Larger Than Elephants

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Larger Than Elephants Framework Contract COM 2011 – Lot 1 Request for Services 2013/328436 - Version 1 Larger than elephants Inputs for the design of an EU Strategic Approach to Wildlife Conservation in Africa Volume 5 Western Africa December 2014 Ce projet est financé par l’Union Européenne Mis en œuvre par AGRER – Consortium B&S Volume 5 WEST AFRICA Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation in Africa Page 1 Final report Volume 5 WEST AFRICA TABLE OF CONTENTS 0. RATIONALE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1. SPECIAL FEATURES OF WEST AFRICA .................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 COUNTRIES OF WEST AFRICA .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1.1 Development indicators ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.2 Conflict .................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 1.1.3 Food crisis ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.1.4 West Africa and the Millennium Development Goals ........................................................................................................... 16 1.1.5 Climate change ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.1.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.2 OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WEST AFRICAN REGION ........................................................... 17 1.2.1 Major Ecotypes ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Conservation issues and challenges (key and threatened, rare and high value species) ................................................... 19 1.3 OVERVIEW OF REGIONAL-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE WEST AFRICAN REGION .............................................................. 24 1.3.1 Regional institutional support ............................................................................................................................................... 24 1.3.2 Conservation capacity building in WA .................................................................................................................................. 24 2. CONSERVATION CHALLENGES AND ISSUES .......................................................................................................... 25 2.1 KEY DIRECT THREATS TO CONSERVATION IN WA ....................................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Availability of funds for PAs .................................................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.2 Institutional governance of PAs ............................................................................................................................................ 27 2.1.3 Illegal wildlife trade income and corruption........................................................................................................................... 27 2.1.4 Weak planning, management effectiveness and monitoring of PAs .................................................................................... 30 2.2 KEY INDIRECT THREATS TO CONSERVATION ............................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Population growth and poverty ............................................................................................................................................. 31 2.2.2 Fragmentation, reduction and isolation of PA in the landscape ........................................................................................... 31 2.2.3 Coup d’états, rebellions, civil unrest and religion fundamentalism, Ebola and refugee crises ............................................. 32 2.2.4 Negative economic trends .................................................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.5 Policy and sectorial approach ............................................................................................................................................... 33 3. ONGOING CONSERVATION EFFORTS ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 DESERTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.2 SAVANNAS .............................................................................................................................................................. 34 3.3 FORESTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.4 MANGROVES/COASTAL ............................................................................................................................................ 35 4. LESSONS LEARNED AND PROMISING APPROACHES............................................................................................ 36 4.1 NEGATIVE LESSONS LEARNED .................................................................................................................................. 36 4.2 POSITIVE LESSONS LEARNED .................................................................................................................................... 36 4.3 PROMISING APPROACHES ........................................................................................................................................ 37 4.3.1 Constant and specific intervention on the ground ................................................................................................................ 37 4.3.2 Biodiversity and Management Information System .............................................................................................................. 38 4.3.3 Shared political and institutional decisions ........................................................................................................................... 39 5. INDICATIVE CONSERVATION ACTIONS / PRIORITY CONSERVATION NEEDS ..................................................... 40 5.1 ACTIVE PROCESS .................................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1.1 Dissemination and analysis of the proposals about sites and conservation priorities in WA ............................................... 42 5.1.2 Support for conservation of the major ecotypes: Deserts, Savannas, Forests and Mangroves/Coastal ............................. 42 5.1.3 Specific strategies and actions for the major Desert ecotypes ............................................................................................. 43 5.1.4 Specific strategies and actions for the major Savanna ecotypes ......................................................................................... 48 5.1.5 Specific strategies and actions for major Forest ecotypes ................................................................................................... 57 5.1.6 Specific strategies and actions for major Mangroves/Coastal ecotypes .............................................................................. 67 Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation in Africa Page 2 Final report Volume 5 WEST AFRICA 5.1.7 Dismantling Wildlife traffic network ....................................................................................................................................... 73 5.1.8 Special analysis .................................................................................................................................................................... 74 5.1.9 Wildlife protection training .................................................................................................................................................... 75 5.2 PROACTIVE PROCESS .............................................................................................................................................. 76 5.2.1 Institutional support and coordination ................................................................................................................................... 76 5.2.2 Monitoring and planning ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 5.2.3 Communication ....................................................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Challenges of Conservation and Sustainable Management of African Rosewood (Pterocarpus Erinaceus) in West Africa
    Chapter Challenges of Conservation and Sustainable Management of African Rosewood (Pterocarpus erinaceus) in West Africa Adjonou Kossi, Houetchegnon Towanou, Rabiou Habou, Segla Kossi Novinyo, Abotsi Komla Elikplim, Johnson Benziwa Nathalie, Alaba Pyoabalo, Ouinsavi Christine A.I. Nougbodé, Quashie Akossiwoa Marie-Luce, Kokutse Adzo Dzifa, Mahamane Ali and Kokou Kouami Abstract Pterocarpus erinaceus is an endemic and threatened plant species in arid and semiarid zones of West Africa and is highly exploited for timber, animal feeding, and various medicinal uses. The species is currently native to the Guinean forest- savannah mosaic ecoregion and reported from Senegal to Cameroon. The values of the main characteristics of the P. erinaceus forest stands (density, average diameter, À average height and average stem height) vary significantly (P < 10 3) from the Guinean zone to the Sahelian zone. It has high technological performance and can be classified as heavy and very hard wood with a density of the order of 0.80 Æ 0.07 g/cm3 and an average hardness of 12 Æ 3.7 g/cm3. The species is the subject of large-scale international traffic between West Africa and Asia, which is by far the greatest threat to the species. The various uses induce repeated mutilation and increase pressures on the species resulting in a significant reduction in its natural populations. In response to this situation, measures are proposed, including large-scale plant production strategies, the definition of minimum felling diameters, policy measures, etc., to meet the restoration needs of natural stands of P. erinaceus and the fight against climate change. Keywords: Pterocarpus erinaceus, socioeconomic services, wood properties, uncontrolled logging, sustainable management, West Africa 1.
    [Show full text]
  • EST. S 1987 Wildlife Systems, Inc
    EST. s 1987 Wildlife Systems, Inc. was founded in 1987 with a primary focus of providing a dual blend of hunting services for sportsmen seeking quality outdoor adventure, as well as providing landowners with wildlife management services, and this enterprise concept remains the same today. WSI has worked across most regions of Texas, several other states, and multiple foreign countries, and the company's ability to provide adaptive services is one of the unique features that have allowed WSI to successfully integrate into various settings, regardless of the region or resources of interest. WSI currently operates hunting programs on approximately 700,000 acres of private land, offering hunting services for a variety of game species, and hosts hunts each year for clients from over 30 states. Wildlife consulting is provided on numerous other properties which are not enrolled under a WSI hunting program. The growth and continued success of WSI is a direct funtion of a support staff who share in similar operational philosophies developed through company training protocols, striving to offer consistent quality service to our hunters and landowners. From office personnel to guides, cooks to field techs, part-time, fulltime, and seasonal, this group of 30-40 staffers represent the heartbeat of WSI. The quality of their work has been featured in many national and regional magazines, several major television networks, and have received various recognitions including being named the 2002 Dodge Outfitter of the Year, from a cast of over 400 different hunting operations in North America. Company founder and owner, Greg Simons, is a respected wildlife biologist who has been active in his professional peer field for many years, serving as an officer in Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society and Texas Wildlife Associa­ tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Trans-Boundary Forest Resources in West and Central Africa ______
    Trans-boundary forest resources in West and Central Africa __________________________________________________________________________________ _ AFF / hamane Ma wanou r La Nigeria© of part southern the Sahelian in the in orest f rest o lands©AFF f k r y r a D P 2008 Secondary Trans-boundary forest resources in West and Central Africa Report (2018) i Trans-boundary forest resources in West and Central Africa __________________________________________________________________________________ _ TRANS-BOUNDARY FOREST RESOURCES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA Report (2018) Martin Nganje, PhD © African Forest Forum 2018. All rights reserved. African Forest Forum United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 722 4203 Fax: +254 20 722 4001 E-mail: exec.sec@afforum.org Website: www.afforum.org ii Trans-boundary forest resources in West and Central Africa __________________________________________________________________________________ _ TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. vi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Hunt in Texas ARTICLE and PHOTOS by CRAIG MOORE
    20 lsTMAG .COM Exotic Hunt in Texas ARTICLE AND PHOTOS BY CRAIG MOORE vcr the years Texas has become a I set up a hunting trip to coincide with 0 great counterweight to my life in her business meetin!,rs, We would fly to New England. The hill country San Antonio on Friday and hunt through offers relief from the winter and some of the weekend and then stay with friendsin the best whitetail hunting anywhere. But Houston on Sunday night and b'Ohome on what makes Texas unique arc the people Tuesday afterher meeting. who have taken wildlife conscn·ation to Upon arrh·ing in Devil's River Nature a level not seen or understood in other Arca. we met Hunter Ross of Desert places. Safaris; an affablecharacter of West Texas The herds of exotic animals and the charm. Together, we worked out a plan to thorny scrub of the hill country seem to hunt free range axis on Friday and then transport folksto the plains of Africa-all go to a ranch where I could hunt scimitar while avoiding a 20·hour plane ride. horned oryx. One Thursday morning my wife Samie The majestic curls. coloring and unique called me from her office: MHcy, it looks history of the scimitar oryx enchanted me. like I have a meeting in Houston a couple Texas ranchers saved the scimitar oryx, of weeks fromi\londay ." now almost extinct in its native habitat. JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2017 21 Lone Star hunters and conservationists ensured the species' future through self­ regulated hunting practices. Recently, a law making it illegal to harvest scimitar horned oryx was presented to Texas Lawmakers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Border Violence As an External Stress: Policy Responses to Cross-Border Dynamics on the Border Between Côte D’Ivoire and Liberia
    EVIDENCE REPORT No 77 IDSAddressing and Mitigating Violence Cross-border Violence as an External Stress: Policy Responses to Cross-border Dynamics on the Border between Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia Jeremy Allouche and Janet Adama Mohammed June 2014 The IDS programme on Strengthening Evidence-based Policy works across seven key themes. Each theme processes. This material has been developed under the Addressing and Mitigating Violence theme. The development of this material has been led by the Institute of Development Studies and Conciliation Resources who jointly hold the copyright. The authors would also like to acknowledge comment and feedback on this publication from Richard Crook, Teresa Dumasy, Freida M’Cormack and Jeremy Lind. Harold Malcolm Aidoo of the Institute for Research and Democratic Development, Ibrahima Tiohozon Coulibaly of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding in Côte d’Ivoire, and Daniel Tucker, a student of University College London and a volunteer of the West Africa Programme at Conciliation Resources, provided research assistance for the preparation of this report. The material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not AG Level 2 Output ID: 63 CROSS-BORDER VIOLENCE AS AN EXTERNAL STRESS: POLICY RESPONSES TO CROSS-BORDER DYNAMICS ON THE BORDER BETWEEN CÔTE D’IVOIRE AND LIBERIA aJeremy Allouche and bJanet Adama Mohammed a Institute of Development Studies, b Conciliation Resources June 2014 This is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are clearly credited.
    [Show full text]
  • TRC of Liberia Final Report Volum Ii
    REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA FINAL REPORT VOLUME II: CONSOLIDATED FINAL REPORT This volume constitutes the final and complete report of the TRC of Liberia containing findings, determinations and recommendations to the government and people of Liberia Volume II: Consolidated Final Report Table of Contents List of Abbreviations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............. i Acknowledgements <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... iii Final Statement from the Commission <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............... v Quotations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 1 1.0 Executive Summary <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.1 Mandate of the TRC <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.2 Background of the Founding of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 3 1.3 History of the Conflict <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<................ 4 1.4 Findings and Determinations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 6 1.5 Recommendations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 12 1.5.1 To the People of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 12 1.5.2 To the Government of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<. <<<<<<. 12 1.5.3 To the International Community <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 13 2.0 Introduction <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 14 2.1 The Beginning <<................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Profile of Commissioners of the TRC of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<.. 14 2.3 Profile of International Technical Advisory Committee <<<<<<<<<. 18 2.4 Secretariat and Specialized Staff <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 20 2.5 Commissioners, Specialists, Senior Staff, and Administration <<<<<<.. 21 2.5.1 Commissioners <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 22 2.5.2 International Technical Advisory
    [Show full text]
  • A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
    GENEVA Executive Summary DECLARATION Working Paper June 2011 Geneva Declaration Secretariat c/o Small Arms Survey 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflict t +41 22 908 5777 in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria f +41 22 732 2738 e info@genevadeclaration.org Jana Krause w www.genevadeclaration.org 2010a). The Middle Belt region, to which displaced (IRIN, 2005). After the 2008 Photo A victim of domestic violence with her daughter in Managua, WORKING PAPER Plateau State belongs, is one of the areas riot, more than 10,000 were displaced, Nicaragua, February 2009. © Riccardo Venturi/Contrasto/Dukas in GENEVA collaboration with Intervita DECLARATION worst hit. The 2001 Jos riot claimed at while violence in 2010 resulted in about least 1,000 lives in Jos (HRW, 2001). 18,000 people fleeing the clashes (IRIN, A DEADLY CYCLE: ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICT Subsequently, long-standing tensions 2010). Numerous houses in Jos have IN JOS, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA within smaller towns and villages in been burned and blackened remnants Plateau State violently escalated. The litter the streets in many parts of the TACKLING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN killings only came to a halt when the city. All sides suffer a massive loss due federal government declared a state of to livelihoods destroyed. Violence and emergency in 2004, after about 700 displacement have reshaped Jos and people had been killed in an attack on the many rural settlements. As neighbour- town of Yelwa in southern Plateau State hoods become religiously segregated, (HRW, 2005). Clashes between Muslim ‘no-go areas’ alter patterns of residency, and Christian youths rocked the city of business, transportation, and trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa and the Carbon Cycle
    WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 105 Africa and the Carbon Cycle Proceedings of the Open Science Conference on “Africa and Carbon Cycle: the CarboAfrica project” Accra (Ghana) 25-27 November 2008 Photos and Images: Darren Ghent, Elisa Grieco, Matieu Henry, Piero Toscano, Riccardo Valentini, Renato Zompanti. Design: Gabriele Zanolli. Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: publications-sales@fao.org Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL Africa and RESOURCES REPORTS the Carbon Cycle 105 Proceedings of the Open Science Conference on “Africa and Carbon Cycle: the CarboAfrica project” Accra (Ghana) 25-27 November 2008 by Bombelli A. & Valentini R. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2011 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Africa-AFRICA-POWER-VISION
    AFRICA POWER VISION CONCEPT NOTE & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN from Vision to Action January 2015 The Africa Power Vision (APV) Package was prepared to facilitate the implementation of the initiative driving it from vision to action. In September 2014, representatives of Power Africa and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Agency signed a memorandum of understanding under which Power Africa would support the NEPAD Agency in presenting the selection of the Africa Power Vision priority projects at the NEPAD Heads of State and Governments Orientation Committee (NEPAD HSGOC) meeting in January 2015. This package was prepared in response to that understanding. Drawing on the Africa Power Vision concept note and factors for project consideration (currently NEPAD APV Project Prioritisation Considerations Tool/PPCT), three considerations were added and an implementation plan is proposed. An initial priority list with thirteen (13) projects is currently being considered for further prioritisation. Each APV project under consideration was assessed against the NEPAD PPCT to ensure the political support of the APV process at its highest level. As such, the NEPAD Agency is submitting the APV Package to the NEPAD HSGOC chaired by H.E. President Macky Sall for endorsement in January 2015. FROM VISION TO ACTION SUPPORTED BY DISCLAIMER This publication was made possible through support provided by the US Agency for International Development, under the terms of Contract No. AID-623-C-14-00003. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development and/or the US Government. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, the information in this package was adopted from content provided directly by the NEPAD Agency or a source referred to by the NEPAD Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa-Adventure.Pdf
    Africa! Adventure At a glance Participants will explore the different habitats of the African continent and will learn about some of the animals that live there. Time requirement Goal(s) 1.5 hour program Insert general goals Group size and grade(s) Objective(s) 8-25 participants x Learn about the kinds of habitats Due to the family nature of this class, found in Africa participant ages will vary (infant to x Learn about African animals and grandparent age range) their adaptations Materials Theme Lion mask craft materials Animals that live on the African continent Hike Helper cards have special adaptations that let them Radio survive in the different habitats. Black first aid bag Maasai lion bracelet (for you to wear during Sub-themes the program – please put it back in the bag 1. Every habitat has its own food web. after the program for the next instructor) 2. Every continent has many different types of habitat. Africa! Adventure, July 2013 Page 1 of 13 Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Background there. Camouflaged coloration, stealthy Africa is made up of mostly 3 biomes: savanna, hunting styles, speed or cooperative hunting desert, and rainforest. Each is host to a unique strategies often lead to success when hunting variety of wildlife with adaptations especially individuals within the many herds of suited to the habitats found there. herbivores. Savanna One of the most well known African Savannas is The African Savanna biome is a tropical the Serengeti. This grassland boasts the largest grassland that can be found in the African diversity of hoofed animals in the world countries of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote including antelopes, wildebeest, buffalos, D'ivore, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, zebras, and rhinoceros.
    [Show full text]
  • 12.2% 122,000 135M Top 1% 154 4,800
    We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,800 122,000 135M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact book.department@intechopen.com Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Chapter 2 Mangrove Species Distribution and Composition, Adaptive Strategies and Ecosystem Services in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria Aroloye O. NumbereAroloye O. Numbere Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79028 Abstract Mangroves of the Niger River Delta grade into several plant communities from land to sea. This mangrove is a biodiversity hot spot, and one of the richest in ecosystem services in the world, but due to lack of data it is often not mentioned in many global mangrove stud- ies. Inland areas are sandy and mostly inhabited by button wood mangroves ( Conocarpus erectus) and grass species while seaward areas are mostly inhabited by red (Rhizophora rac- emosa), black (Laguncularia racemosa) and white (Avicennia germinans) mangroves species. Anthropogenic activities such as oil and gas exploration, deforestation, dredging, urban- ization and invasive nypa palms had changed the soil type from swampy to sandy mud soil. Muddy soil supports nypa palms while sandy soil supports different grass species, core mangrove soil supports red mangroves (R.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol
    Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com s ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol. 10, Issue, 11, pp. 41819-41827, November, 2020 https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.20410.11.2020 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS MELLIFEROUS PLANT DIVERSITY IN THE FOREST-SAVANNA TRANSITION ZONE IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE: CASE OF TOUMODI DEPARTMENT ASSI KAUDJHIS Chimène*1, KOUADIO Kouassi1, AKÉ ASSI Emma1,2,3, et N'GUESSAN Koffi1,2 1Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d’Ivoire), U.F.R. Biosciences, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22 (Côte d’Ivoire), Laboratoire des Milieux Naturels et Conservation de la Biodiversité 2Institut Botanique Aké-Assi d’Andokoi (IBAAN) 3Centre National de Floristique (CNF) de l’Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d’Ivoire) ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The melliferous flora around three apiaries of 6 to 10 hives in the Department of Toumodi (Côte Received 18th August, 2020 d’Ivoire) was studied with the help of floristic inventories in the plant formations of the study Received in revised form area. Observations were made within a radius of 1 km around each apiary in 3 villages of 22nd September, 2020 Toumodi Department (Akakro-Nzikpli, Bédressou and N'Guessankro). The melliferous flora is Accepted 11th October, 2020 composed of 157 species in 127 genera and 42 families. The Fabaceae, with 38 species (24.20%) th Published online 24 November, 2020 is the best represented. Lianas with 40 species (25.48%) and Microphanerophytes (52.23%) are the most predominant melliferous plants in the study area. They contain plants that flower during Key Words: the rainy season (87 species, i.e.
    [Show full text]