Index

A D Ammeter-Voltmeter Method, 292 Delta connection, 26, 27, 29, 64–66, 89, 92, Ammeter-Wattmeter Method, 293 163 Apparent Power, 3 Delta-delta connection, 91 Approximate equivalent circuit, 60 Delta-Delta Connection, 91, 92, 118 Arc suppression coil grounding, 171 Delta-Wye Connection, 90 Artesian water, 204 Delta-wye connection, 90, 93 Autotransformer, 85 Derating factor, 272–274 Average Power, 3 Divergence theorem, 213, 223 Double line to ground fault, 102, 136, 269 B Body current, 270 E Body parts, 194 Earth, 150 Earth resistance, 175 C Efficiency, 76 Cathodic protection current, 154 Electric displacement, 207 Chasis, 154 Electric field, 255 Circular Plate, 191 Electric flux, 207 Circular plate, 192, 195, 196 Electric potential, 176 Clamp-on Method, 288 Electrostatic capacity, 184 Clay, 184, 203, 205, 206, 251 EMF equations, 52 Complex permittivity, 207, 208 Equipotential surface, 184 Complex power, 1, 7, 8, 11, 12, 109 Equivalent circuit of a transformer, 58 Concrete, 204, 208 Conductivity, 212, 277 F Continuity of current, 214 Fall of Potential Method, 281 Copper loss, 7, 76–81 Feet resistance, 269 Corrosion, 251, 277 Feldspar, 205 Current, 210, 215 Fluke 1625, 253 Current density, 177, 210, 215 Foot, 194 Current lines, 178, 180, 191, 215 Footprint, 195 Current transformer, 62, 94, 95, 288 Frozen sand and gravel, 208 Cylindrical Rod, 182 Frozen soil, 209 Cylindrical rod, 182–184, 186, 196, 278

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 307 Md.A. Salam and Q.M. Rahman, Power Systems Grounding, Power Systems, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0446-9 308 Index

G Poisson equation, 219 Gauss’ law, 214, 215 Polarity of a transformer, 62 GMD, 115 Polarization, 207 Grain, 205 Positive sequence, 18 Gravel soil, 205 Positive sequence components, 128 Ground, 268 Positive sequence impedance, 123 Grounded systems, 162 Potential difference, 255 Grounding system, 268 Potential transformer, 94 Ground potential rise, 269 Potentiometer Method, 296 Ground resistance, 175, 269 Power factor, 7 Power factor correction, 1 H Power Factor Measurement, 33 Hemisphere, 177 Power triangle, 13 High resistance grounding, 167 Powerworld, 144 Primary winding, 49 I Ideal transformer, 51 R Impedance triangle, 10 Reactance grounding, 169 Index of refraction, 207 Reactive Power, 7 Instantaneous power, 1 Real power, 8 Iron loss, 76 Reflection factor, 272 Relative permeability, 207 L Remote earth, 269 Laplace equation, 219 Resistance grounding, 167 Leakage flux, 50 Resistivity, 204 Lee’s partitioning method, 261 Resonant grounding, 171 Line-to-line fault, 124 Line voltage, 20 S Low resistance grounding, 167 Salt, 208 Sandy, 205 M Schlumberger method, 265 Maximum grid current, 269 Secondary winding, 49 Mesh Connection, 24 Series resonance, 36 Moisture, 208 Short circuit test, 82 Moraine gravel, 204 Sided Probe System, 263 Mutual flux, 50 Signal, 154 Silt, 205 N Single line to ground fault, 124 Negative sequence, 18 Slope method, 290 Negative sequence components, 103 Soil Interface, 215 Negative sequence impedance, 123 Soil resistance, 203 Soil resistivity, 204 O Solidly grounded system, 163 Open circuit test, 81 Sphere electrode, 179 Star connection, 19 P Step potential, 269 Parallel resonance, 38 Surface of soil, 196 Parameter, 191 Symmetrical components, 102 Permeability, 207 Symmetrical faults, 101 Permittivity, 207 Petersen grounding, 171 T Phase sequence, 18 Three-phase power, 27 Phase voltage, 19 Three-phase transformer, 64 Pipelines, 251 Three-pole method, 280 Index 309

Tolerable step potential, 272 W Tolerable touch potential, 272 Wenner method, 252 Touch potential, 269 Wheatstone bridge method, 293 Transmission tower, 269 Working component, 81 Turns ratio, 53 Working grounding, 163 Two-Pole Method, 251 Wye-delta connection, 89 Two-wattmeter method, 32 Wye-wye connection, 88

U Y Unground delta connection, 158 Y-connected load, 27, 33 Ungrounded systems, 155 Y-connection, 19 Uniqueness theorem, 222 Y-delta connection, 29 Unsymmetrical Faults, 102 Y-Y connection, 28

V Z Vector group, 66 Zero sequence components, 103 Voltage regulation, 73 Zero sequence impedance, 115, 123 Voltage transformer, 155 Zero sequence models, 115 Voltage transformer grounding, 170 Zero sequence reactance, 115 V-V connection, 92