Elections and Political Dynamics: a Case Study of 1995 Assembly Elections in Manipur
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ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL DYNAMICS: A CASE STUDY OF 1995 ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS IN MANIPUR THESIS SUBMITTED TO NORTH EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES) ARAMBAM PRAFULLOKUMAR SINGH DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION NORTH-EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY MIZORAM CAMPUS, AIZAWL MIZORAM 2000 NORTH EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY Mizoram Campus, Aizawl, Mizorarn Post Box No. 190, PIN - 796 001 Dr. R.N. Prasad 0389-340804 (O) Professor and Head 0389-348716 (R) Department of Public Administration CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Shri Arambam Prafullokumar Singh, Senior Lecturer in Political Science, Mamit College, Mamit District, Mamit, Mizoram worked under my supervision on the topic “Elections and Political Dynamics: A Case study of 1995 Assembly Elections in Manipur” for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Department of Public Administration, School of Social Sciences) in conformity to the Rules/Regulations/Ordinance relating to the Degree of Ph.D of the Nortn Eastern Hill University, Shillong. The Thesis is a product of his own original research work and it does not form a part of any other Thesis. He is allowed to submit the thesis for examination. Dated, Mizoram The 30th November 2000 (R.N. Prasad) NORTH EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY Mizoram Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram Post Box No. 190, PIN - 796 001 Dated, Mizoram The 30th November, 2000 I, Shri Arambam Prafullo Kumar Singh, hereby declare that the subject matter of Thesis is the record of work done by me, that the contents of this thesis did not form basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other University/ Institute. This is being submitted to the North-Eastern Hill University for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration. (Arambam Prafullo Kumar Singh) Senior Lecturer Department of Political Science Mamit College, Mamit, Mizoram Head Supervisor ( R.N. Prasad ) ( R.N. Prasad) Prof. & Head Supervisor Department of Public Administration Department of Public Administration North-Eastern Hill University North-Eastern Hill University Mizoram Campus, Aizawl Mizoram Campus, Aizawl Mizoram - 796 001 Mizoram - 796 001 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the very outset, I would like to express my sincere heartfelt and deep sense of gratitude to my Supervisor Prof R.N. Prasad for giving me the privilege to do research work for the award of Ph. D. Degree under his able supervision. I am very much thankful to him for his thought-provoking suggestions rendered to me and his scholarly academic guidance throughout the course of my research work, without which it would not have been possible for me to complete my research work successfully and in time. I am also glad to express my sincere thanks to the Chief Electoral Office Shri N. Ibotombi Singh and the Election Officer Nabashyam Singh as well as M. Biren Singh of State Election Department, Manipur for providing me the necessary official electoral information and result about the 1995 State Assembly Election in Manipur for my research work. I express my sincere gratitude to the Presidents, Secretaries and leaders of various political parties contesting the 1995 polls in Manipur and those voten candidates, editors, intellectuals etc., whom I personally interviewed for the purpose of my research work. They all very much helped me in providing the required information for my work. I am also greatly indebted to Prof R.P. Singh, Department of Geography; S. Rajen Singh, Department of Political Science; Kh. Kunjo Singh and Khoidong. Singh, Department of English, Manipur University, and my colleagues ofMamit College, Mizoram for their encouragements, valuable suggestions, comments, cooperation and helps rendered to me in course of my research work. iv I am also deeply grateful to the members of the Governing Body of Mamit College, Mamit, Mizoram for granting me study leave for completing of my research work. I thank my younger brothers A. Ranbir Singh and A. Rabindra Singh for their continued help in drafting, typing, correction and tabulation work. I also thank Shri J.S. Paonam of Manipur University for Computer typing of my Thesis with utmost care. My heartfelt thanks also go to my humble and honest parents, brothers and sisters as well as my wife Smt. A. Lalhminghlui and two little daughters A. Lucy Zothansangi and A. Bickyrose. It is because of their endless tolerance, inspirations and encouragments to go ahead with my academic pursuits that I have been able to complete my research work Lastly, I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness to the authors of various books and articles and the newspapers listed in the Bibliography which have helped me immensely in completing my research work Arambam Prafullo Kumar Singh v CONTENTS Chapter Particulars Page Acknowledgements iii List of Tables vii List of Figures xi I Ecological and Political Profile 1-53 Geographical Social Differences Economic Cultural Political Organisation of the State II Preparations for the 1995 Assembly Elections 54-139 Election Notifications Composition of Constituencies and Electors Parties and Selection of Candidates/Entry of Independents Nomination/Withdrawal/Final Position of Contesting Candidates Party Alignments Code of Conduct for the Candidates and Party in Power/Misuse of Official Machinery III Analysis of Election Issues, Electoral Strategies 140-202 and Party-wise Manifestoes IV Campaign Method 203-247 Participation of Women, Mass Organisations in the Campaign. Role of the Mass Media; The Press etc. vi V Electoral Finance and the Role of Elites/Money 248-291 Power/IVIiascle Power VI Analysis of Constituency-wise Election Results 292-346 VII Performance of Political Parties at the 1995 Polls 347-397 VIII Voting Behaviour/Pattern in the Constituencies of 398-421 two Districts : Imphal and Ukhrul IX Concluding Observation/Suggestion 422-449 Bibliography 450-467 Brief Bio-Data of the Candidate vii LIST OF TABLES Table No. Particulars Page 2.1 Distric-wise Photographed Voters as Reported on 7 61 February 1995 (Evening) 2.1 Distric-wise Voters, Polled and Percentage -1995 68 Elections 2.3 Region-wise Voters, Polled and Percentage -1995 68 Elections 2.4 District-wise Break-up of Constituencies 78 2.5 District-wise Break-up of Electors as on 4 January 81 1995 2.6 Statement Showing Constituency-wise Break-up Basic 82 Data of Elector as oh 4 January 1995 2.7 District-wise Break-up of Polling Stations in the state 87 2.8 Name, Abbreviation and Symbols of Political Parties 89 2.9 Constituency-wise Break-up of Nomination of 105 Candidates (Pre-Countermanded Lamsang Assembly Constituency Election) 2.10 District-wise Break-up of Nominations of Candidates 108 (Pre-Countermanded Election) 2.11 Nomination of Candidates for Countermanded 109 Lamsang Assembly Constituency 2.12 List of Woman Candidates in District-wise 110 2.13 Showing the Largest and Smallest Number of 111 Candidates and Voters 2.14 Final Position of Party-wise Break-up of Contesting 112 Candidates in District-wise (Including Countermanded Lamsang Assembly Constituency Election) 6.1 Khundrakpam Assembly Constituency 294 6.2 Heingang Assembly Constituency 294 viii 6.3 Khural Assembly Constituency 295 6.4 Kshetrigao Assembly Constituency 296 6.5 Thonju Assembly Constituency 297 6.6 ICeirao Assembly Constituency 298 6.7 Andro Assembly Constituency 299 6.8 Lamlai Assembly Constituency 300 6.9 Thangmeiband Assembly Constituency 301 6.10 Uripok Assembly Constituency 302 6.11 Sagolband Assembly Constituency 303 6.12 Keishamthong Assembly Constituency 304 6.13 Singjamei Assembly Constituency 305 6.14 Yaiskul Assembly Constituency 306 6.15 Wangkhei Assembly Constituency 307 6.16 Sekmai (SC) Reserved Assembly Constituency 308 6.17 Lamsang Assembly Constituency (Countermanded) 309 6.18 Konthoujam Assembly Constituency 310 6.19 Patsoi Assembly Constituency 311 6.20 Langthabal Assembly Constituency 312 6.21 Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly Constituency 313 6.22 Wangoi Assembly Constituency 314 6.23 Mayang Imphal Assembly Constituency 315 6.24 Nambol Assembly Constituency 315 6.25 Oinam Assembly Constituency 316 6.26 Bishnupur Assembly Constituency 317 6.27 Moirang Assembly Constituency 318 ix 6.28 Thanga Assembly Constituency 319 6.29 Kuiribi Assembly Constituency 319 6.30 Lilong Assembly Constituency 320 6.31 Ttioubal Assembly Constituency 321 6.32 Wangkhem Assembly Constituency 322 6.33 Heirok Assembly Constituency 322 6.34 Wangjing-Tentha Assembly Constituency 323 6.35 Khangabok Assembly Constituency 324 6.36 Wabagai Assembly Constituency 325 6.37 Kakching Assembly Constituency 326 6.38 Hiyanglam Assembly Constituency 326 6.39 Sugnu Assembly Constituency 327 6.40 Jiribam Assembly Constituency 328 6.41 Chandel (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 329 6.42 Tengnoupal (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 329 6.43 Phungyar (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 331 6.44 Ukhrul (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 332 6.45 Chingai (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 333 6.46 Saikul (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 333 6.47 Karong (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 334 6.48 Mao (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 335 6.49 Tadubi (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 335 6.50 Kangpokpi Assembly Constituency 336 6.51 Saitu (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 337 6.52 Tamei (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 338 x 6.53 Tamenglong (ST) Reserved Assembly Constituency 338 6.54