Expedition to the Northeast Passage
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End of an Eraagent
Kapitan Khlebnikov: End of an Era The world’s most legendary polar expedition vessel will retire from passenger service in March 2012. Join us as we mark the End of an Era with special guests and remarkable itineraries. 2 Only 112 people will participate in any one of these historic voyages. As a former guest you can save 5% off the published price of these remarkable expeditions, and be one of the very few who will be able to say—I was on the Khlebnikov at the End of an Era. The legendary icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov will retire as an expedition vessel in March 2012, returning to escort duty for ships sailing the Northeast Passage. As Quark's flagship, the vessel has garnered more polar firsts than any other passenger ship. Under the command of Captain Petr Golikov, Khlebnikov circumnavigated the Antarctic continent, twice. The ship was the platform for the first tourism exploration of the Dry Valleys. The icebreaker has transited the Northwest Passage more than any other expedition ship. Adventurers aboard Khlebnikov were the first commercial travelers to witness a total eclipse of the sun from the isolation of the Davis Sea in Antarctica. In 2004, the special attributes of Kapitan Khlebnikov made it possible to visit an Emperor Penguin rookery in the Weddell Sea that had not been visited for 40 years. 3 End of an Era at a Glance Itineraries Start End Special Guests Northwest Passage: West to East July 18, 2010 August 5, 2010 Andrew Lambert, author of The Gates of Hell: Sir John Franklin’s Tragic Quest for the Northwest Passage. -
The Lore of the Stars, for Amateur Campfire Sages
obscure. Various claims have been made about Babylonian innovations and the similarity between the Greek zodiac and the stories, dating from the third millennium BCE, of Gilgamesh, a legendary Sumerian hero who encountered animals and characters similar to those of the zodiac. Some of the Babylonian constellations may have been popularized in the Greek world through the conquest of The Lore of the Stars, Alexander in the fourth century BCE. Alexander himself sent captured Babylonian texts back For Amateur Campfire Sages to Greece for his tutor Aristotle to interpret. Even earlier than this, Babylonian astronomy by Anders Hove would have been familiar to the Persians, who July 2002 occupied Greece several centuries before Alexander’s day. Although we may properly credit the Greeks with completing the Babylonian work, it is clear that the Babylonians did develop some of the symbols and constellations later adopted by the Greeks for their zodiac. Contrary to the story of the star-counter in Le Petit Prince, there aren’t unnumerable stars Cuneiform tablets using symbols similar to in the night sky, at least so far as we can see those used later for constellations may have with our own eyes. Only about a thousand are some relationship to astronomy, or they may visible. Almost all have names or Greek letter not. Far more tantalizing are the various designations as part of constellations that any- cuneiform tablets outlining astronomical one can learn to recognize. observations used by the Babylonians for Modern astronomers have divided the sky tracking the moon and developing a calendar. into 88 constellations, many of them fictitious— One of these is the MUL.APIN, which describes that is, they cover sky area, but contain no vis- the stars along the paths of the moon and ible stars. -
With Nansen in the North; a Record of the Fram Expedition in 1893-96
with-nXT^sen Ulllii I Hi nil I li "'III"!!!!!!!! Lieut JOHANSi; i*ll III Hi!; :1 III I iiil |i;iii'i'iiiiiiii i; \Ki THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES WITH NANSEN IN THE NORTH [LANCASTER. K lOHANSEN. {Frontis/iiece. WITH NANSEN IN THE NORTH A Record of the Fram Expedition in 1893-96 BY HJALMAR JOHANSEN lieutenant in the norwegian army Translated from the Norwegian BY H. L. BR.EKSTAD LONDON WARD, LOCK AND CO LIMITED NEW YORK AND MELBOURNE 1899 — ijr Contents CHAPTER I TAGE The Equipment of the Expedition— Its Start—The Voyage along the Coast—Farewell to Norway I CHAI'TER II The First Ice — Arrival at Khabarova—Meeting with Trontheim Arrival of the Dogs— Life among the Samoyedes— Christofersen Leaves us—Excursion on Yalmal—The last Human Beings we saw lo CHAPTER III A Heavy Sea—Sverdrup Island—A Reindeer Hunt—The First Bear —A Stiff Pull—Firing with Kerosene 20 CHAPTER IV Death among the Dogs — Taimur Island — Cape Butterless — The Northernmost Point of the Old World—A Walrus Hunt—To the North 28 CHAPTER V Open Water—Unwelcome Guests—Fast in the Ice—Warping—The Northern Lights 34 CHAPTER VI First Day of Rest— Surprised by Bears—The Dogs are let Loose- Ice Pressure—A Hunt in the Dark 4° CHAPTER VII More Bears—The Power of Baking Powder— "Johansen's Friend"— V Electric Light— Shooting Competition ...•• 5° V 1212604 vi COXTENTS CHAPTER VIII PAGE Foot-races on the Ice—More about the Dogs—The Northern Lights- Adulterated Beer—Ice Pressure—Peder Attacked by a Bear . -
Sverdrup-Among-The-Tundra-People
AMONG THE TUNDRA PEOPLE by HARALD U. SVERDRUP TRANSLATED BY MOLLY SVERDRUP 1939 Copyright @ 1978 by Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, elec- tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the regents. Distributed by : Scripps Institution of Oceanography A-007 University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 Library of Congress # 78-60483 ISBN # 0-89626-004-6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to Molly Sverdrup (Mrs. Leif J.) for this translation of Hos Tundra-Folket published by Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, 1938. We are also indebted to the late Helen Raitt for recovering the manuscript from the archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The Norwegian Polar Institute loaned negatives from Sverdrup's travels among the Chukchi, for figures 1 through 4. Sverdrup's map of his route in the Chukchi country in 19 19/20 was copied from Hos Tundra-Folket. The map of the Chukchi National Okrug was prepared by Fred Crowe, based on the American Geographic Society's Map of the Arctic Region (1975). The map of Siberia was copied from Terence Armstrong's Russian Settlement in the North (1 965) with permission of the Cambridge University Press. Sam Hinton drew the picture of a reindeer on the cover. Martin W. Johnson identified individuals in some of the photographs. Marston C Sargent Elizabeth N. Shor Kittie C C Kuhns Editors The following individuals, most of whom were closely associated with Sverdrup, out of respect for him and wishing to assure preservation of this unusual account, met part of the cost of publication. -
Magnetic North: Artists and the Arctic Circle
Magnetic north Artists And the Arctic circle On view May 28, 2014 through August 29, 2014 Magnetic North is organized by The Arctic Circle in association with The Farm, Inc. The exhibition is sponsored by the 1285 Avenue of the Americas Art Gallery, in partnership with Jones Lang LaSalle, as a community based public service. IN MEMORY OF TERRY ADKINS (1953–2014) 2013 Arctic Circle Expedition Sarah Anne Johnson Circling the Arctic, 2011 Magnetic North How do people imagine the landscapes they find themselves in? How does the land shape the imaginations of people who dwell in it? How does desire itself, the desire to comprehend, shape knowledge? —Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams he Arctic Circle is a non-profit expeditionary residency program that brings together international groups of artists, writers, composers, architects, scientists, and educators. For Tseveral weeks each year, participants voyage into the open seas and fjords of the Svalbard archipelago aboard a specially equipped sailing vessel. The voyagers live and work together, aiding one another in the daily challenges of conducting research and creating new work based on their experiences. The residency is both a journey of discovery and a laboratory for the convergence of ideas and disciplines. Magnetic North comprises a selection of works by more than twenty visual and sound artists from the 2009–2012 expeditions. The exhibition encompasses a wide range of artistic practices, including photography, video, sound recordings, performance documentation, painting, sculpture, and kinetic and interactive installations. Taken together, the works of art offer unique and diverse perspectives on a part of the world rarely seen by others, conveying the desire to comprehend and interpret a largely uninhabitable and unknowable place. -
Kapitan Khlebnikov
kapitan khlebnikov Expeditions that Mark the End of an Era 1991-2012 01 End of an Era 22 Circumnavigation of the Arctic 03 End of an Era at a Glance 24 Northeast Passage: Siberia and the Russian Arctic 04 Kapitan Khlebnikov 26 Greenland Semi-circunavigation: Special Guests 06 The Final Frontier 10 Northwest Passage: Arctic Passage: West to East 28 Amundsen’s Route to Asia 12 Tanquary Fjord: Western Ross Sea Centennial Voyage: Ellesmere Island 30 Farewell to the Emperors 14 Ellesmere Island and of Antarctica Greenland: The High Arctic 32 Antarctica’s Far East – 16 Emperor Penguins: The Farewell Voyage: Saluting Snow Hill Island Safari the 100th Anniversary of the Australasia Antarctic Expedition. 18 The Weddell Sea and South Georgia: Celebrating the 34 Dates and Rates Heroes of Endurance 35 Inclusions 20 Epic Antarctica via the Terms and Conditions of Sale Phantom Coast and 36 the Ross Sea Only 112 people will participate in any one of these historic voyages. end of an era Join us as we mark the End of an Era with special guests and remarkable itineraries. The legendary icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov will retire transited the Northwest Passage more than any other as an expedition vessel in March 2012, returning to expedition ship. Adventurers aboard Khlebnikov were the duty as an escort ship in the Russian Arctic. As Quark’s first commercial travelers to witness a total eclipse of the flagship, the vessel has garnered more polar firsts than sun from the isolation of the Davis Sea in Antarctica. In any other passenger ship. Under the command of Captain 2004, the special attributes of Kapitan Khlebnikov made it Petr Golikov, Khlebnikov circumnavigated the Antarctic possible to visit an Emperor Penguin rookery in the Weddell continent, twice. -
Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2020 Navigation Season Atlantic Ocean ↔ Arctic Ocean ↔ Pacific Ocean
TRANSITS OF THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE TO END OF THE 2020 NAVIGATION SEASON ATLANTIC OCEAN ↔ ARCTIC OCEAN ↔ PACIFIC OCEAN R. K. Headland and colleagues 7 April 2021 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 1ER. <[email protected]> The earliest traverse of the Northwest Passage was completed in 1853 starting in the Pacific Ocean to reach the Atlantic Oceam, but used sledges over the sea ice of the central part of Parry Channel. Subsequently the following 319 complete maritime transits of the Northwest Passage have been made to the end of the 2020 navigation season, before winter began and the passage froze. These transits proceed to or from the Atlantic Ocean (Labrador Sea) in or out of the eastern approaches to the Canadian Arctic archipelago (Lancaster Sound or Foxe Basin) then the western approaches (McClure Strait or Amundsen Gulf), across the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean, through the Bering Strait, from or to the Bering Sea of the Pacific Ocean. The Arctic Circle is crossed near the beginning and the end of all transits except those to or from the central or northern coast of west Greenland. The routes and directions are indicated. Details of submarine transits are not included because only two have been reported (1960 USS Sea Dragon, Capt. George Peabody Steele, westbound on route 1 and 1962 USS Skate, Capt. Joseph Lawrence Skoog, eastbound on route 1). Seven routes have been used for transits of the Northwest Passage with some minor variations (for example through Pond Inlet and Navy Board Inlet) and two composite courses in summers when ice was minimal (marked ‘cp’). -
International Dimensions
CHAPTER 9 International Dimensions NATIONAL ISSUES REPORT NATIONAL ISSUES REPORT 624 Coordinating lead author Jimena Eyzaguirre, ESSA Technologies Ltd. Lead authors Cedar Morton, PhD, ESSA Technologies Ltd. Colette Wabnitz, PhD, University of British Columbia and Stanford University Michael Copage, Environment and Climate Change Canada Robert McLeman, PhD, Wilfrid Laurier University Contributing authors Danica Lassaline, Environment and Climate Change Canada Juliano Palacios-Abrantes, PhD, University of British Columbia Kamleshan Pillay, PhD,, Independent Adaptation Finance Specialist Recommended citation Eyzaguirre, J., Morton, C., Wabnitz, C., Copage, M. and McLeman, R. (2021): International Dimensions; Chapter 9 in Canada in a Changing Climate: National Issues Report, (ed.) F.J. Warren and N. Lulham; Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. NATIONAL ISSUES REPORT 625 Table of contents Key messages 627 9.1 Introduction 628 9.1.1 Overview of findings from past assessments 630 9.2 Climate change affects Arctic shipping and threatens sovereignty 631 9.2.1 Introduction 631 9.2.2 Climate, sea ice and Arctic navigation 631 9.2.3 Climate-related risks to Canada’s control over the Northwest Passage 637 9.2.4 Strategies to adapt to increased shipping activity in the Northwest Passage 640 Case Story 9.1: Adaptation strategies for cruise ship tourism in the Canadian Arctic 643 9.3 Transboundary marine and freshwater agreements generally do not consider climate change 644 9.3.1 Introduction 645 Case Story 9.2: The Canada–U.S. Pacific Salmon Treaty 646 9.3.2 Marine agreements 648 9.3.3 Freshwater agreements 652 Case Story 9.3: Modernizing the Canada–U.S. -
MARITIME ACTIVITY in the HIGH NORTH – CURRENT and ESTIMATED LEVEL up to 2025 MARPART Project Report 1
MARITIME ACTIVITY IN THE HIGH NORTH – CURRENT AND ESTIMATED LEVEL UP TO 2025 MARPART Project Report 1 Authors: Odd Jarl Borch, Natalia Andreassen, Nataly Marchenko, Valur Ingimundarson, Halla Gunnarsdóttir, Iurii Iudin, Sergey Petrov, Uffe Jacobsen and Birita í Dali List of authors Odd Jarl Borch Project Leader, Nord University, Norway Natalia Andreassen Nord University, Norway Nataly Marchenko The University Centre in Svalbard, Norway Valur Ingimundarson University of Iceland Halla Gunnarsdóttir University of Iceland Iurii Iudin Murmansk State Technical University, Russia Sergey Petrov Murmansk State Technical University, Russia Uffe Jakobsen University of Copenhagen, Denmark Birita í Dali University of Greenland 1 Partners MARPART Work Package 1 “Maritime Activity and Risk” 2 THE MARPART RESEARCH CONSORTIUM The management, organization and governance of cross-border collaboration within maritime safety and security operations in the High North The key purpose of this research consortium is to assess the risk of the increased maritime activity in the High North and the challenges this increase may represent for the preparedness institutions in this region. We focus on cross-institutional and cross-country partnerships between preparedness institutions and companies. We elaborate on the operational crisis management of joint emergency operations including several parts of the preparedness system and resources from several countries. The project goals are: • To increase understanding of the future demands for preparedness systems in the High North including both search and rescue, oil spill recovery, fire fighting and salvage, as well as capacities fighting terror or other forms of destructive action. • To study partnerships and coordination challenges related to cross-border, multi-task emergency cooperation • To contribute with organizational tools for crisis management Project characteristics: Financial support: -Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, -the Nordland county Administration -University partners. -
The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893-1896
IV. AN ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS BY ROBERT COLLETT AND FRIDTJOF NANSEN. L-n the first three sections of this paper, the observations imparted are put together from Nansen's journals, supplemented by his verbal com- ments and explanations during the preparation of the work. The last section gives the observations made during the time that the ship was drifting with the ice in the summers of 1895 and 1896, and is compiled from written and verbal information received from Scott-Hansen, Blessing and Mogstad, and also from the journals kept by Sverdrup. first section treats the The (I) of the journey along north coast of Siberia, from Yugor Strait, July 29th, 1893, until the closing in of the ship to the north-west of the New Siberian Islands on September 25th, 1893 (78 5<y N. Lat, 132 20' E. Long.). The birds observed during this time were principally on their way south- wards. After the closing in of the ship, no birds were seen until the fol- lowing year. The second section (II) gives the observations made at the time that the 'Fram* was drifting with the ice towards the NW., during the first summer, 1894, up to the time when Nansen and Johansen started on their sledge-journey, March 14th, 1895. This last point lies in about 84 N. Lat., < 1010 55 E. Lon g. The first bird seen in the spring of 1894 (a gull, probably Pagophila eburnea), appeared on May 13th; birds were seen now and again until after the middle of August. After August 23rd, or the day when all the channels and lanes about the ship began to freeze up, no birds were seen. -
Shipping in the Arctic
FACT SHEET CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE THEME: Shipping in the Arctic The consequences of climate change are more clearly 8 felt in the Arctic than in any other region of the world. The particularly strong rise in temperatures in the high 7 latitudes causes a rapid decline in sea ice (Fig. 1) and threatens the existence of highly sensitive ecosystems 6 (see AWI Fact Sheet „Climate Change in the Arctic“). But the dwindling ice is also making regions and sea routes 5 more accessible, which for a long time were reserved for Million km² adventurers, research expeditions and indigenous peo- ples: The Arctic sea routes, connecting the Pacific and 4 Atlantic north of the continents. In addition to shorter distances between world markets, intra-Arctic traffic, 3 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018 combined with resource depletion, is also playing an in- Year creasingly important role in this region. Figure 1: September means of sea ice expansion in the Arctic 1979 What are the impacts of climate change on Arctic sea to 2018. From September 1979 to 2018, sea ice decreased by 37%. ice? This means a decrease in sea ice extent in September months of 13% per decade2. Adapted from Grosfeld et al. (2019)A. The phenomenon of „polar amplification“ has led to a par- ticularly high temperature rise in the Arctic since the be- ginning of industrialization - two to three times as high » The average thickness of sea ice has decreased as the global average. This has resulted, among other within the last 30 years from over three metres to things, in an ever-earlier onset of ice melting in spring less than two metres3. -
Arctic Navigation: Reflections on the Northern Sea Route
Chapter 19 Arctic Navigation: Reflections on the Northern Sea Route Said Mahmoudi* Introduction International interest in the Arctic Ocean has increased since the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) entered into force in 1994. The reason is the greater attention now being paid to the consequences of global warming1 and the new possibilities opening up due to climate change. Access to resources, including previously unknown biological ones, and increased use of navigational routes, are just two of such possibilities. One example of this increased attention to the Arctic waters is the meeting of the ministers of transport of Japan, China and South Korea in Yokohama on 25 August 2014. Their purpose was to agree on an arrangement for the safety of ship operations in Arctic waters and to establish an efficient logistic system in that area. This was the fifth recent meeting of these ministers about Arctic navigation. The two main sea routes in the Arctic Ocean today are the Northwest Passage, which runs along the northern coast of North America, and the Northeast Passage, which follows the coasts of Norway, Russia and Alaska. The major part of its Russian section, the Northern Sea Route, is the focus of this paper. A third route, the Central Arctic Ocean Route, which is in interna- tional waters, is considered as a potential trans-Arctic transport seaway. The Northern Sea Route is the most attractive option for transport due to its more favorable ice conditions and available infrastructure, including nuclear- powered ice breakers. This may be compared with the Northwest Passage with relatively scant infrastructure2 for shipping and perhaps lack of clear * Professor of International Law, Stockholm University.