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WYSIWYM – Integrated Visualization, Exploration and Authoring of Un-Structured and Semantic Content

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WYSIWYM – Integrated Visualization, Exploration and Authoring of Un-Structured and Semantic Content WYSIWYM – Integrated Visualization, Exploration and Authoring of Un-structured and Semantic Content Ali Khalili Sören Auer Universität Leipzig, IFI/AKSW Universität Leipzig, IFI/AKSW PO 100920, D-04009 Leipzig PO 100920, D-04009 Leipzig [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT information management: The Semantic Web and Linked Data gained traction in the • For search and retrieval enriching documents with se- last years. However, the majority of information still is con- mantic representations helps to create more efficient tained in unstructured documents. This can also not be and effective search interfaces, such as faceted search [27] expected to change, since text, images and videos are the or question answering [16]. natural way how humans interact with information. Se- • In information presentation semantically enriched doc- mantic structuring on the other hand enables the (semi- uments can be used to create more sophisticated ways )automatic integration, repurposing, rearrangement of in- of flexibly visualizing information, such as by means of formation. NLP technologies and formalisms for the inte- semantic overlays as described in [3]. grated representation of unstructured and semantic content • For information integration semantically enriched doc- (such as RDFa and Microdata) aim at bridging this seman- uments can be used to provide unified views on hetero- tic gap. However, in order for humans to truly benefit from geneous data stored in different applications by creat- this integration, we need ways to author, visualize and ex- ing composite applications such as semantic mashups [2]. plore unstructured and semantic information in a holistic • To realize personalization, semantic documents pro- manner. In this paper, we present the WYSIWYM (What vide customized and context-specific information which You See is What You Mean) concept, which addresses this better fits user needs and will result in delivering cus- issue and formalizes the binding between semantic repre- tomized applications such as personalized semantic por- sentation models and UI elements for authoring, visualizing tals [23]. and exploration. With RDFaCE and Pharmer we present • For reusability and interoperability enriching documents and evaluate two complementary showcases implementing with semantic representations facilitates exchanging the WYSIWYM concept for different application domains. content between disparate systems and enables build- ing applications such as executable papers [18]. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.5.2 [User interfaces]: GUIs, Interaction styles Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies (e.g. named entity recognition and relationship extraction) as well as for- malisms for the integrated representation of unstructured General Terms and semantic content (such as RDFa and Microdata) aim Design, Human factors at bridging the semantic gap between unstructured and se- mantic representation formalisms. However, in order for hu- 1. INTRODUCTION mans to truly benefit from this integration, we need ways The Semantic Web and Linked Data gained traction in the to author, visualize and explore unstructured and semantic last years. However, the majority of information still is information in a holistic manner. contained in and exchanged using unstructured documents, such as Web pages, text documents, images and videos. This In this paper, we present the WYSIWYM (What You See can also not be expected to change, since text, images and Is What You Mean) concept, which addresses the issue of videos are the natural way how humans interact with infor- an integrated visualization, exploration and authoring of mation. Semantic structuring on the other hand provides un-structured and semantic content. Our WYSIWYM con- a wide range of advantages compared to unstructured in- cept formalizes the binding between semantic representation formation. It facilitates a number of important aspects of models and UI elements for authoring, visualizing and ex- ploration. We analyse popular tree, graph and hyper-graph based semantic representation models and elicit a list of se- mantic representation elements, such as entities, various re- lationships and attributes. We provide a comprehensive sur- vey of common UI elements for authoring, visualizing and exploration, which can be configured and bound to individ- ual semantic representation elements. Our WYSIWYM con- cept also comprises cross-cutting helper components, which can be employed within a concrete WYSIWYM interface for the purpose of automation, annotation, recommenda- as valid HTML markup. In a WYSIWYG editor users can tion, personalization etc. edit content in a view which matches the final appearance of published content with respect to fonts, headings, lay- With RDFaCE and Pharmer we present and evaluate two out, lists, tables, images and structure. The first programs complementary showcases implementing the WYSIWYM con- for building Web pages with a WYSIWYG interface were cept for different domains. RDFaCE is domain agnostic ed- Netscape Gold, Claris HomePage, and Adobe PageMill. itor for text content with embedded semantic in the form of RDFa or Microdata. Pharmer is a WYSIWYM interface for WYSIWYG text authoring is meanwhile ubiquitous on the the authoring of semantic prescriptions and thus targeting Web and part of most content creation and management the medical domain. Our evaluation of both tools with end- workflows. It is part of content management cystems (CMS), users (in case of RDFaCE) and domain experts (in case of weblogs, wikis, fora, product data management systems and Pharmer) shows, that WYSIWYM interfaces provide good online shops, just to mention a few. However, the WYSI- usability, while retaining benefits of a truly semantic repre- WYG model has been criticized, primarily for the verbosity, sentation. poor support of semantics and low quality of the gener- ated code and there have been voices advocating a change The contributions of this work are in particular: towards a WYSIWYM (What-You-See-Is-What-You-Mean) 1. A formalization of the WYSIWYM concept based on model [26, 24]. definitions for the WYSIWYM model, binding and concrete interfaces. WYSIWYM. The first use of the WYSIWYM term occurred 2. A comprehensive survey of semantic representation el- in 1995 aiming to capture the separation of presentation and ements of tree, graph and hyper-graph knowledge rep- content when writing a document. The LyX editor 1 was the resentation formalisms as well as UI elements for au- first WYSIWYM word processor for structure-based content thoring, visualization and exploration of such elements. authoring. Instead of focusing on the format or presenta- 3. Two complementary use cases, which evaluate differ- tion of the document, a WYSIWYM editor preserves the in- ent, concrete WYSIWYM interfaces in a generic as tended meaning of each element. For example, page headers, well as domain specific context. sections, paragraphs, etc. are labeled as such in the editing program, and displayed appropriately in the browser. An- The WYSIWYM formalization can be used as a basis for im- other usage of the WYSIWYM term was by Power et al. [22] plementations; allows to evaluate and classify existing user in 1998 as a solution for Symbolic Authoring. In symbolic interfaces in a defined way; provides a terminology for soft- authoring the author generates language-neutral \symbolic" ware engineers, user interface and domain experts to com- representations of the content of a document, from which municate efficiently and effectively. We aim to contribute documents in each target language are generated automati- with this work to making Semantic Web applications more cally, using Natural Language Generation technology. user friendly and ultimately to create an ecosystem of flex- ible UI components, which can be reused, repurposed and The WYSIWYM term as defined and used in this paper tar- choreographed to accommodate the UI needs of dynamically gets the novel aspect of integrated visualization, exploration evolving information structures. and authoring of unstructured and semantic content. The rationale of our WYSIWYM concept is to enrich the ex- The remainder of this article is structured as follows: In isting WYSIWYG presentational view of the content with Section 2, we describe the background of our work and dis- UI components revealing the semantics embedded in the cuss the related work. Section 3 describes the fundamen- content and enable the exploration and authoring of seman- tal WYSIWYM concept proposed in the paper. Subsec- tic content. Instead of separating presentation, content and tions of Section 3 present the different components of the meaning, our WYSIWYM approach aims to integrate these WYSIWYM model. In Section 4, we introduce two imple- aspects to facilitate the process of Semantic Content Author- mented WYSIWYM interfaces together with their evalua- ing. There are already some approaches (i.e. visual mapping tion results. Finally, Section 5 concludes with an outlook on techniques), which go into the direction of integrated visu- future work. alization and authoring of structured content. 2. RELATED WORK Visual Mapping Techniques. Visual mapping techniques (a.k.a. knowledge representation techniques) are methods to WYSIWYG. The term WYSIWYG as an acronym for What- graphically represent knowledge structures. Most of them You-See-Is-What-You-Get is used in computing to describe have been developed as paper-based techniques for brain- a system in which content (text and
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