Araria Bihar |

DISTRICTDISTRICT NUTRITION NUTRITION PROFILE PROFILE Ar Araria|Bihar DISTRICT DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE1 5 Total Population 28,00,000 6 M1 Census 2011 Male Female 752.0%Fe0 Census 2011 48.0% 8 U # Census 2011 9UrbanRu1 Census 2011 Rural #6.0%SC0 Census 2011 94.0% # ST0 Census 2011 SC# O 1 CensusST 2011 Others Araria ranks 592 amongst 599 districts 13.6% # In #01.4% 85.0% in India² THE STATE OF NUTRITION IN ARARIA UNDERNUTRITION3 100 Araria Bihar

75 65.6 BiAraria 61.8 # St ##NFHS448.4 50 45.4 %# W##NFHS4 38.3 # U ##NFHS4 22.8 25

# An##NFHS4 NO DISTRICT LEVEL DATA # Lo0##RSOC # An##NFHS4Stunting Wasting Underweight Anemia Low birth weight Anemia among Women with body (among children <5 (among children <5 (among children <5 (among children <5 (<2500 g) women of mass index <18.5 # W##NFHS4years) years) years) years) reproductive age kg/m2 # BMPOSSIBLE#6NFHS4 POINTS OF DISCUSSION (WRA) # BM#6NFHS4 How does the district perform on stunting, wasting, underweight and anemia among children under the age of 5? # H 67WhatNFHS4 are the levels of anemia prevalence and low body mass index among women? # H 96WhatNFHS4 are the levels of overweight/obesity and other nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in the district? # H 44NFHS4 OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY & NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (15-49 y)4 # 100H 77NFHS4

% 50

25 6.2 6.2 6.7 5.8 4.2 6.7 0 BMI >25 kg/m2 BMI >25 kg/m2 High blood pressure High blood pressure High blood sugar High blood sugar among women among men among women among men among women among men (15-49 years) (15-49 years) (15-49 years) (15-49 years) (15-49 years) (15-49 years)

1Data source 1 (see Page 2) 3Data source 3,4 (see Page 2) 2Data source 2 (see Page 2) 4Data source 3 (see Page 2) Page 1 HOW CAN NUTRITION IMPROVE? WHAT FACTORS CAUSE UNDERNUTRITION1? The most crucial period for child nutrition is from pre- pregnancy to the second year of life

Optimum fetal and child nutrition and development

NUTRITION SPECIFIC IMMEDIATE DETERMINANTS INTERVENTIONS Breastfeeding, nutrient rich foods, Service delivery to mothers caregiving practices and infants along the Low burden of infectious diseases continuum of care, access to health facilities

INTERVENTIONS THAT AFFECT UNDERLYING AND BASIC UNDERLYING AND BASIC DETERMINANTS DETERMINANTS Women’s status, sanitation and Women's empowerment, hygiene, food security, socio sanitation, agriculture and economic conditions social safety net programs

Child undernutrition is caused by inadequacies in food, health and care for infants and young children, especially in the first two years of life (immediate determinants). Mothers’ and infants’ access to nutrition-specific interventions can influence these immediate determinants.

At the household and community level, women’s status, household food security, hygiene and socio economic conditions further contribute to children’s nutrition outcomes (underlying and basic determinants). Interventions such as social safety nets, sanitation programs, women’s empowerment and agriculture programs have the potential to improve nutrition by addressing underlying and basic determinants.

DATA SOURCES 1. Census of India. 2011. Accessed June 6, 2015. www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/default.aspx 2. US-India Policy Institute. 2015. District Development and Diversity Index. Accessed July 2, 2015. http://www.usindiapolicy.org/updates/general-news/225-district-development-and-diversity-index-report 0Only available for select districts 3. International Institute for Population Studies. 2015-2016. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4); Key Findings from NFHS-4. Bihar. Accessed May 1, 2016. http://rchiips.org/NFHS/BR.shtml 4. UNICEF. 2014. Rapid Survey on Children (RSoC). Accessed January 30, 2016. http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/RSOC%20FACT%20SHEETS%20Final.pdf 5. Black et al. 2013. “Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries”. The Lancet 382 (9890), 427-451 6. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India. 2011-2012. Household Consumption Expenditure, National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) 68th Round. Accessed January 30, 2016. . http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_no558_rou68_30june14.pdf Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India. 2011-2012. Employment and Unemployment Survey, National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) 68th Round. Accessed January 30, 2016. http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/nss_report_554_31jan14.pdf Stephan Rebernik. 2012.

1 Data source 5 (see Page 2) Page 2 BiAraria IMMEDIATE DETERMINANTS OF UNDERNUTRITION # Ea# # NFHS4 # Ex# # NFHS4 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING1 DISEASE BURDEN2 # Ti # # NFHS4 100 100 Araria Bihar # Ad8 # NFHS4 # D # # NFHS4 75 75 # O # # NFHS4 51.2 # Zi # # NFHS4 47.2 % 50 % 50 # Ac3 4 NFHS4 29.6 30.9

17.4 25 25 14.4 10.7 3.8 0 0 Early initiation of Exclusive Timely introduction Adequate Diarrhea in the last Oral Rehydration Zinc during Acute Respiratory breastfeeding breastfeeding of complementary diet 2 weeks Salts during diarrhea Infection in foods diarrhea the last 2 weeks POSSIBLE POINTS OF DISCUSSION What are the levels of timely initiation of breastfeeding (within one hour of birth), exclusive breastfeeding (for the first 6 months), and timely initiation of complementary feeding (at 6 months of age)? What percentage of 6-23 month olds receive an adequate diet (4 or more food groups, and minimum meal frequency)? What can be done to improve breastfeeding and complementary feeding? How does the prevalence of diarrhea and ARI in the district compare to the state average? How can ORS use be improved? COVERAGE OF NUTRITION-SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS PRENATAL AND DELIVERY CARE3

100 88.7 78.8

75BiAraria 61.9 # Pr##RSOC 51.6 50.5 % 50 # M# # NFHS4 36.9

# An25# # NFHS4 16.2

# ≥4# # NFHS4 DATA LEVEL DISTRICT NO 7.9 NO DISTRICT LEVEL DATA # A0# # NFHS4 Pregnancy Mother and Antenatal Care ≥4 ANC visits ANC - Neonatal Consumed Supplementary Institutional Skilled Birth # Co# 8 NFHS4registered Child Protection (ANC) visit tetanus Iron Folic Acid (IFA) food delivery birth registered # Su##RSOC Card - first trimester ≥100 days - pregnancy attendant # In ##NFHS 4 during pregnancy # Sk##NFHS 4 POSTNATAL AND EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE4 # Bi100##NFHS 4 # N # # NFHS4 75 67.2 # Vi ##RSOC 61 53.9 # Ja # # NFHS4 % 50 # Su##RSOC # Fu25# # NFHS4

10.8 NO DISTRICT LEVEL DATA NO DISTRICT LEVEL DATA NO DISTRICT LEVEL DATA NO DISTRICT LEVEL DATA NO DISTRICT LEVEL DATA # Vi # # NFHS4 # Pe4#RSOC0 Newborn check- Visited by Primary Janani Suraksha Supplementary Full immunization Vitamin A in the Pediatric IFA Deworming Supplementary # D ##RSOCup Health Worker Yojana availed food last 6 months food # Su##RSOC - lactation - children

POSSIBLE POINTS OF DISCUSSION How does the district perform on health and nutrition interventions along the continuum of care: does it adequately provide b oth prenatal and postnatal services to its women of reproductive age, pregnant women, new mothers and new-borns? What percentage of households have access to health and ICDS services?

1Data source 3 (see Page 2) 3Data source 3,4 (see Page 2) 2DataBi sourceAraria 3 (see Page 2) 4Data source 3,4 (see Page 2) Page 3 # W# # NFHS4 UNDERLYING AND BASIC DETERMINANTS OF UNDERNUTRITION # W# # NFHS4 # G # # NFHS4 WOMEN’S STATUS1 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE2 Araria Bihar # To# # NFHS4 99.6 100 100 89.9 # H # # NFHS4 # H #75 # NFHS4 75 # O # # Census 2011 44.5 # %H ##NSS50 38.8 % 50 # H ##NSS 25 19.3 25 # H ##NSS 12.9 12.5 # H ##NSS # H ##NFHS0 4 0 Women who are Women with Girls married Total unmet need Households with Households using Open defecation # H # # Censusliterate 2011 ≥10 years of before the for an improved improved sanitation # H ##NSS education age of 18 family planning drinking-water source facility methods among # D ## POSSIBLE POINTS OF DISCUSSION WRA # St# How can the district increase rates of women’s literacy, and reduce early marriage? # To##How does the district perform on providing drinking water and sanitation to its residents? Since sanitation and hygiene play an important role in improving nutrition outcomes, how can all aspects of sanitation be improved? How does the district fare on food security? FOOD SECURITY3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 100 100

75 66.9 75

50.3 48.6 % 50 % 50 39 32.9

25 25 18.9 15.3 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0 0 Household share Household share Households Household Households with Households Households below of expenditure on of food expenditure involved ownership electricity living in a poverty line food on cereals in agriculture of agricultural land pucca house

INTERVENTIONS THAT AFFECT BASIC AND UNDERLYING DETERMINANTS 5 BiAraria # H # 5 NFHS4100 # H ##NSS # H # # Census75 2011 # H 97NSS 48.5 % 50

25 20.6 5.4 6.6 0 Households with member Households with access Households availing Households who covered by health insurance to Public Distribution System of banking services demanded and received work through NREGA POSSIBLE POINTS OF DISCUSSION How can social programs that address underlying and basic determinants be strengthened? What are some of the major development challenges in the district? This District Nutrition Profile was prepared by: Nitya R. George, Abhilasha Vaid, Phuong Hong Nguyen, Rasmi Avula and Purnima Menon. Technical support for production was provided by iTech Mission Private Limited (iTM) 1Data source 3 (see Page 2) 3Data source 6 (see Page 2) 5Data source 1,3,6 (see Page 2) 2Data source 1, 3 (see Page 2) 4Data source 1, 6 (see Page 2) Page 4