women asylum seekers face may be helpful in devising more targeted and thus effective policies with regards to asylum seekers during this period in waiting. 3 Table of Contents PART I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 5 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 5 A GENDER LENS ON TIME WAITING IN RECEPTION CENTERS ....................................................................... 6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................................. 8 STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER .................................................................................................................. 9 PART II. RESEARCH DESIGN ......................................................................................................... 10 PART III. MEN AND WOMEN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN GREECE AND ITALY ......................................... 12 WOMEN AND MEN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN GREECE ................................................................................... 12 WOMEN AND MEN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN ITALY ...................................................................................... 14 PART IV. GENDERED VULNERABILITIES OF WAITING .................................................................... 17 COMMON STRUGGLES IN EUROPE ...................................................................................................... 17 GENDERED ENCOUNTERS IN CENTERS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES ............................................................... 19 RUPTURE AND CONTINUATION IN GENDER ROLES .................................................................................. 22 PART V. GENDER NORMS AND ASPIRATIONS WHILE WAITING .................................................... 26 GENDERED HORIZONS ..................................................................................................................... 27 PROSPECTS FOR CHANGE ................................................................................................................. 30 THE DIFFICULTY OF IMAGINING THE FUTURE ......................................................................................... 31 PART VI. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 33 METHODOLOGICAL ANNEX ........................................................................................................ 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 38 4 Part I. Introduction Background In 2015 and 2016 migration flows in and out of countries bordering the Mediterranean increased dramatically compared to previous years. In 2015 alone, more than one million people arrived in the European Union (EU) irregularly by boat, mostly landing in Greece and Italy.1 Over 850,000 landed in Greece from Syria, followed by Afghanistan and Iraq. Hundreds of thousands of men, women and children crossed the borders of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) along the Balkan Route, most often headed to Germany and Northern Europe. The dramatic inflow, fueled by the Syrian crisis, resulted in a temporary suspension of the Dublin Regulation,2 an EU law establishing that asylum seekers apply for asylum in the country where they first enter the EU. Asylum seekers were thus temporarily able to travel to Central and Northern Europe and to apply for international protection there. The inflow slowed after March 2016, following the EU-Turkey agreement and the closure of the Western Balkan corridor. According to the joint action plan between the EU and Turkey, the EU committed financial and humanitarian assistance, while returning to Turkey those crossing irregularly to Greece.3 This plan limited the number of arrivals into Greece to 173,000 in 2016 and to small magnitudes in 2017. Over the same period (2015-2016), many people from Sub-Saharan Africa crossed the Mediterranean, mostly from the Libyan shores, to Italy. Over 153,000 landed in Italy in 2015 and over 181,000 in 2016, slowing to about 119,000 in 2017. In 2016, the year arrivals peaked, UNHCR data shows that approximately 71 percent of new arrivals to Italy were adult men and 13 percent adult women. In Greece, women comprised a third of adult arrivals in the same period and men approximately forty percent; together, adult arrivals in Greece accounted for 63 percent of the total arrivals. Close to all arrivals applied for international protection upon arrival, becoming asylum seekers. They did so either in Italy, Greece or in the EU country of final destination if successful in migrating further north after landing. Amongst them were also asylum seekers eligible to apply for relocation to other European countries, mostly on one of two grounds: family reunification, or the EU relocation program introduced in 2015.4 A number of nationalities highly likely to receive international protection were included in this program (e.g. Syrians, Iraqis, Eritreans). The rapid inflow has tested asylum and reception systems across Europe. Asylum seekers often waited several months and up to two and a half years for a final decision on their claims. In Italy, with the exception of Eritreans, those entering the asylum process in 2015 or 2016 would typically only receive a final response over a year (and often close to two years) later. They waited several months for their
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TOWARDS EMANCIPATION? Women in Modern European History
    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of History HIST / WMST 259: TOWARDS EMANCIPATION? Women in Modern European History Instructor: Dr. Karen Hagemann James G. Kenan Distinguished Professor of History SYLLABUS – SPRING 2020 Time of the Course: Tuesday & Thursday: 11:00 AM - 12:15 PM Room: Bingham 101 Office Hours: Tuesday: 13:00 - 3:00 PM or by appointment Office: Hamilton Hall 562 Email: [email protected] DIGITAL RESOURCE AND COURSE WEBSITE The Digital Humanities Project “ToWards Emancipation? Women in Modern European History. A Digital Exhibition & Encyclopedia”: https://hist259.web.unc.edu/ is an important source for information about people, organizations, laws and secondary literature. See also the Sakai site of the course: https://sakai.unc.edu/portal/site/e1f6d6f2-9a5a-4161-940d- 2f0e2d9319b2 16 November 2019 HISTORY / WMST 259: Spring 2020 2 AIMS OF THE COURSE In this course. we will study women's lives, work and the history of the women’s movement in modern Europe from the era of the late Enlightenment and the French Revolution to the period of the two World Wars, the Holocaust, and the Cold War. We will eXplore how the major political, economic, social, and cultural changes affected the lives of women from different social backgrounds and how they responded to these changes. The struggle of the women’s movement that emerged everywhere in Europe during the nineteenth century to improve the working and living conditions of women, achieve equal civil and political rights for women and increase their social, cultural, and political influence, will thus be one central theme. We will ask how the aims and forms of this struggle for female emancipation varied between different groups and countries and changed over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in European History
    HIST-3360, CRN 15261, Spring 2016 M – W 2:00-3:15, Sangren 1750 Prof. Marion (Buddy) Gray 4416 Friedman Hall <[email protected]> Office Hours M, W. 3:30-4:00, F. 12:00-1:00 + by appt. Women in European History REQUIRED READINGS With one exception, the readings will be available electronically, either through e-reserve or simply on the World Wide Web. The one book required for purchase is Margaret Llewellyn Davies, ed., Life as We have Known It by Cooperative Working Women, first published in 1931 and republished in 1975, most recently republished in 2012 by Little Brown, ISBN 9781844088010. COURSE REQUIREMENTS 1. Two interpretive historical essays written out of class and based primarily on previously assigned material. You will select your own topic, and I will be available to consult with you. Guidelines are found on the e-learning site. The essays should be 1000-1500 words (four to six pages) in length, typed, double-spaced. Together the essays will constitute 35% of the final grade. 2. Six on-line quizzes over daily readings and material presented in class. The lowest grade will be dropped. Make-up quizzes will not be given. Quizzes will constitute 20% of the final grade. 3. Three half-hour exams. Together they constitute 35% of the final grade. 4.. Participation and professionalism: Reading and participation are essential requirements. Much of the class will be conducted by discussion. You will have many opportunities to participate in class discussions Absences from class in excess of three (designated for emergencies) will lower the discussion grade by 2 points.
    [Show full text]
  • Health of Women: Achieving Gender Equality in Treatments, Services and Outcomes
    Beijing + 25: the fifth review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Member States Area C — Health of women: achieving gender equality in treatments, services and outcomes Introduction The European Pillar of Social Rights states that gender equal- services. For example, while the EU has done work to increase ity is a concern and establishes access to timely, affordable the access of girls and women living outside the EU to sexual and good-quality healthcare as a social right. However, in the and reproductive health services (e.g. within the EU Gender EU, health is a significant area of inequality between women Action Plan 2016-2020), there has been limited action to pro- and men. Gender differences in health are not only biolog- mote access to such services within the EU. To date, impor- ical but also strongly shaped by the interaction of econom- tant unmet mental health needs of women and men persist, ic, political and cultural factors. Increased recognition of the and access to sexual and reproductive health services varies impact of social factors on health and well-being is reflected greatly between the Member States. in the Directive on Work-life Balance for Parents and Carers Looking broadly at medical research, this area has historically (2019), which highlights the positive health impacts of an im- shown limited gender sensitivity. An important step forward proved work–life balance. Furthermore, the Third EU Health in this respect is the Clinical Trials Regulation of the European Programme, 2014-2020, has funded projects that recognise Commission (2014), which requires the consideration of gen- the impact of gender on health, even if it does not explicitly der in clinical trials, even though this has yet to be implement- incorporate a gender perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrant Women in Europe
    Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrant Women in Europe By Eve Geddie, Christina Oikonomou and Michele LeVoy, PICUM1 The exclusion of vulnerable groups from health care brings along major risks like individual suffering and exploitation, a risk for public health in general, demand for emergency services which are far more expensive, the creation of backstreet services, ethical dilemmas, problems for the administration and discrimination against the concerned migrants.”2 Introduction Undocumented migrants have rights recognized and protected under international human rights treaties but which are systematically abused and neglected. Despite the feminization of international migratory patterns, migration policy has remained staunchly male biased leaving women with considerably fewer opportunities for legal migration, thus increasing the number of undocumented migrant women. Due to their residence status, the group are without those elements which constitute a basic standard of living. They are denied health care, face exploitation in the workplace and are disproportionately vulnerable to gender-based discrimination. Living in abject deprivation, the precarious administrative status of undocumented women makes them highly susceptible to systematic abuse within both public and private domains. This paper seeks to highlight PICUM’s key concerns and findings regarding the urgent situation of undocumented women in Europe following our two-year project titled “Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrants in Europe”. Aiming to give visibility to various problems associated with this lack of or insufficient access to health care for undocumented migrants residing in Europe, PICUM’s project was co-funded by the European Commission DG Employment and Social Affairs. The project involved 19 partner organizations, oversaw field trips to 11 EU member states, held 7 network meetings and 92 interviews involving a total of 250 people.
    [Show full text]
  • Vomen of Europe No.27 - September/October Tgtz
    of Eurorc Vomen of Europe no.27 - September/October tgtZ xt349182-E This bulletin is published by the coirMtsitot{ oF THE EURopEAt{ OoMitUt{tTtES D irectorate-General I nformation Information for Womens' organisations and press Rue de la Loi 200 8-1049 - Brussels - Tel. 235 1 l 1 1 Women of Europe na 27 - September/October l9t2 ' p.2 IN THIS ISSUE: The changing European CommunitY P"3 Committee for Equal Opportunities p.9 European Court of Justice P. l0 European Parliament P. ll Economic and Social Committee P. L7 Greek women meet the rest of EuroPe P. 18 Parliament's Committee of Inquiry p- 22 Facts, Institutions and Laws P.23 Militant activities P. 45 Research, meetings and books P. 6t OUR CORRESPONDENTS IN THE COMMUNITY Belgium : Nanette Nannan, 33 rue E. Bouillot, Boite 91 1060 Brussels Denmark : Danske Kvinders Nationalraad, N. Hemmingsensgade 8t 1153, Copenhagen France : Jeanne Chaton, 43 Avenue Ernest Reyer, 75014 Paris Germany : Christa Randzio-Plath, Hadermanns Weg 23, 2 Hamb;lrg Greece : Effi Kalliga-Kanonidou, lO Neofytou Douka t,.'+ini3i Ireland : Janet Martinr 2 Clarement Close, Glasvenin, Dublin I I Italy : Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli, 47 Via Borgognona' 00187 Rome Luxembourg : Alix Wagner, 58-60 Rue de Hollerich' Luxembourg Netherlands : Marjolijn Uitzinger, Fivelingo 207, Zoetermeer United Kingdom : Peggy Crane, 12 Grove Park Road' Chiswick W a European Parliament : Lidya Gazzo, 17 Avenue de Tourviller 75007 Paris Production : J.A. Pirlot Editor : Fausta Deshormes, 200 Rue de la Loi, 1049 Brussels Editorial work on this issue of "Women of Europe" was completed on 3 November L982. Vomen of Europe rw.27 - September/October lgt? - p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 13461 The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal Jose Alberto Molina JULY 2020 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 13461 The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal University of Zaragoza and BIFI Jose Alberto Molina University of Zaragoza, BIFI and IZA JULY 2020 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 13461 JULY 2020 ABSTRACT The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Trafficking and Migrant Women in Greece: a Study of the Reasons of the Sex Trafficking of Migrant Women
    Sex Trafficking and Migrant Women in Greece: A study of the reasons of the sex trafficking of migrant women Fernanda Scafini International Migration and Ethnic Relations Bachelor Thesis 15 credits Spring 2019: IM245L Supervisor: Henrik Emilsson Word Count: 13.188 Fernanda Scafini 980216-xxxx IMER BACHELOR THESIS Spring 2019 Abstract Sex trafficking is a global phenomenon affecting mainly women. This phenomenon is highly apparent in Greece, where thousands of migrant women end up trafficked. In order to understand why this happens, it is important to know the underlying causes of it. Therefore, this researched aimed to find the reasons why migrant women end up as sex trafficking victims in Greece. This was done through primary material gathering, in form of interviews with anti-trafficking agents in Greece, followed by a theme analysis, finding six key themes with reasons why migrant women are trafficked. These were, Vulnerability (of migrant women), Greece as the Portal to the EU, Government Deficiency, Hostility and Segregation (hostility of Greek national towards migrants which leads to their segregation), Trafficking as a Profitable Industry and Cultural Gender Oppression. To further analyze these themes, a triangulation method was used, which compared these results to previous literature on the issue and then further problematized it through different migration and gender-related theories. Key Words: Sex Trafficking, Migrant Women, Greece, Causes of trafficking, migration, exploitation, gender. 2 Fernanda Scafini 980216-xxxx IMER
    [Show full text]
  • Violence Against Women on the Implementation of the Istanbul Convention in Finland
    Expertise Working Paper Documentation Report Violence against Women On the implementation of the Istanbul Convention in Finland Marie Wittenius July 2020 On the implementation of the Istanbul Convention in Finland Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Specialist support services (Article 22) ............................................................................ 4 2.1 Domestic violence ...................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Stalking .................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Violence in the name of so-called honour and forced marriage ................................ 12 2.4 Genital mutilation ..................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Assessment ............................................................................................................. 15 3 Shelters (Article 23) .......................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Services ................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Funding and bases .................................................................................................. 18 3.3 Standards ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing: Women in Politics in the EU: State of Play
    BRIEFING Women in politics in the EU State of play SUMMARY One hundred years after women won the vote or were first elected to parliament in some EU countries, the data show that women continue to be under-represented in politics and public life, in the European Parliament, national parliaments and governments, and local assemblies. The arguments for gender balance in politics are numerous, and benefit not only women and female politicians, but also parties themselves and the rest of society. After all, women form half the population and need to be better represented in power structures. However, there is now solid evidence both of obstacles and of the strategies that are effective when it comes to increasing women's participation and representation. Here, political parties and the media can be both barriers and important enablers. The EU has committed to achieving a gender balance in political representation and participation as a matter of justice, equality and democracy. Concrete recommendations have been made for achieving this goal, including specific action that could be taken by the EU institutions, national governments, political parties, civil society and the media. The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has shone a spotlight on the issue of women's leadership and its implications for gender equality. This is an update of a Briefing from March 2019, drafted by Rosamund Shreeves and Martina Prpic. IN THIS BRIEFING Context Gender gap in political representation Women's political participation Why gender balance in politics matters Obstacles
    [Show full text]
  • History of Women Artists Syllabus Professor Anna Novakov, Ph.D
    AH 194: Special Topics: History of Women Artists Syllabus Professor Anna Novakov, Ph.D. Class Times and Location: MWF Brother Cornelius Art Center 004 Contact Information: Office: Brother Cornelius Art Center 2B. Office Hours: MWF 11:30am -12:30pm Email: [email protected] Course Description: This course will focus on women both as the subjects and the creators of art. It will be organized chronologically and thematically. This will involve a historical survey of women artists and their artistic contributions, as well as an examination of the religious, mythological and secular images of women in art. Extensive attention will be given to the creation, modification and persistence of these images throughout history, due to various social, economical, psychological and intellectual conditions. This course will teach students how to write and do research in the history of art, continuing the work begun in English 5 and building upon the skills learned there. This course will develop students’ thinking skills in the history of art and improve their ability to communicate within the discipline. Learning Objectives: This course asks students to 1. examine works of art by women artists from the Middle Ages to the middle of the 20th century from a social, cultural and historic perspective. 2. identify key works of art produced in Europe and the United States by women artists. 3. understand and utilize key art historical terminology as it relates to the works of art produced in Europe and the United States by women artists. 4. employ art historical methodology to collect evidence of human artistic production across time and across cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Report on Equality Between Women and Men in the EU
    ISSN 2443-5228 2019 Report on equality between women and men in the EU Justice and Consumers Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. Print ISBN 978-92-76-00028-0 ISSN 1831-2802 doi:10.2838/776419 DS-AU-19-001-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-76-00027-3 ISSN 2443-5228 doi:10.2838/395144 DS-AU-19-001-EN-N 2019 — pp. 80 — 21 × 21 cm Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019 © European Union, 2019 Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Contents FOREWORD 4 STATISTICAL ANNEX 63 KEY HIGHLIGHTS 6 ANNEX 1: MEMBER STATES’ PERFORMANCE IN KEY AREAS 63 INTRODUCTION 6 Equal economic independence 65 1. INCREASING FEMALE LABOUR MARKET PARTICIPATION AND THE EQUAL ECONOMIC Equal pay for equal work and work of equal value 68 INDEPENDENCE OF WOMEN AND MEN 7 Gender equality in decision making 72 Gender-based violence 73 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Women in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
    ,i ! IP \ e i Pr- I1 I lb. 11111.-_ i A A 44---441 A' 110 F .1_ Or 111 11 s IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA IRURAL WOMEN The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-108412-0 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-108413-7 (PDF) © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected].
    [Show full text]