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1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 1/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

1. Identification of Substance and of the Company 1.1. Product Identifier

Substance Name : Chromium Trioxide

Molecular Formula : CrO3 EC No : 215-607-8 REACH Registration No : 01-2119458868-17-0001 CAS No : 1333-82-0

1.2. Relevant Identified Uses of the Substance and Uses Advised Against

Relevant identified uses; (see SECTION 16 for a complete list of uses)  Industrial use [SU 3]; Uses of substances as such or in preparations at industrial sites.  Manufacture of fine chemicals [SU 9]; Intermediate in manufacture of other chromium substances.  Manufacture of fabricated metal products [SU 15]; Metal surface treatment. No uses advised against. ONLY FOR PROFESSIONAL USAGE!

1.3. Details of the Supplier of the Safety Data Sheet

REACH Only Representative : CROMITAL S.P.A. soggetta all'attività di direzione e coordinamento di Soda Sanayii A.Ş. Strada Quattro, palazzo A7, 20090 Assago (MI) Italy Phone : + 39 02 576 06 070 Fax : + 39 02 576 09 175 E-mail : [email protected]

Manufacturer : Soda Sanayii A.Ş. Address : Soda Sanayii A.Ş. Kazanli Bucagi Yani 33004 Mersin/Turkey Phone : +90 324 241 6600 Fax : +90 324 451 2850 E-mail of SDS Responsible : [email protected]

1.4. Emergency Tel. Number: +90 324 241 6600 Opening Hours : Only available during office hours (07:00-17:00 CET)

2. Hazards Identification

2.1. Classification of the Substance

2.1.1 Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 [CLP]

See SECTION 16

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 2/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

2.1.2 Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC

Oxidising; O; R9, Category 1 ; Carc.Cat.1; R45, Category 2 mutagens; Muta. Cat. 2; R46, Category 3 reproductive toxins; Repr. Cat.3; R62, Very toxic; T+; R26, Toxic; T; R24/25-48/23, Corrosive; C; R35, Sensitising; R42/43, Dangerous for the environment; N; R50-53 ,

2.1.3 Additional Information

For full text of R-phrases and Hazard- and EU Hazard-statements; see SECTION 16.

2.2. Label Elements

Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 [CLP]

Hazard Pictograms:

Signal Word:

Danger

Hazard Statements:

H271 May intensify fire or explosion; strong oxidizer H301Toxic if swallowed H310 Fatal in contact with skin H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage H330 Fatal if inhaled H340 May cause genetic defects H350 May cause cancer H361 Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure H410 Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 3/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

Precautionary Statements:

P201: Obtain special instructions before use P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection P302+350: IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with soap and water P304+341: IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing P307+311: IF EXPOSED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician P405: Store locked up

2.3. Other Hazards

The substance does not contain any PBT or vPvB.

3. Composition / Information on Ingredients

3.1 Substances

Name Index Number in CLP Annex VI Weight, % content Chromium Trioxide 024-001-00-0 99.7 (CrO3)

4. First Aid Measures

Skin Exposure : Irrigate affected area with copious quantities of water. After contact, wash immediately with plenty of water and soap. Seek immediate medical attention.

Eye Exposure : Irrigate with copious quantities of water. Seek immediate medical attention.

Inhalation : Remove to fresh air. Irrigate mouth and nasal passages with water. Seek immediate medical attention.

Ingestion : Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. If conscious, give several glasses of water to drink. Seek immediate medical attention.

Accident victims should be given 5 – 10 g ascorbic acid (non-effervescent form) dissolved in water. Repeated doses of 5 –10 g ascorbic acid per day may be given whilst features of toxicity are present. The quantity and length of treatment will be dependent on the severity of the poisoning.

5. Fire Fighting Measures

Non-flammable Contact with combustible material may cause fire.

Incompatibility : This product may act as an to initiate or sustain a fire involving organic matter or other easily oxidizable material.

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 4/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

Decomposition : Decomposition begins at 196 °C liberating , no hazardous decomposition products observed under normal conditions of use.

Measures : All extinguisher types can be used; select on the basis of other materials present. Use water fog – in the absence of a fog fine spray may be used.

Equipment : Use self-contained breathing apparatus. Full protective clothing.

6. Accidental Release Measures

After Spillage/Leakage/Dust leakage : Collect spilled material in a closed metal container for reclamation or disposal, preferably using vacuum equipment. Avoid heat, smoking, oils/greases when handling.

Personal Precaution : Operatives to use Personal Protective Equipment, i.e. eye protection, appropriate respiratory equipment and gloves, overalls and safety footwear.

Environmental Precautions : Do not empty into drains, sewers/watercourses i.e. contain. If spillage does enter watercourses or sewers, inform the appropriate local water authority or National Regulatory body immediately. Small areas of contamination, which cannot be removed, may be treated with ferrous sulphate solution or metabisulphite solution to reduce to the trivalent form and the pH adjusted to 8.5 with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide solution to precipitate chromium hydroxide. Use personal protective equipment.

7. Handling and Storage

Oxidizer

7.1. Precautions for Safe Handling

Wear personal protective equipment to avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Remove any contaminated clothing and launder before re-use. Wear respiratory protection where there is a risk of exposure to the product.

7.2. Conditions for Safe Storage, Including Any Incompabilities

Store in a cool & dry place away from foodstuffs and easily oxidizable/combustible material. Keep product away from heat and sun.

Keep container closed when it is not in use. Container may only be opened under local exhaust ventilation.

Segragation as for class 5.1 however, “Seperated from” classes 4.1 and 7.

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 5/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

8. Exposure Controls / Personal Protection

Derivation of DNEL(s) /DMELs

Endpoint Quantitative dose descriptor Associated relevant Remarks on study (appropriate unit) or effect qualitative assessment

Local Systemic Acute toxicity oral - LDlo: 32 mg/kg Death Acute oral toxicity study bw dermal 35 mg/kg bw 35 mg/kg bw Local irritation; Acute dermal toxicity (LOAEL) (LOAEL) signs of toxicity study inhalation 0.19 mg/L 0.19 mg/L Death, local Acute inhalation toxicity LOAEC LOAEC irritation study Irritation/Corrosivity skin - NA Corrosivity Substance found to be corrosive in vitro and in vivo eye - NA Severe irritation Substance found to be a severe eye irritant resp. tract - NA No data: irritation No data: irritation likely likely Sensitisation skin - NA Skin sensitisation Based on human data and experience resp. tract - NA Respiratory Based on human sensitisation experience Repeated dose toxicity oral - LOAEL 1.7 Haematological Read-across from mg/kg bw/d effects related compounds sub-acute/ sub-chronic/ dermal - - Irritation / - chronic corrosivity likely inhalation LOAEC 1.81 NOAEC 1.81 Local irritation Mouse inhalation mg/m3 mg/m3 toxicity studies Mutagenicity in vitro Not - Mutagenicity Consistent positive quantifiable effects seen in various studies in vivo Not Not Mutagenicity Consistent positive quantifiable quantifiable effects seen in various studies Carcinogenicity oral No relevant No relevant - - data data dermal No relevant No relevant - - data data inhalation 0.1 mg/m3 No effects Lung cancer Review of published (Cr VI) predicted epidemiology studies Additional risk 1-6/1000 Reproductive toxicity oral NA NOAEL 40 None Continuous breeding mg/kg bw/d study with fertility impairment dichromate dermal NA - - - inhalation NA - - - Reproductive toxicity oral NA LOAEL 20 Significant Read-across from mg/kg bw/d (Cr developmental developmental toxicity (VI) effects dermal NA - - - inhalation NA - - -

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 6/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

PNEC Values PNEC aquatic

PNEC Value Assessment Remarks/Justification factor PNEC aqua – The PNEC value for 10 Extract from EU RAR (2005, Section 3.2.1.7.1): freshwater (mg/L) Cr (VI) is 3.4 µg/L, According to the standard assessment factor approach, the PNEC equivalent to 6.5 µg/l is derived from the lowest CrO3 NOEC available for Cr (III). The lowest NOEC is 4.7 μg/l, for The PNEC value for reproduction of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. As there is a Cr (III) is large amount of long-term effect data on a wide range of aquatic 4.7 µg/L, equivalent organisms, an assessment factor of 10 is used, giving a PNEC by to 9.0 µg/L CrO3 this method of 0.47 μg/l. Cr (VI); The value for the 50% confidence level in the HC5 (HC5-50%) is 10.2 μg/l. The value for the 95% confidence level (HC5-95%) is 3.8 μg/l. An assessment factor of 3 was accepted during Technical Meeting discussions as a reasonable compromise between member states that expressed a view. This gives a PNEC of 3.4 μg/l. As the waste water treatment process is 99.99999% efficient all chromium entering the environment should be in the form of Cr (III). Cr (III) PNEC is used: 4.7 μg/l. The value is corrected to allow for the %Cr (~50%) in the test substance. PNEC aqua - - - In saltwater, chromium (VI) would be expected to be less toxic marine water than indicated by the values presented for freshwater above, (mg/L) except perhaps at very low salinities. PNEC aqua – - - No separate PNEC derived for intermittent releases intermittent releases (mg/L)

PNEC sediment

PNEC Value Assessment factor Remarks/Justification PNEC sediment 31 mg/kg n/a extrapolation method (mg/kg d.w.) Cr (III), equivalent Extract from EU RAR (2005, Section 3.2.1.7.2): to 60 For chromium (VI), PNECsediment = 1.5 mg/kg wet weight mg/kg for acid conditions, and 0.15 mg/kg CrO3 Similarly, for chromium (III), PNECsediment = 31 mg/kg wet weight for acid conditions and 307 mg/kg wet weight for other conditions. Given that the vast majority of chromium (VI) entering into sediment will be converted to chromium (III), the PNECsediment of 31 mg/kg wet weight (which is equivalent to around 80 mg/kg on a dry weight basis) is in reasonable agreement with the draft effect levels derived by Environment Canada (1997). The PNEC has been corrected to allow for the %Cr (~50%) in the test substance. PNECs are based on the equilibrium partitioning method and a PNECaquatic of 3.4 µg/L.

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 7/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

Control Measures : Prevention of exposure to carcinogenic substances must be the first objective. The use of totally closed systems must be the method of controlling exposure to the carcinogens. Where this cannot be achieved, for example through the partial enclosure of processes and handling systems, appropriate local exhaust ventilation systems and general ventilation should be employed to suppress and discharge carcinogenic substances.

Occupational Exposure Limits - Maximum Exposure Limit : The user must take precautions to ensure that the environmental controls employed are adequate to maintain the exposure level below the Maximum Exposure Limit of 0.05 mg Cr(VI)/m3 (8 hr. TWA). - ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg Cr(VI)/m3 (8 hr TWA) - OSHA PEL (proposed): 1 mg Cr(VI)/m3 (8 hr TWA)

Monitoring : A monitoring program should be established and used where necessary in order to determine the extent of exposure of individuals in comparison with the Maximum Exposure Limit.

Personal Protection :

Eyes : Close fitting chemical goggles to BS 2092 CD (to be replaced by BS EN 166, 167, and 168).

Hands : Rubber or PVC gloves.

Respiratory Protection : Selection of type should be based upon the likely workplace concentrations and the Maximum Exposure Limit of 0.05 mg Cr/m3. For half mask respirators, use filter type P3. Reference to HSE Guidance is recommended.

Body Protection : Where overalls or other protective clothing is supplied to the operator, it is recommended that this clothing be laundered at the end of the working period.

Hygiene : When using , do not eat, drink or smoke. Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Wear suitable protective clothing.

General Precautions : Clean protective equipment should be used daily. Cover cuts, grazes or broken skin with impervious dressing to avoid contamination. Workers should take a hot shower at the end of the working period or day.

OEL for France: Chromium compounds (VI): VLE 1.1 mg/m3 and VME 0.05 mg/m3

9. Physical and Chemical Properties*

Appearance/Physical State : Red violet flake Odor : None pH (1% soln/water) : 1,1 : Decomposes above the Melting point : 196 °C FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 8/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

Flash Point : N/A Evaporation Rate : N/A Flammability : Non Flammable Vapor Pressure : N/A Relative : 2,7 Bulk Density : 1400 kg/m3 62.5 % w/w at 20 °C 61.7 g sol in 100 cc of water at °C : 67.5 g sol in 100 cc of water at 100 °C 167.299 lb/100 lb water at 70 °C Soluble in and Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water) : N/A Decomposition Temperature : 250 °C Viscosity : N/A Explosive Properties : N/A Oxidising Properties : Strong oxidizing agent

*Not to be used as a specification

10. Stability and Reactivity

Chemical Stability: Under storage at normal ambient temperatures (minus 40 °C to + 40°C), the product is stable.

Possibility of Hazardous Reactions : Contact with combustible material may cause fire.

Conditions to avoid: Chromium trioxide is a strong oxidizing agent as a and in solution. Store away from combustible materials and other chemicals. Keep product away from heat and sun.

Keep container closed when it is not in use. Container may only be opened under local exhaust ventilation.

Incompatible Materials: Contact with organic materials, oils, greases or other readily oxidizable material should be avoided.

Hazardous Decomposition Products : Thermal decomposition, that starts above the melting point of 197 °C, may produce chromic (Cr2O3) or other of chromium, which may be hazardous.

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 9/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

11. Toxicological Information

11.1 Information on Toxicological Information

 Acute Toxicity (Oral) Method: Standart Acute Method Species: Rat Route of Exposure: Oral Effective Dose (LD50): 52 mg/kg bw (both sexes) Animals were observed for 14 days.

 Acute Toxicity (Inhalation) Method: Standart Acute Method Species: Rat Route of Exposure: Inhalation Effective Dose (LC50): 0.217 mg/L (both sexes) Exposure Time: 4 hours

 Acute Toxicity (Dermal) Method: Standart Acute Method Species: Rabbit Route of Exposure: Dermal Effective Dose (LD50): 57 mg/kg bw (both sexes) Exposure Time: 24 hours

Test: Corrosive to skin

Routes Of Exposure

Inhalation : May cause cancer by inhalation. Inhalation of chromic acid dust or mist can cause irritation of the nasal septum and respiratory tract. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum.

Ingestion : Toxic if swallowed. Can cause systemic effects, liver and kidney failure may fallow. Can cause severe burns. Contact with cuts, scratches or abrasions can result in ulceration. May cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Eye Contact : Eye contact with small amounts of dust or mist can cause severe burns.

Chronic Toxicity : Prolonged or repeated exposure to chromic acid dust/mist may cause chronic eye irritation, skin ulceration and ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum. Dermatological studies in the chromate production, chromate pigment and chromium plating industries indicate that long-term exposure to dust and mist containing hexavalent (Cr VI) compounds is associated with increased risk of respiratory tract cancer in humans. The specific soluble compounds of hexavalent chromium that “may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogenic by inhalation” have not to be identified other than chromium trioxide. Partially soluble and insoluble compounds such as and zinc potassium chromate, chromium III chromates, and chromates already carry a carcinogenic category classification.

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 10/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

12. Ecological Information

12.1. Toxicity Life Value Species Stage Endpoint (mg/L) Acute (short-term) toxicity: Fish: Pimephales Promelas N/A 96h LC50 33.2 a Crustacea: Daphina Magna N/A 48h EC50 0.112 a Algae: Selenastrum Capricornutem N/A 96h EC50 (b) 0.217 Chronic (long-term) toxicity: Fish: Pimephales Promelas 4 weeks 412 -day NOEC (g) 3.95 21-day NOEC Crustacea: Daphina Magna 21 days (reprod) 18

12.2. Persistance and degradability Chromium (VI) in water will eventually be reduced to chromium (III) by organic matter in the water. Most chromium released into water will ultimately be deposited in the sediment. Chromium is not expected to biomagnify in the aquatic food chain.

12.3. Bioaccumulation potential Bioaccumulation of chromium from soil to above ground parts of plants is unlikely. There is no indication of biomagnifications of chromium along the terrestrial food chain (soil-plant-animal)

13. Disposal Considerations

Solid : If quantity is substantial, return to supplier or manufacturer. Small quantities should be disposed via a licensed Waste Contractor. Do not discharge into local watercourses/sewers or allow contaminating underground water sources.

Liquid : Reduce to trivalent Cr (III) by the methods described under “Accidental Release Measures”. Dispose off via a licensed Waste Contractor to licensed disposal site. Duty of Care Regulations [Section 34 of the Environmental Protection Act (1990) ] and Control of Pollution (Special Waste) Regulations 1980 apply.

Contaminated Containers : Can be washed free of chromic acid prior to disposal. Treat washings prior to disposal by the methods described under “Accidental Release Measures”.

14. Transport Information (Regulations)

14.1. UN number

ADR/RID/ADN IMDG ICAO UN Number 1463 1463 1463

14.2. UN proper shipping name

Chromium Trioxide FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 11/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

14.3. Transport hazard class(es)

ICAO / IATA Class : 5.1 IMDG Class : 5.1 ADR.RID : 5.1 (8) (6.1)

Transport Labelling :

14.4. Packing group ADR/RID/ADN IMDG ICAO Packing Group II II II

14.5. Environmental hazards

Dangerous substance for the environment; YES Marine pollutant; NO

14.6. Special precautions for user

EMS : F-A, S-Q Emergency Action Code : 2W Hazard Identification No : 58

14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code

Non applicable.

Other Information: May cause damage to eyes and skin. Keep separated from foodstuffs. Packagings shall be hermetically sealed.

15. Regulatory Information

15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance

Listed in USDOT Hazardous Materials Table 49 CFR 172.101 Listed in table 3.1. of CLP Directive Directive 200/53/EC on end-of life vehicles

94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste.

15.2. Chemical Safety Assestment

A chemical safety assestment is prepared by the manufacturer

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 12/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

16. Other Information

Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 [CLP]

Ox. Sol. 1, H271 Acute Tox. 3, H301 Acute Tox. 2, H310 Skin Corr. 1A, H314 Acute Tox. 2, H330 Muta. 1B, H340 Carc. 1A, H350 Repr. 2, H361 STOT RE 1, H372 Aquatic Acute 1, H400 (M-Factor (self-classification) = 1) Aquatic Chronic 1, H410

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 13/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

Relevant Identified Uses of the Substance

Process category Preparation Article ERC Identified use Sector of Use (SU) (PROC) Category (PC) category (AC) Intermediate in PROC 1 PC 19 SU 3, SU 8, SU 9 n/a ERC 6a manufacture of other PROC 2 chromium substances PROC 3 PROC 8b PROC 9 Formulation of PROC1 PC 14 SU 3, SU 10 n/a ERC 2 preparations used e. g. PROC 3 PC 15 in metal finishing or as catalysts PROC 5 PC 20 PROC 8b PROC 9 PROC 14 Surface treatment, PROC2 PC 14 SU 3, SU 12 n/a ERC 5 including e. g. PROC10 PC 15 SU 15 functional & decorative , PROC 13 passivation, anodising, plastic plating PROC 8b PROC 9 Use of catalysts PROC 1 PC 20 SU 3 n/a ERC 6b containing chromium PROC 2 trioxide PROC 3 PROC 4 PROC 8b PROC 9 Small scale laboratory PROC 15 PC 21 SU 22 n/a ERC 8b use of chromium trioxide

Additional advice on specific questions can be obtained from Soda Sanayii A.Ş. Kromsan Krom Bileşikleri Fabrikası.

This information is provided to enable customers to assess the health and safety requirements of products. Whilst it is given in good faith, and is believed to be accurate, Soda Sanayii A.Ş. Kromsan Krom Bileşikleri Fabrikası cannot accept responsibility for loss or damage arising from use, or reliance upon this information. The above information complies with Regulation 6 of the Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 1993 and 93/112/EEC.

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07

1 SODA SANAYİİ A.Ş.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Chromium Trioxide Date : 19.09.2011 According to Rev. Date : 06.05.2014 EU Regulation No (EC) Page: 14/14 Revision No : 06 453/2010

ANNEX 1:

Identified uses of Chromic Acid

Intermediate in manufacture of other chromium substances A variety of Cr (III) substances, for example chromium(III) nitrate, chloride, acetate, can be produced by reduction of chromium trioxide and in addition of the appropriate anion.

Formulation of Preparations used e.g. in metal finishing or as catalysts In general, the surface treating operations are not done with pure chromium(VI) oxide solution, but with preparations containing a number of auxiliaries like surfactants, mist surpressants, buffer etc. Those preparations can be formulated on site at the treatment plant, or at specialised suppliers into the metal treatment industry.

Surface treatment, including e. g. functional & decorative electroplating, passivation, anodising, plastic plating Electroplating is the main metal finishing activity, constituting approximately 43% of the total number of metal finishing activities. Other metal finishing activities include conversion coatings (passivation and anodising) and brightening.

Electroplating is the deposition of metallic coatings on a base material by an electrochemical process. Many substances can be plated such as , , steel, stainless steel, and some alloys and plastics. Metal plating/finishing is performed to impart hardness, to improve wear and corrosion resistance, to improve the appearance of the part and to restore worn parts. Decorative bright gives the brilliant blush-white finish which is seen on many common domestic products e.g. plumbing fixtures and car parts. With 350-450 g/l chromium trioxide, decorative plating uses the highest concentration of Cr (VI). Chrome plating is also used in industry as a way of protecting industrial devices from wear and friction. This is known as hard-chrome plating.

Anodising is an electrolytic process designed to produce an oxide film integral with the surface of the metal. The use of chromium trioxide as an anodising agent accounts for a relatively minor proportion of anodising activity. Typically, total chromium concentrations in this process are 30-100 g/l.

Conversion coatings are produced by the chemical treatment of metallic surfaces to give a barrier layer of complex chromium compounds on the metal surface to protect the base metal from corrosion. Passivating is a chemical treatment applied to metal product to enhance the corrosion resistance. Items for passivating are generally immersed in the passivating solution which consists of an aqueous solution of inorganic chemicals, traditionally based on chromium trioxide or .

Use of catalysts containing chromium trioxide Chromium/iron catalysts are mainly used in ‘high temperature shift’ reactions. Catalysts are usually chromium (III) oxide and iron oxide formulations so generally only a small proportion of chromium trioxide is used in catalyst manufacture.

Small scale laboratory use of chromium trioxide Chromium trioxide is used in combination with sulphuric acid on a small scale in laboratories for the oxidation of to carboxylic acids and . It is also used in COD determination as a strong oxidiser.

Complete list of identified uses is listed in Section 16.

FORM NO: KYS-KF-24-07