Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ffirs.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page ii Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ffirs.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page i

DEVELOPMENTAL Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ffirs.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page ii Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ffirs.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page iii

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THIRD EDITION

Volume One: Theory and Method

Editor DANTE CICCHETTI Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ffirs.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page iv

This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials.The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Developmental psychopathology / editor, Dante Cicchetti. – Third edition. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-118-12087-3 (volume 1 : cloth : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-12091-0 (volume 2 : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-12092-7 (volume 3 : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-12093-4 (volume 4 : alk. paper) 1. Mental illness–Etiology. 2. . 3. Mental illness–Risk factors. 4. Adjustment (Psychology) I. Cicchetti, Dante. RC454.4.D483 2016 616.89–dc23 2015018216 Printed in the United States of America

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These volumes are dedicated to Marianne Gerschel in recognition of her great vision and staunch support of the field of developmental psychopathology. Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ffirs.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page vi Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ftoc.tex V2 - Volume I - 01/11/2016 3:41pm Page vii

Contents

Preface to Developmental Psychopathology, Third Edition xi Dante Cicchetti Contributors xiii

1 ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN YOUNG CHILDREN 1 Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan, Leandra Godoy, Amy Heberle, and Alice S. Carter

2 DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN ASSESSMENT, TAXONOMY, AND DIAGNOSIS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: LIFE SPAN AND MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVES 46 Thomas M. Achenbach and Leslie A. Rescorla

3 DEVELOPMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 94 E. Jane Costello and Adrian Angold

4 USING NATURAL EXPERIMENTS TO TEST ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIATION HYPOTHESES 129 Michael L. Rutter and Anita Thapar

5 DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS AND MECHANISMS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF EARLY EXPERIENCES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 156 Thomas G. O’Connor

6 EMOTIONAL SECURITY THEORY AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 199 Patrick T. Davies, Meredith J. Martin, and Melissa L. Sturge-Apple

7 EMOTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 265 Pamela M. Cole

8 ATTACHMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 325 R. M. Pasco Fearon, Ashley M. Groh, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, and Glenn I. Roisman

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9 AUTONOMY AND AUTONOMY DISTURBANCES IN SELF-DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: RESEARCH ON MOTIVATION, ATTACHMENT, AND CLINICAL PROCESS 385 Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci, and Maarten Vansteenkiste

10 ROOTS OF TYPICAL CONSCIOUSNESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 439 Philippe Rochat

11 I-SELF AND ME-SELF PROCESSES AFFECTING DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH 470 Susan Harter

12 PEER RELATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 527 Mitchell J. Prinstein and Matteo Giletta

13 FAMILY SYSTEMS FROM A DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE 580 Patricia K. Kerig

14 ADOLESCENT/YOUNG ADULT ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 631 Joanne Davila, Deborah M. Capaldi, and Annette M. La Greca

15 WHAT CAN DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT OFFER TO THE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY? 665 Michael F. Mascolo, Paul Van Geert, Henderien Steenbeek, and Kurt W. Fischer

16 A SURVEY OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS METHODS FOR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 717 Isabela Granic, Tom Hollenstein, and Anna Lichtwarck-Aschoff

17 MISSING DATA 760 Todd D. Little, Kyle M. Lang, Wei Wu, and Mijke Rhemtulla

18 PERSON-ORIENTED APPROACHES 797 G. Anne Bogat, Alexander von Eye, and Lars R. Bergman

19 PERSON-SPECIFIC APPROACHES TO THE MODELING OF INTRAINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 846 Michael J. Rovine and Peter C. M. Molenaar

20 CONFIGURAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES 866 Alexander von Eye and Eun-Young Mun Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ftoc.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page ix

Contents ix

21 MODERATION AND MEDIATION IN INTERINDIVIDUAL LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS 922 Jennifer L. Krull, JeeWon Cheong, Matthew S. Fritz, and David P. MacKinnon

22 LATENT GROWTH MODELING AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 986 Jungmeen Kim-Spoon and Kevin J. Grimm

23 INTEGRATIVE DATA ANALYSIS FOR RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 1042 Eun-Young Mun, Yang Jiao, and Minge Xie

Author Index 1089

Subject Index 1125 Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti ftoc.tex V2 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page x Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti fpref.tex V3 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page xi

Preface to Developmental Psychopathology, Third Edition

A decade has passed since the second edition of Devel- encourage interdisciplinary and translational research opmental Psychopathology was published. The two prior (Cicchetti & Gunnar, 2009; Cicchetti & Toth, 2006). In editions (Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995, 2006) have been very keeping with its integrative focus, contributions to develop- influential in the growth of the field of developmental mental psychopathology have come from many disciplines psychopathology. The volumes have been highly cited in of the biological and social sciences. A wide array of the literature and have served as an important resource for content areas, scientific disciplines, and methodologies has developmental scientists and prevention and intervention been germane. Risk and protective factors and processes researchers alike. In the present third edition, we have have been identified and validated at multiple levels of expanded from the three volumes contained in the second analysis and in multiple domains. edition to four volumes. The increased number of volumes The increased emphasis on a multilevel, dynamic sys- in this current edition reflects the continued knowledge tems approach to psychopathology and resilience, the gains that have occurred in the field over the past decade. increased attention paid to gene–environment interplay in A not insignificant contributor to this growth can be the development of psychopathology and resilience, and found in the very principles of the discipline (Cicchetti, the application of a multiple levels of analysis develop- 1984, 1990, 1993; Cicchetti & Sroufe, 2000; Cicchetti & mental perspective to mental illnesses that have tradi- Toth, 1991, 2009; Rutter & Sroufe, 2000; Sroufe & Rutter, tionally been examined nondevelopmentally (e.g., bipolar 1984). Theorists, researchers, and prevention scientists in disorder, schizophrenia, and the personality disorders) the field of developmental psychopathology adhere toa not only have contributed to a deeper understanding life span framework to elucidate the numerous processes of the dysfunctions but also have educated the public and mechanisms that can contribute to the development about the causes and consequences of mental disorder of mental disorders in high-risk individuals as well as (see Cicchetti & Cannon, 1999; Cicchetti & Crick, 2009a, those operative in individuals who already have manifested 2009b; Miklowitz & Cicchetti, 2006, 2010;Tackett& psychological disturbances or who have averted such disor- Sharp, 2014). ders despite their high-risk status (Cicchetti, 1993;Masten, Advances in genomics, GxE interactions, and epigenet- 2014;Rutter,1986, 1987, 2012). Not only is knowledge of ics; growth in our understanding of neurobiology, neural normal genetic, neurobiological, physiological, hormonal, plasticity, and resilience; and progress in the development psychological, and social processes very helpful for under- of methodological and technological tools, including brain standing, preventing, and treating psychopathology, but imaging, neural circuitry, hormone assays, immunology, also deviations from and distortions of normal develop- social and environmental influences on brain development, ment that are seen in pathological processes indicate in and statistical analysis of developmental change, pave innovative ways how normal development may be bet- the way for interdisciplinary and for multiple levels of ter investigated and understood. Similarly, information analysis research programs that will significantly increase obtained from investigations of experiments of nature, the knowledge base of the development and course of high-risk conditions, and psychopathology can augment maladaptation, psychopathology, and resilience. More- the comprehension of normal development (Cicchetti, over, randomized control prevention and intervention 1984, 1990, 1993;Rutter,1986; Rutter & Garmezy, 1983; trials are being conducted based on theoretical models Sroufe, 1990;Weiss,1969). and efforts to elucidate the mechanisms and processes con- Another factor that has expedited growth within the tributing to developmental change at both the biological field of developmental psychopathology has been its ability and psychological levels (Belsky & van IJzendoorn, 2015; to incorporate knowledge from diverse disciplines and to Cicchetti & Gunnar, 2008).

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Despite the significant advances that have occurred in Cicchetti, D., & Crick, N. R. (Eds.). (2009b). Precursors of and diverse the field of developmental psychopathology, much impor- pathways to personality disorder in children and adolescents. [Special Issue, Part 2]. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1031–1381. tant work lies ahead. Undoubtedly these future develop- Cicchetti, D., & Gunnar, M. R. (2008). Integrating biological processes ments will build on the venerable contributions of the past; into the design and evaluation of preventive interventions. Develop- however, as work in the field becomes increasingly interdis- ment and Psychopathology, 20, 737–743. ciplinary, multilevel, and technologically sophisticated, it is Cicchetti, D., & Gunnar, M. R. (Eds.). (2009). Meeting the challenge of essential that even more emphasis be directed toward the translational research in child psychology: symposia on child psychology (Vol. 35). New York, NY: Wiley. process of development (Harter, 2006; Sroufe, 2007, 2013). Cicchetti, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). The past as prologue to the future: It is not only genes and environments but also the cumula- The times they’ve been a changin’. Development and Psychopathology, tive developmental history of the individual that influences 12, 255–264. how future development will unfold (Sroufe, 2007, 2013). Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1991). The making of a developmental psy- chopathologist. In J. Cantor, C. Spiker, & L. Lipsitt (Eds.), Child Developmental psychopathologists have incorporated behavior and development: Training for diversity (pp. 34–72). Norwood, concepts and methods derived from other disciplinary NJ: Ablex. endeavors that are too often isolated from each other, Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (Eds.). (2006). Translational research in devel- thereby generating advances in knowledge that might have opmental psychopathology. [Special Issue]. Development and Psy- chopathology, 18(3), 619–933. been missed in the absence of cross-disciplinary dialogue. Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future The continuation and elaboration of the mutually enrich- promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of ing interchanges that have occurred within and across a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and , 50, 16–25. disciplines interested in normal and abnormal develop- Harter, S. (2006). Self-processes and developmental psychopathology. In ment not only will enhance the science of developmental D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., 370–418). New York, NY: Wiley. psychopathology but also will increase the benefits to be Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development.New derived for individuals with high-risk conditions or mental York, NY: Guilford Publications, Inc. disorders, families, and society as a whole. Miklowitz, D. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). Toward a life span developmen- tal psychopathology perspective on bipolar disorder. Development and Dante Cicchetti, Ph.D. Psychopathology, 18, 935–938. , MN Miklowitz, D. J., & Cicchetti, D. (Eds.). (2010). Bipolar disorder: A devel- opmental psychopathology approach. New York, NY: Guilford. January 2015 Rutter, M. (1986). Child psychiatry: The interface between clinical and developmental research. Psychological Medicine, 16, 151–169. REFERENCES Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316–331. Belsky, J., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2015). What works for whom? Genetic Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psy- moderation of intervention efficacy. [Special Section]. Development chopathology, 24, 335–344. and Psychopathology, 27,1–6. Rutter, M., & Garmezy, N. (1983). Developmental psychopathology.In E. Cicchetti, D. (1984). The emergence of developmental psychopathology. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 774–911). Child Development, 55(1), 1–7. New York, NY: Wiley. Cicchetti, D. (1990). A historical perspective on the discipline of devel- Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: opmental psychopathology. In J. Rolf, A. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors 265–296. in the development of psychopathology (pp. 2–28). New York, NY: Sroufe, L. A. (1990). Considering normal and abnormal together: The Cambridge University Press. essence of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psy- Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflec- chopathology, 2, 335–347. tions, projections. Developmental Review, 13, 471–502. Sroufe, L. A. (2007). The place of development in developmental psy- Cicchetti, D., & Cannon, T. (1999). Neurodevelopmental processes in the chopathology. In A. Masten (Ed.), Multilevel dynamics in developmen- ontogenesis and epigenesis of psychopathology. Development and Psy- tal psychopathology pathways to the future: The Minnesota symposia chopathology, 11, 375–393. on child psychology (pp. 285–299). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. (Eds.). (1995). Developmental psychopathology Sroufe, L. A. (2013). The promise of developmental psychopathology. (Vols. 1–2). New York, NY: Wiley. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1215–1224. Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. (Eds.). (2006). Developmental psychopathology Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psy- (2nd ed., Vols. 1–3). New York, NY: Wiley. chopathology. Child Development, 55, 17–29. Cicchetti, D., & Crick, N. R. (Eds.) (2009a). Precursors of and Tackett, J. L., & Sharp, C. (2014). A developmental psychopathology per- diverse pathways to personality disorder in children and adoles- spective on personality disorder. [Special Issue]. Journal of Personality cents. [Special Issue, Part 1]. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), Disorders, 28, 1–179. 683–1030. Weiss, P. (1969). Principles of development. New York, NY: Hafner. Trim Size: 8.5in x 11in Cicchetti flast.tex V3 - Volume I - 12/10/2015 12:39pm Page xiii

Contributors

Thomas M. Achenbach, PhD E. Jane Costello, PhD University of Vermont Duke University Medical Center Burlington, VT Durham, North Carolina

Adrian Angold, MRCPsych Patrick T. Davies, PhD Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Rochester, New York

Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, PhD Joanne Davila, PhD Leiden University Stony Brook University Leiden, Netherlands Stony Brook, New York

Lars R. Bergman, PhD Edward L. Deci, PhD Stockholm University University of Rochester Stockholm, Sweden Rochester, New York G. Anne Bogat, PhD R. M. Pasco Fearon, PhD, DClinPsy Michigan State University University College London East Lansing, Michigan London, United Kingdom Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan, PhD Kurt W. Fischer, PhD University of Connecticut Farmington, Connecticut Cambridge, Massachusetts Deborah M. Capaldi, PhD Matthew S. Fritz, PhD Oregon Social Learning Center University of Nebraska Eugene, Oregon Lincoln, Nebraska Alice S. Carter, PhD University of Massachusetts Matteo Giletta, PhD Boston, Massachusetts Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands JeeWon Cheong, PhD University of Florida Leandra Godoy, PhD Gainesville, Florida Children’s National Medical Center Washington, District of Columbia Dante Cicchetti, PhD Institute of Child Development Isabela Granic, PhD Radboud University Nijmegen Minneapolis, Minnesota Nijmegen, Netherlands Pamela M. Cole, PhD Kevin J. Grimm, PhD State University Arizona State University University Park, Pennsylvania Tempe, Arizona

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