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Vulnerability of Protected Areas to Human Encroachment, Climate South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018 Vulnerability of Protected Areas to Human Encroachment, Climate Change and Fire in the Fragmented Tropical Forests of West Africa Francis Kwabena Dwomoh South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Forest Sciences Commons, Physical and Environmental Geography Commons, Remote Sensing Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Dwomoh, Francis Kwabena, "Vulnerability of Protected Areas to Human Encroachment, Climate Change and Fire in the Fragmented Tropical Forests of West Africa" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2433. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/2433 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VULNERABILITY OF PROTECTED AREAS TO HUMAN ENCROACHMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE AND FIRE IN THE FRAGMENTED TROPICAL FORESTS OF WEST AFRICA BY FRANCIS KWABENA DWOMOH A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Major in Geospatial Science and Engineering Specialization in Remote Sensing Geography South Dakota State University 2018 iii I happily dedicate this dissertation to my dear wife, Eunice. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I earnestly express my greatest gratitude to the Almighty God for the gift of life, the strength, and the power of endurance during this academic journey. Lord you are worthy of it all! I wish to express my sincerest and deepest appreciation to my PhD advisor Dr. Michael C. Wimberly for his excellent guidance, devotion, and tolerance. I am particularly grateful to my PhD advisory committee members: Dr. Mark Cochrane, Dr. Tom Loveland (USGS - EROS), Dr. Niall Hanan and Dr. Alexander Smart (graduate faculty representative) for their assistance in diverse ways. I extend a special appreciation to Dr. John Stanturf, former Project Leader, US Forest Service Center for Forest Disturbance Science (CFDS) in Athens, Georgia. Dr. Stanturf helped me nurture the idea for embarking on a PhD studies when he first visited Ghana in 2010. He subsequently hosted me as a visiting scientist at CFDS, during which he recommended and facilitated my entry into this very exciting PhD program at GSCE. Dr. Stanturf remained extremely supportive throughout my PhD study. My story is never complete without thanking my former supervisor, Dr. Dominic Blay, who inspired and supported me to take up this challenge. So sad, Dominic bowed out of this life before this mission could be accomplished. I am always grateful to you Dominic. I thank Mr. Gray Tappan, USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, for all his assistance. My sincere thanks to Dr. Zhihua Liu and Dr. Izaya Numata for supporting me in various ways, and in particular for their technical assistance. I appreciate past and present members in Dr. Wimberly’s research group for v their support in diverse ways. I thank my colleague PhD students, especially Fangjun Li for his friendliness and peer advice. I thank the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) for their support. I sincerely appreciate the following district managers of the Ghana Forest Service Division for their support during my field work in Ghana: Mr. Kwaku Ntiamoah (Sunyani District), Mr. Rex Twum-Damoah (Dormaa Ahenkro District), and Mr. Awuku (Bechem District). My appreciation to colleague members of staff, friends, family and all loved ones who supported me during my studies. I thank the Ghanaian and the African community in Brookings for the memorable bond of friendship. It has been a wonderful experience! I thank my brother-in-law, George Opoku-Kusi, for supporting me in diverse situations. There is no better way to express my profound gratitude to my dear wife, Eunice, and my lovely kids, NanaYaa, Awurama, Nana Kusi, Stanturf and Eunibel, for their sincere sacrifice, patience, prayers, and encouragement. Truly, you are my world! This work was supported by NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship (grant NNX14AL23H) awarded to Francis Dwomoh; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station through cooperative agreements 11‐CA‐11330136‐098 and 14-CA-11330136- 015; and the NASA SERVIR Applied Sciences Team through grant NNX16AN22G. vi CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction and Background .................................................................................. 2 2. The Study Area: Upper Guinean Region of West Africa ........................................ 4 3. Research Goal and Research Objectives .................................................................. 9 4. Research Relevance ............................................................................................... 10 5. Summary of Chapters ............................................................................................ 13 6. References .............................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................... 20 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 21 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 22 2. Materials and Methods .............................................................................................. 25 2.1 Study Area .......................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Remotely-Sensed Fire Data ................................................................................ 27 2.3 Derived Fire Regime Variables .......................................................................... 28 2.4 Predictor Variables for Analyses of Fire Drivers ............................................... 30 2.5 Analysis Methods ............................................................................................... 33 3. Results ....................................................................................................................... 35 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................. 45 5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 51 vii 6. References ................................................................................................................. 52 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 58 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 59 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 60 2. Methods..................................................................................................................... 64 2.1 Study Area .......................................................................................................... 64 2.2 Remote Sensing Data ......................................................................................... 66 2.3 Mapping Fires .................................................................................................... 67 2.4 Mapping Forest Vegetation Change ................................................................... 68 2.5 Field Inventory ................................................................................................... 70 2.6 Meteorological Data ........................................................................................... 70 2.7 Analysis methods ............................................................................................... 71 3. Results ....................................................................................................................... 72 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................. 82 5. References ................................................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 94 Abstract ............................................................................................................................
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