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Foundations of Professional Nursing Practice © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC UNITNOT I FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Foundations of professional © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALENursing OR DISTRIBUTION practice NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © robertiez/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty © robertiez/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Copyright © 2016 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284083231_CH01_Print.indd 1 21/10/15 8:48 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Copyright © 2016 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284083231_CH01_Print.indd 2 21/10/15 8:48 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER© Jones & Bartlett 1Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A History of Health Care © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTand FOR SALE Nursing OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Karen Saucier Lundy and Kathleen Masters © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Identify ©social, Jones political, & Bartlett and economic Learning, infl u- LLC2. Identify important leaders© Jones and events & Bartlettthat have Learning, LLC ences on the development of professional signifi cantly affected the development of pro- nursing practice.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfessional nursing practice.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Although no specialized nurse role per se developed in early civilizations, Key Terms and Concepts © Jones human &cultures Bartlett recognized Learning, the need LLC for nursing care. The truly© sick Jones person & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTwas FOR weak SALE and helpless OR DISTRIBUTION and could not fulfi ll the duties that NOTwere normally FOR SALE » Greek OR era DISTRIBUTION expected of a member of the community. In such cases, someone had to watch » Roman era » Deaconesses over the patient, nurse him or her, and provide care. In most societies, this » Florence Nightingale nurse role was fi lled by a family member, usually female. As in most cultures, » Reformation the childbearing woman had special needs that often resulted in a specialized » Chadwick Report © Jones & Bartlettrole Learning, for the caregiver. LLC Every society since the dawn© Jones of time & hadBartlett someone Learning, to » Shattuck LLC Report nurse and take care of the mother and infant around the childbearing events. » William Rathbone NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION» Ethel Fenwick In whatever form the nurse took, the role was associated with compassion, » Jeanne Mance health promotion, and kindness (Bullough & Bullough, 1978). » Mary Agnes Snively » Goldmark Report » Brown Report » Isabel Hampton Robb Classical© Jones Era & Bartlett Learning, LLC »© AmericanJones Nurses & Bartlett Learning, LLC More than 4,000NOT years FOR ago, SALE Egyptian OR physiciansDISTRIBUTION and nurses used an abun- NOTAssociation FOR (ANA) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION dant pharmacological repertoire to cure the ill and injured. The Ebers » Lavinia Lloyd Dock Papyrus lists more than 700 remedies for ailments ranging from snake- » American Journal of Nursing (AJN) bites to puerperal fever (Kalisch & Kalisch, 1986). Healing appeared in » Margaret Sanger » Lillian Wald © Jones Note: This & chapter Bartlett is adapted Learning, from Lundy, LLCK. S., & Bender, K. W. (2009). History© ofJones community & Bartlett» Jane A. Learning, Delano LLC NOThealth FOR and SALEpublic health OR nursing. DISTRIBUTION In K. S. Lundy & S. Janes (Eds.), Community NOThealth nursing: FOR SALE» Annie OR Goodrich DISTRIBUTION Caring for the public’s health (2nd ed., 62–99). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. © robertiez/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty 3 Copyright © 2016 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284083231_CH01_Print.indd 3 21/10/15 8:48 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 Chap Ter 1 A History of Health Care and Nursing © Jonesthe & BartlettEgyptian cultureLearning, as the LLCsuccessful result of a contest© between Jones invisible & Bartlett Learning, LLC Key Terms and Concepts NOT FORbeings SALE of good OR andDISTRIBUTION evil (Shryock, 1959). Around 1000 NOTb.c., the FOR Egyptians SALE OR DISTRIBUTION » Mary Brewster constructed elaborate drainage systems, developed pharmaceutical herbs » Henry Street and preparations, and embalmed the dead. The Hebrews formulated an Settlement » Elizabeth Tyler elaborate hygiene code that dealt with laws governing both personal and » Jessie Sleet Scales community hygiene, such as contagion, disinfection, and sanitation through ©» JonesDorothea &Lynde Bartlett Dix Learning,the preparation LLC of food and water. The© JewishJones contribution & Bartlett to Learning, health is LLC NOT» Clara FOR Barton SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONgreater in sanitation than in their conceptNOT of disease.FOR SALE Garbage OR and DISTRIBUTION excreta » Frontier Nursing were disposed of outside the city or camp, infectious diseases were quaran- Service » Mary Breckinridge tined, spitting was outlawed as unhygienic, and bodily cleanliness became » Mary D. Osborne a prerequisite for moral purity. Although many of the Hebrew ideas about » Frances Payne hygiene were Egyptian in origin, the Hebrews were the first to codify them © Jones & BartlettBolton Learning, LLC and link them with spiritual© Jones godliness & Bartlett (Bullough Learning, & Bullough, LLC 1978). NOT FOR SALE» International OR DISTRIBUTION Council Disease and disabilityNOT in the FOR Mesopotamian SALE OR area DISTRIBUTION were considered a great of Nurses (ICN) curse, a divine punishment for grievous acts against the gods. Experiencing illness as punishment for a sin linked the sick person to anything even remotely deviant. Not only was the person suffering from the illness, but he or she also was branded by all of society as having deserved it. Those who obeyed God’s © Joneslaw & Bartlettlived in health Learning, and happiness, LLC and those who transgressed© Jones the law & Bartlettwere Learning, LLC NOT FORpunished SALE with OR illness DISTRIBUTION and suffering. The sick person then NOThad to FORmake atoneSALE- OR DISTRIBUTION ment for the sins, enlist a priest or other spiritual healer to lift the curse, or live with the illness to its ultimate outcome (Bullough & Bullough, 1978). Nursing care by a family member or relative would be needed, regardless of the outcome of the sin, curse, disease-atonement-recovery, or death cycle. This logic became © Jones & Bartlett Learning,the basis for LLC explanation of why some people© Jones “get sick& Bartlett and some Learning, don’t” for LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONmany centuries and still persists to someNOT degree FOR in most SALE cultures OR today. DISTRIBUTION The Greeks and Health In Greek mythology, the god of medicine, Asclepias, cured disease. One of his © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC daughters,
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