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Europe Re-Opening by Country
Europe Re-Opening by Country Overview As European countries re-open, Schengen Area countries have mostly excluded U.S. travelers from entry, with some exceptions (see previous OSAC reporting). While each European country periodically reviews the list of “safe countries,” there is no indication if/when U.S. travelers will be able to conduct normal travel to these locations. The EU reported that its criteria relate to the epidemiological situation and containment measures, including physical distancing, as well as economic and social considerations in each country, applied cumulatively. Countries should meet the following criteria in particular: • Close to or below the EU 14-day average, as it stands on June 14, of the rate of new COVID-19 cases; • The trend of new cases over the same period in comparison to the previous 14 days is stable or decreasing; and • The overall response to COVID-19, taking into account available information on aspects such as testing, surveillance, contact tracing, containment, treatment, and reporting, as well as the reliability of available information and data sources; and if needed, the total average International Health Regulations (IHR) score across all dimensions. Those travelers who do not fit into an exemption category – most potential travelers from the United States are subject to restrictions – must wait for the EU to issue a new list, based on the criteria above, to enter one of the 27 EU member states. Private-sector security managers should remember that this restriction does not affect travel to the United Kingdom. Europe Re-Openings Each U.S. Embassy continues to update its COVID-19 information page for the latest entry/exit, testing, and quarantine requirements, where applicable. -
Incomplete Hegemonies, Hybrid Neighbours: Identity Games and Policy Tools in Eastern Partnership Countries Andrey Makarychev
Incomplete Hegemonies, Hybrid Neighbours: Identity games and policy tools in Eastern Partnership countries Andrey Makarychev No 2018/02, February 2018 Abstract This paper applies the concepts of hegemony and hybridity as analytical tools to help understand the structural changes taking place within the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries and beyond. The author points to the split identities of many post-Soviet societies and the growing appeal of solutions aimed at balancing Russia’s or the EU’s dominance as important factors shaping EaP dynamics. Against this background, he explores how the post-Soviet borderlands can find their place in a still hypothetical pan-European space, and free themselves from the tensions of their competing hegemons. The EaP is divided into those countries that signed Association Agreements with the EU and those preferring to maintain their loyalty to Eurasian integration. Bringing the two groups closer together, however, is not beyond policy imagination. The policy-oriented part of this analysis focuses on a set of ideas and schemes aimed at enhancing interaction and blurring divisions between these countries. The author proposes five scenarios that might shape the future of EaP countries’ relations with the EU and with Russia: 1) the conflictual status quo in which both hegemonic powers will seek to weaken the position of the other; 2) trilateralism (EU, Russia plus an EaP country), which has been tried and failed, but still is considered as a possible option by some policy analysts; 3) the Kazakhstan-Armenia model of diplomatic advancement towards the EU, with some potential leverage on Russia; 4) deeper engagement by the EU with the Eurasian Economic Union, which has some competences for tariffs and technical standards; and 5) the decoupling of security policies from economic projects, which is so far the most difficult option to foresee and implement in practice. -
The Anguish of Repatriation. Immigration to Poland And
EEPXXX10.1177/0888325414532494East European Politics and SocietiesGrzymała-Kazłowska and Grzymała-Moszczyńska 532494research-article2014 East European Politics and Societies and Cultures Volume XX Number X Month 201X 1 –21 © 2014 SAGE Publications The Anguish of Repatriation: 10.1177/0888325414532494 http://eeps.sagepub.com hosted at Immigration to Poland and Integration http://online.sagepub.com of Polish Descendants from Kazakhstan Aleksandra Grzymała-Kazłowska University of Warsaw Halina Grzymała-Moszczyńska Jagiellonian University Repatriation remains an unsolved problem of Polish migration policy. To date, it has taken place on a small scale, mostly outside of the state’s repatriation system. Thousands of people with a promised repatriation visa are still waiting to be repatri- ated. The majority of the repatriates come from Kazakhstan, home to the largest popu- lation of descendants of Poles in the Asian part of the former USSR. They come to Poland not only for sentimental reasons, but also in search of better living conditions. However, repatriates—in particular older ones—experience a number of problems with adaptation in Poland, dominated by financial and housing-related issues. A further source of difficulties for repatriates, alongside their spatial dispersion, insufficient lin- guistic and cultural competencies, and identity problems, is finding a place on and adapting to the Polish labor market. Despite their difficult situation and special needs, the repatriates in Poland are not sufficiently supported due to the inefficiency of admin- istration and non-governmental institutions dealing with the task of repatriates’ integration. It results in the anguish of repatriation. Keywords: repatriation; repatriates from Kazakhstan; Polish integration policy; immigration to Poland; Polish minority in the former USSR Introduction Over two decades after the beginning of the transformation of the political and economic system in Poland, repatriation remains an unresolved issue. -
The Case of Belarusians Acquiring Karta Polaka
ETHNIC IDENTIFICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF AN ALTERNATIVE STATE MEMBERSHIP REGIME: THE CASE OF BELARUSIANS ACQUIRING KARTA POLAKA By Volha Biziukova Submitted to Central European University Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisors: professor Dan Rabinowitz professor Ayşe Çağlar CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2013 Abstract This thesis deals with the ethnic identification of Belarusian citizens who applied for the Karta Polaka (The Pole’s Card), a type of alternative state membership regime introduced by Poland. The membership in two countries conditions a specific situation for ethnic identification. In the present research I consider the biographic dynamics of ethnic identification in connection with the cultural practices and family stories, the trajectories of identification and the construction of the categories of affiliation. The analysis is made on the basis of the in-depth interviews with the applicants for the Karta Polaka. The process of identification is contextualized in a broader structural and historical context. The narrative of the Karta Polaka affects the way the applicants assign themselves and their ancestors to the ethnic categories due to the introduction of bureaucratic discourse. The cultural practices changed dramatically through generations and at present moment cultural traits are not the strict criteria for the attribution to an ethnic category. The applicants affiliate themselves with several communities simultaneously but describe theirs ways of belonging using different tropes. The applicants follow multiple routes in their identification conditioned by the common structural and historical context along with individual biographical stories. The identification and the status of the Karta Polaka holders are characterized with exclusive and inclusive tendencies. -
XXXIX Polish Yearbook of International Law 2019
XXXIX POLISH YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW DOI 10.24425/pyil.2020.134481 2019 PL ISSN 0554-498X Wojciech Burek* CONFORMITY OF The ACT ON The POLIsh CARD WITH INTERNATIONal law FROM The peRspecTIVE OF The CONSTITUTIONal COURT OF BelaRUS Abstract: With the Act on the Polish Card Poland followed the pattern of some European states (mostly Central and Eastern European ones) of enacting specific domestic legislation conferring special treatment and benefits to persons who are recognized as its kin-minorities. The most important analysis of this phenomenon from the perspective of international law was the 2001 Venice Commission’s report entitled “Report on the Protection of National Minorities by their Kin-State.” The Polish legislation was adopted in 2007, so for obvious reasons it was not considered by the Venice Commission. However, a rather unexpected and unusual examination of the Polish kin-state legislation from the perspective of international law came from Belarus. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus (CCRB) conducted a comprehensive examination of the Act on the Polish Card in 2011. The main aim of this article is to present and comment on the reasoning of the CCRB. Beginning with the broader context, this article starts with a presentation of the origins and a short description of the Act on the Polish Card, followed by a discussion of why the Polish Card and other kin-state legislation instruments are topics of concern in international law. The main part of the article is devoted to the presentation and assessment of the 2011 CCRB decision on the Act on the Polish Card. -
Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration As Actors of Integration
INTERACT – RESearcHING THIRD COUNTRY NatiONALS’ INTEGratiON AS A THREE-WAY PROCESS - IMMIGrantS, COUNTRIES OF EMIGratiON AND COUNTRIES OF IMMIGratiON AS ActORS OF INTEGratiON Immigration of Ukrainians and Russians into Poland Inflow, integration trends and policy impacts Magdalena Lesińska INTERACT Research Report 2015/06 CEDEM INTERACT Researching Third Country Nationals’ Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration Research Report Corridor Report INTERACT RR2015/06 Immigration of Ukrainians and Russians into Poland Inflow, integration trends and policy impacts Magdalena Lesińska Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] If cited or quoted, reference should be made as follows: Magdalena Lesińska, Immigration of Ukrainians and Russians into Poland – Inflow, integration trends and policy impacts, INTERACT RR 2015/06, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2015. The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the official position of the European Commission or of the European University Institute. © 2015, European University Institute ISBN: 978-92-9084-271-2 DOI: 10.2870/46174 Catalogue Number: QM-02-15-126-EN-N European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ http://interact-project.eu/publications/ http://cadmus.eui.eu INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals’ Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration In 2013 (Jan. -
Act on Foreigners (Dz
Document signed by Jarosław Deminet; RCL Date: 2013.12.30 10:03:49 CET JOURNAL OF LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND Warsaw, 30 December 2013 Item 1650 ACT of 12 December 2013 on foreigners1, 2 1 The Act implements the provisions of: 1) Council Directive 2001/40/EC of 28 May 2001 on the mutual recognition of decisions on the expulsion of third-country nationals (OJ L 149, 02.06.2001, p. 34; OJ Polish Special Edition, Chapter 19, Volume 4, p. 107); 2) Council Directive 2001/51/EC of 28 June 2001 supplementing the provisions of Article 26 of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 (OJ L 187, 10.07.2001, p. 45; OJ Polish Special Edition, Chapter 19, Volume 4, p. 160); 3) Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family reunification (OJ L 251, 03.10.2003, p. 12 , as amended); 4) Council Directive 2003/110/EC of 25 November 2003 on assistance in cases of transit for the purposes of removal by air (OJ L 321, 06.12.2003, p. 26, as amended); 5) Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (OJ L 16, 23.01.2004, p. 44, as amended); 6) Council Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 on the residence permit issued to third-country nationals who are victims of trafficking in human beings or who have been the subject of an action to facilitate illegal immigration, who cooperate with the competent authorities (OJ L 261, 06.08.2004, p. -
Developing Georgia's Migration Policy
1 DEVELOPING GEORGIA’S MIGRATION POLICY: LESSONS FROM POLAND Tbilisi, December 2011 2 Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development/CIPDD European and Euro-Atlantic Cooperation Program The publication was prepared under the Improving Mechanisms of Migration Control and Coordination of Migration Policy in Georgia by Reference to the Polish Experi- ence project The project was co-financed by the Polish Development Cooperation Programme 2011 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland The views expressed in this publication are exclusively those of the authors and are not meant to represent the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland Project coordinator: Justyna Frelak Proofreader: George Lisowski, Marcin Grabski Editor: Piotr Kamierkiewicz The publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Poland Certain rights are reserved to the authors and the Institute of Public Affairs. The publication was prepared under the Polish Development Cooperation Programme 2011 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Any use of the pub- lication is permitted on condition that the above mentioned information (on the licence used, the holders of rights and the Polish Development Cooperation Programme) is included. ISBN 978-99928-37-35-1 Published by Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development 72 Tsereteli Avenue, 0154 Tbilisi Georgia 3 Table of contents Preface by Ghia Nodia ..................................................................................5 Introduction by Piotr Kamierkiewicz .......................................................... 9 The Relevance of Polish Experience in Migration Policy Development for Eastern Partners by Piotr Kamierkiewicz .................. 11 The Development of Migration Policy in Georgia by Tamara Pataraia ..... 35 Recommendations: How to Improve Migration Management in Georgia by Tamara Pataraia and Piotr Kamierkiewicz ................. -
Karta Polaka” Jako Wyraz Szczególnego Statusu Osób Obcego Obywatelstwa Regulowanego Prawem Krajowym
Zdzisław J. Winnicki „Karta Polaka” jako wyraz szczególnego statusu osób obcego obywatelstwa regulowanego prawem krajowym Wschodnioznawstwo 3, 51-76 2009 Zdzisław J. Winnicki „Karta Polaka” jako wyraz szczególnego statusu osób obcego obywatelstwa regulowanego prawem krajowym 1. Zagadnienia wstępne Współczesne państwo polskie zamieszkuje około 38 min obywateli, spośród których około 98% stanowią etniczni Polacy. Poza granicami współczesnej Polski na stałe, według szacunków, znajduje się około 18-20 min osób, które są Polaka mi lub przyznają się do polskiego pochodzenia narodowego. Polska diaspora roz siana jest praktycznie po całym świecie, niemniej istnieją historycznie ukształto wane środowiska polskie w określonych częściach świata. Należą do nich przede wszystkim środowiska w USA, Wielkiej Brytanii, Francji, Australii oraz w pań stwach wyłonionych z niedawnej przestrzeni postsowieckiej. Diaspora w pierw szej grupie państw ma charakter emigracyjny (polityczny lub/i ekonomiczny) i jest efektem czynnego aktu emigrantów. Diaspora na Wschodzie, zwłaszcza w państwach sąsiadujących z Polską, ma charakter autochtoniczny i jest wyni kiem zmian politycznych, na które zainteresowani nie mieli wpływu. Zagadnienie tzw. „Karty Polaka” ma swą genezę w fakcie zmian terytorialnych, jakie objęły wschodnie obszary państwa polskiego w wyniku II wojny światowej i jej prawno-międzynarodowych skutków. W związku z powyższym powojen na, niesuwerenna państwowość polska uznała zabór terytorium usankcjono wany ustaleniami kierunkowymi trzech mocarstw podjętymi na konferencjach w Teheranie i Jałcie jeszcze podczas wojny. Samozwańczy „rząd” Polski zainsta lowany przez Sowietów w lipcu 1944 r. zawarł umowę o granicy z rządem ZSSR, a w jej wyniku (i w efekcie wypełnienia zaleceń wspomnianych konferencji, a także ustaleń poczdamskich) także tzw. um owy republikańskie z rządam i LSSR, BSSR i USSR o wzajemnej ewakuacji ludności. -
The Pole's Card – Information / Karta Polaka
THE POLE'S CARD - INFORMATION THE POLE’S CARD may be granted by a consul of the Republic of Poland to a person who does not have Polish citizenship or does not have a permanent residence permit in Poland or who has the status of a stateless person and meets all of the following conditions: 1) demonstrates his / her connection with Polishness through at least basic knowledge of the Polish language, which he / she considers his / her mother tongue, as well as knowledge and cultivation of Polish traditions and customs; 2) in the presence of a consul of the Republic of Poland or an employee designated by him, he / she submits a written declaration of belonging to the Polish Nation; 3) proves that he / she is of Polish nationality or had Polish citizenship, or that at least one of his / her parents or grandparents or two great-grandparents were of Polish nationality, or presents a certificate of a Polish or Polish community organization confirming active in activities for the benefit of the Polish language and culture or the Polish national minority for at least the last three years; 4) makes a declaration that he / she or his / her ascendants have not repatriated or have not been repatriated from the territory of the Republic of Poland or the Polish People's Republic, on the basis of repatriation agreements concluded in the years 1944-1957 by the Republic of Poland or by the Polish People's Republic with the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Soviet Union, from the countries that are party to these agreements. -
1. Employment of Foreigners in Poland
1. Employment of foreigners in Poland Recent changes regarding the principles of employment of foreigners in Poland strive towards opening up the labour market for foreigners, with such being demonstrated above all in the expansion of the group of persons that may perform work without a permit as well as the simplification of procedures associated with the securing of appropriate permits. Recent changes are related to the new Foreigners Act of 12 December, 2013 coming into effect on 1st May, 2014 (Journal of Law of 2013, No. 1650 as amended, “Foreigners Act”), defining principles and conditions for entry, transit and departure of foreigners from Poland together with manners of proceedings and regulations relating to authorities responsible for such matters. The Foreigners Act contains regulations relating to the employment of foreigners foreseeing a single procedure for the securing of a temporary residence permit to work in Poland. Up until now, an employer intending to hire a foreigner in Poland had to apply for a work permit and, on the basis of such, the foreigner could apply for a permit to live in Poland for a fixed period of time. On the basis of current regulations a foreigner working in Poland has the possibility apply for a residence and work permit at the same time under a single procedure. The employer continues to retain the right to obtain a work permit that will allow him to i.a. apply for a visa for a foreigner wishing to undertake work in Poland. The above regulation does not apply to seconded employees who shall be able to apply for a temporary residency permit according to principles described in the section relating to temporary residency permits. -
“Karta Polaka” Jako Wyraz Szczególnego Statusu Osób Obcego
“Karta Polaka” jako wyraz szczeg\lnego statusu os\b obcego obywatelstwa regulowanego prawem krajowym prof. Zdzis³aw J. Winnicki 1. Zagadnienia wstêpne Wspó³czesne pañstwo polskie zamieszkuje oko³o 38 mln obywateli, spoœród których oko³o 98% stanowi¹ etniczni Polacy. Poza granicami wspó³czesnej Polski na sta³e wed³ug szacunków znajduje siê oko³o 18–20 mln osób, które s¹ Polakami lub przyznaj¹ siê do polskiego pochodzenia narodowego. Polska diaspora rozsiana jest praktycznie po ca³ym œwiecie nie mniej istniej¹ historycznie ukszta³towane œrodowiska polskie w okreœlonych czêœciach œwiata. Nale¿¹ do nich przede wszystkim œrodowiska w USA, Wielkiej Brytanii, Francji, Australii oraz w pañstwach wy³onionych z niedawnej przestrzeni postsowieckie. Dias- pora w pierwszej grupie pañstw ma charakter emigracyjny (polityczny lub / i ekonomiczny) i jest efektem czynnego aktu emigrantów. Diaspora na Wschodzie, zw³aszcza w pañstwach s¹siaduj¹cych z Polsk¹ ma charakter autochtoniczny i jest wynikiem zmian politycznych, na które zainteresowani nie mieli wp³ywu. Zagadnienie tzw. „Karty Polaka” ma swa genezê w fakcie zmian terytorialnych jakie objê³y wschodnie obszary pañstwa polskiego w wyniku II wojny œwiatowej i jej prawno – miêdzynarodowych skutków. W zwi¹zku z powy¿szym powojenna, niesuwerenna pañstwowoœæ polska uzna³a zabór terytorium usankcjonowany ustaleniami kierunkowymi trzech mocarstw podjêtymi na konferencjach w Teheranie i Ja³cie jeszcze podczas wojny. Samozwañczy „rz¹d” Polski zainstalowany przez Sowietów w lipcu 1944 r. zawar³ umowê o granicy z rz¹dem ZSSR a w jej wyniku (i w efekcie wype³nienia zaleceñ wspomnianych konferencji a tak¿e ustaleñ poczdamskich) tak¿e tzw. umowy republikañskie z rz¹dami LSSR, BSSR i USSR o wzajemnej ewakuacji ludnoœci.