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French National Plan �������������������� �������������������������� ��������� 2016 – 2018

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French National Plan �������������������� �������������������������� ��������� 2016 – 2018 French National Plan �������������������� �������������������������� ��������� 2016 – 2018 ������� 2 Contents Foreword Introduction 1 Management of radioactive materials and waste: principles and objectives ......................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Presentation of radioactive materials and waste ........................................... 11 1.1.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 11 1.1.2 Origin of radioactive materials and waste ........................................................................ 14 1.1.3 Usual classification of radioactive materials and waste .................................................. 16 1.1.4 Inventory of radioactive materials and waste .................................................................. 17 1.2 The principles to be considered when defining the radioactive waste management routes .................................................................................................. 23 1.2.1 Prevention, reduction in the production and harmfulness of waste and integration of the management routes as of the design stage of the facilities ..................................... 24 1.2.2 Reutilisation routes .............................................................................................................. 25 1.2.3 Definition of a management route for ultimate radioactive waste ............................... 25 1.3 The legal and institutional framework of waste management ..................... 32 1.3.1 International agreements .................................................................................................... 32 1.3.2 The European framework .................................................................................................. 33 1.3.3 The legislative framework in France ................................................................................. 34 1.3.4 The regulatory framework in France ................................................................................ 37 1.3.5 The National Plan For Radioactive Materials And Waste Management ..................... 40 1.3.6 The stakeholders in radioactive materials and waste management .............................. 42 1.4 The cost and financing of materials and waste management ...................... 46 1.4.1 Legislative and regulatory provisions on the ring-fencing of financing of long-term costs ....................................................................................................................................... 46 1.4.2 Licensee oversight procedures ........................................................................................... 47 1.4.3 Amounts of provisions and dedicated assets................................................................... 48 1.5 Transparency ................................................................................................. 50 1.5.1 Information and participation of the public .................................................................... 50 1.5.2 The work of the PNGMDR working group ................................................................... 51 2 The management of radioactive materials .......................................... 53 2.1 Context and issues ......................................................................................... 54 2.1.1 Presentation of the fuel cycle ............................................................................................. 55 2.1.2 Inventory of materials traffic and stocks.......................................................................... 59 2.1.3 Method for assessing the reusability of materials ........................................................... 62 2.2 Management routes....................................................................................... 63 2.2.1 Uranium (natural, depleted, enriched and reprocessed) ................................................ 65 2.2.2 Uranium oxide based fuels (UOx and URE) ................................................................... 70 3 2.2.3 Mixed uranium and plutonium oxide based fuels (MOx, MOx scrap, SuperPhenix and Phenix) ........................................................................................................................... 72 2.2.4 Fuels from research and naval propulsion reactors ........................................................ 74 2.2.5 Plutonium ............................................................................................................................. 76 2.2.6 Thorium ................................................................................................................................ 77 2.2.7 Other materials ..................................................................................................................... 79 2.2.8 Potential future scenarios for the use of radioactive materials ..................................... 80 2.3 Work on generation IV fast neutron reactors ................................................ 80 3 Existing routes for radioactive waste management: summary and outlook ............................................................................................................ 82 3.1 Management of legacy situations .................................................................. 82 3.1.1 Context and issues ............................................................................................................... 82 3.1.2 Legacy radioactive waste repositories in conventional waste disposal facilities ......... 83 3.1.3 Legacy radioactive waste repositories within or close to a BNI or SBNI ................... 84 3.1.4 The legacy repositories for waste with high natural radioactivity ................................. 89 3.2 Management of mining processing residues and waste rock ...................... 91 3.2.1 Context and issues ............................................................................................................... 92 3.2.2 Regulatory framework ......................................................................................................... 93 3.2.3 The work of the Limousin pluralistic expert group ........................................................ 95 3.2.4 The issues related to uranium mining operations ........................................................... 95 3.2.5 Management of former mining sites ................................................................................. 96 3.2.6 Management of diffuse releases and water treatment .................................................... 96 3.2.7 Dosimetric impact ............................................................................................................... 99 3.2.8 Long-term management of ore processing residues disposal sites ............................. 100 3.2.9 Long-term evolution of uranium ore processing residues ........................................... 100 3.2.10 Management of long-term dosimetric impact ............................................................... 101 3.2.11 The long-term strength of the retention embankments around the mining processing residues disposal sites............................................................................................................................... 102 3.2.12 Management of mining waste rock ................................................................................. 104 3.3 Management of waste containing high levels of natural radioactivity (NORM) ................................................................................................................. 106 3.3.1 Context and issues ............................................................................................................. 106 3.3.2 Management of waste containing high levels of natural radioactivity ....................... 106 3.3.3 Recommendations and outlook ....................................................................................... 109 3.4. Management of very short-lived waste ......................................................... 110 3.5 VLL waste management ............................................................................... 112 3.5.1 Context and issues ............................................................................................................. 112 3.5.2 VLL waste inventory ......................................................................................................... 113 3.5.3 Limiting waste production ............................................................................................... 114 3.5.4 Management methods used by the producers ............................................................... 114 3.5.5 Reutilisation ........................................................................................................................ 116 3.5.6 Incineration......................................................................................................................... 121 3.5.7 VLL waste disposal on-site or close to the production sites ....................................... 122 3.5.8 Waste disposal in the industrial centre for collection, storage and disposal (Cires) 123 3.5.9 Optimisation of VLL waste management routes .......................................................... 125 3.5.10 Radioactive waste transport ............................................................................................
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