Santiago's Psyche and Self-Defense Mechanism

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SANTIAGO’S PSYCHE AND SELF-DEFENSE MECHANISM DEVELOPMENT IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

NICHOLAS PRAMUDYA ARDHANA ISWARA

Student Number: 134214105

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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SANTIAGO’S PSYCHE AND SELF-DEFENSE MECHANISM DEVELOPMENT IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

NICHOLAS PRAMUDYA ARDHANA ISWARA

Student Number: 134214105

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

AD MAIOREM DEI GLORIAM

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, for His never ending blessing and guidance throughout the whole life.

I would like to show my gratitude for my advisor, Dra. Theresia Enny

Anggraini M.A., Ph.D., for the precious advices and guidance throughout this thesis making processes. Also, to all the lecturers in English Department, I would like to thank you for sharing the knowledge and experiences during my study. To the secretariat officers, thank you for helping with all the administration processes.

To all friends from John de Britto batch 2013, especially for Dibi, Jati, Arief,

Prabu, Joko, Bodro, Gilang, Arga, Yayan, Boris, Ganang, Ardian, Misel, Bimo,

Bambeng, and Elang. I thank you for providing a comfortable place to learn and study. Without dynamic situations, emotions, and conversations throughout the experiences, I would not be like this. Also, to friends from English Letters

Department in Sanata Dharma Univesity, I thank you for the colorful friendship.

Especially Satya, Wisnu, Malolo, Halim, Kevin, Gerald, Hepie, Lintang, Dina,

Ninda, Awi, Dea, Hadrian, Alex, Brandon, Denis, Binsar, Inno, Kaka, Dwigo,

Satrio, Putra, Asmara, Noven, Gatot, Septiadi, Dryan, Toto, Ikhsan, Tiok, Mbak

Rani, Mbak Dian, Mas Wowok, Mas Britto, Dab Samson, Dab Titus, Dab Kenan,

Dab Haryo, Dab Samsul, Mas Ginting, Mas Muji, and Mbak Widi for the awesome discussions. Last but not least, to my dearest friend, Yosephine Ade Gustina, to whom I specially dedicate this thesis. Thank you for being there.

Nicholas Pramudya Ardhana Iswara

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 5 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Theory of Characters and Characterization ...... 9 2. Theory of Psychoanalysis ...... 11 3. Theory of Personality ...... 13 4. Theory of Self-defense Mechanism ...... 15 a. Denial ...... 16 b. Projection ...... 17 c. Identification ...... 17 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 20 A. Object of the Study...... 20 B. Approach of the Study ...... 21 C. Method of the Study ...... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 24 A. Characteristics and Personality of the Major Character: Santiago...... 25 1. Character Traits by Telling ...... 25 a. Personal Description: Adventurous ...... 26 b. Past Life: Curious ...... 27 2. Character Traits by Showing ...... 28 a. Character as seen by another: Valiant...... 28

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b. Speech: Inquisitive ...... 30 c. Reactions: Regretful ...... 34 d. Thoughts: Conservative ...... 36 3. Personality Changes in Santiago ...... 43 B. Self-defense Mechanism Development of Santiago ...... 44 1. Denial ...... 45 2. Projection ...... 49 3. Identification ...... 55

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 64

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ABSTRACT

ISWARA, NICHOLAS PRAMUDYA ARDHANA. Santiago’s Psyche and Self- defense Mechanism Development in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2018

A person’s life is full of developmental processes. Rooted in the human mind, these processes play significant roles to change the personality of an individual. A person’s personality is often judged by others when it comes to their characteristics. Other people will judge someone’s personality as is seen in their actions. The action shows the person’s way of thinking. It shows how people’s minds are working. Thus, analyzing characteristic traits of others might reveal the meaning of analyzing the minds of others. The order of how those three parts above is related to one other is as follows: the actions represent people’s characteristic traits, and they show a person’s personality defined by their mind’s construction. People’s reaction toward some aspects that affect their life are seen through their mind’s construction. In other words, their mind’s construction reveals what kind of self-defense mechanism that is used when it is needed. Thus, when people develop through their growth stages, they will use different self-defense mechanism to repel any anxiety encountered. This process shows that one’s self-defense mechanism undergo some kind of dynamic development and this will be the context of this thesis. To illustrate this developmental process, this thesis will be focused on a character of a novel. There are two problem formulations in this thesis. The first problem is how Santiago’s character traits and personality changes are being described. The second is how the self-defense mechanism on Santiago developed throughout his personality changes. The theories applied in conducting the analysis are theory of character and characterization, theory of psychoanalysis, theory of personality, and theory of self- defense mechanism. The method used is a library research with primary and secondary source. The primary source of this study is the novel written by Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist. The secondary sources are taken from essays, journals, dictionary, internet, and some other books. The result of this thesis show that Santiago have adventurous, curious, valiant, inquisitive, regretful, and conservative character traits. Santiago’s personality changes are from careless into intuitive, brave, and calm. First, he shows the use of Denial self-defense mechanism in order to avoid any regretful feeling. Second, he uses Projection self-defense mechanism in order to prevent any pain or oppression feeling as he has nothing to regret anymore. Third, he uses Identification self-defense mechanism in order to improve his personality as to maintain his ego development.

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ABSTRAK

Hidup setiap orang penuh dengan suatu proses perkembangan. Di dalam proses pembentukan perkembangan pikiran, dimungkinkan adanya perkembangan kepribadian seseorang. Hal ini dikarenakan pikiran, kepribadian, dan sifat dari seseorang saling berkaitan. Sifat seseorang akan menunjukkan kepribadiannya. Individu lain akan menilai sifat berdasarkan pada tingkah laku individu tersebut. Sebab tingkah laku mencerminkan hal yang sedang dipikirkan. Dengan demikian, menganalisa sifat seseorang memungkinkan kita untuk menganalisa pikirannya. Sebagaimana urutan ketiga hal diatas saling berkaitan, tingkah laku mencerminkan sifat, lalu sifat itu menunjukkan kepribadian. Reaksi seseorang terhadap suatu hal yang mempengaruhi dirinya dapat menunjukkan jalan pikirannya. Dengan kata lain, dapat disampaikan bahwa jalan pikiran seseorang dapat menunjukkan jenis mekanisme pertahanan diri yang mereka gunakan apabila diperlukan. Selebihnya, mekanisme pertahanan diri tersebut digunakan sesuai dengan kegelisahan yang dirasakan seiring individu tersebut bertumbuh. Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa mekanisme pertahanan diri yang digunakan oleh seseorang juga akan berkembang. Untuk menggambarkan proses perkembangan tersebut, penelitian ini menitikberatkan focus kepada tokoh dalam sebuah novel. Terdapat dua rumusan masalah dalam skripsi ini. Pertama adalah bagaimana penokohan Santiago menggambarkan sifat dan perubahan kepribadiannya. Kedua adalah bagaimana mekanisme pertahanan diri Santiago berkembang yang terlihat dari perubahan kepribadiannya. Teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisis skripsi ini adalah teori penokohan, teori psikoanalisis, teori kepribadian, dan teori mekanisme pertahanan diri. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode studi pustaka dengan dua sumber. Sumber primer yang digunakan adalah novel oleh Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist. Sumber sekunder yang digunakan diambil dari esai, jurnal, kamus, internet, dan beberapa buku lain. Kesimpulan menunjukkan Santiago memiliki sifat petualang, ingin tahu, berani mengambil resiko, selalu penasaran, penuh sesal, dan memiliki kepekaan tinggi. Santiago mengalami perubahan kepribadian dari ceroboh menjadi berintuisi, berani, dan tenang. Perkembangan mekanisme pertahanan diri pada Santiago: pertama, Santaigo menggunakan mekanisme penyangkalan dengan tujuan menghindari rasa penyesalan. Kedua, dia menggunakan mekanisme proyeksi dengan tujaun menghalau adanya kegelisahan atau rasa tertekan setelah tidak menyesali apapun. Ketiga, dia menggunakan mekanisme Identifikasi dengan tujuan untuk membenahi kepribadian juga untuk mempertahankan perkembangan ‘ego’.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A person’s life is full of developmental processes, including physical, social and mental changes. Rooted in the human mind, these processes play significant roles to change the personality of an individual. They influence all aspects of daily activities. In the mind, this developmental process includes the use of self-defense mechanisms in its operation as people may encounter some threats in his/her daily experiences. As it is stated by Phebe Cramer in her book titled, The Development of Self-defense Mechanisms: Theory, Research, and Assessment (1991), the conception of self-defense mechanisms is a normal developmental process since it is the result of ego development regarding an individual mind’s growth, and ego, in their life (6).

In the process of the mind’s structural development, a person’s personality also goes through some development. It is because the mind, the personality, and the characteristic traits of a person are in close relation to one other (Cramer, 2006:

22). A person’s personality is often judged by others when it comes to their characteristics. Other people will judge someone’s personality as is seen in their actions. Based on research done in Cramer’s book, the action shows the person’s way of thinking. It shows how people’s minds are working. Thus, it might be concluded that analyzing characteristic traits of others might reveal the meaning of analyzing the minds of others. The order of how those three parts above is related

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to one other is as follows: the actions represent people’s characteristic traits, and they show a person’s personality that is defined by their mind’s construction.

People’s reactions toward some aspects that affect their life are seen through their mind’s construction. In other words, their mind’s construction reveals what kind of self-defense mechanism that is used when it is needed. Thus, when people develop through their growth stages, they will use different self-defense mechanisms to repel any anxiety encountered. This process shows that one’s self-defense mechanisms undergo some kind of dynamic development and this will be the context of this study. To illustrate this developmental process, this research will be focused on a character of a novel.

In a literary work, the characteristic traits help the character develop its personality. The personality of a character might be revealed after the characteristic details are given, since it is different from characterization. The way it is seen is by observing the interaction process of the character with the outside world. This interaction might be shown in how the character makes a decision, interacts with other people, and also how they interact with their world. All of these three ways are related to the character’s way of thinking and might be seen in their characteristic traits. Therefore, in order to analyze a character’s personality in a novel, the analysis of this study is conducted using the Psychoanalytic approach since it is often used in human cases in literary analysis.

While people in real life experience threats from the outer world, it also applies to literary characters. In a novel, there is an outer world provided mostly for the main character to improve themselves as a dynamic individual. Related to

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human reactions toward threats, it brings out some kind of mechanism manifestation often called self-defense mechanism. This mechanism is one of the only ways to protect people from threats automatically in order to survive, which is a basic instinct of human culture. Characters, in a novel, are usually depicted from this reality. Thus, the Psychoanalytic approach, which is mentioned above, has often been used to analyze self-defense mechanisms and so will be mainly used in this study.

Santiago’s character in the novel titled, The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, develops into a dynamic personality, between the start and the end of the story. In other words, the difference of personality can be noted as his personality changes.

The changes in his personality are depicted by the developmental process of the main character, pursuing a treasure of his dream which makes him encounter many problem solving cases, which can be considered as threats. As these threats come from both his own thoughts and also from his surroundings, Santiago developed self-defense mechanisms. Thus, this study used The Alchemist as the object to analyze.

As mentioned above, the novel The Alchemist tells a story to the reader about Santiago, a shepherd from the Andalusian land, who pursues his “destiny”.

This “destiny” is described as a dream in the novel, an unconscious desire that leads

Santiago into a great journey which had many obstacles he has to overcome. His great journey is the object of this research. During his great journey, Santiago’s character changes, and this means that Santiago is depicted as a dynamic character.

A dynamic character is a character whose personality is developing through time.

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From Santiago’s character changes, the researcher identifies a development specifically of his self-defense mechanism. In terms of self-defense mechanism, it is related to the mentality of the character (the psyche) and is also related to its personality along with the characteristic traits. As it is explained previously, the connection between the mental aspects of the character and the author’s thoughts occurs in the process of giving description about the character. This descriptive process by the author is involving his or her thoughts at that very moment. In order to reveal the self-defense mechanisms adopted by Santiago through his adventure, the main subject matter of this research, the author holds an important role as data supplier of the characterization process which is the root process needed for this study to make a conclusion. To reach the objectives of this research, the main focus of this study will be the self-defense mechanism development of Santiago and not his characteristic traits.

B. Problem Formulation

The focus of the study is on the process of self-defense mechanism development. In other words, the researcher aims to see how the process of self- defense mechanism development happens in the dynamic character of Santiago in the novel titled, The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho.

The research questions:

1. How are the characteristics and personality of Santiago described by

the author?

2. How does the self-defense mechanism on Santiago develop throughout

his personality changes?

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C. Objectives of the Study

In this study, the researcher aims to uncover the unconscious state of

Santiago as the main character of the novel, The Alchemist. This goal is achieved by firstly trying to identify the personality and character traits of Santiago that are described throughout the novel in several critical points according to the plot.

Furthermore, considering the main character of The Alchemist is a dynamic character, the writer intends to reveal the personality of the main character by identifying the characteristic traits of the main character. After that, the researcher will identify the development of the self-defense mechanisms used by Santiago.

Therefore, the whole objective to be achieved in this research is revealing the self- defense mechanism development in the main character of Santiago. This goal is done by analyzing the personality development based on the main character’s psychological changes through the plot of the story and connecting the result with the identified self-defense mechanism characteristics in order to achieve the final conclusion, the proof of this research.

D. Definition of Terms

This research applies the psychoanalytic approach in revealing the problem formulations. Thus, there are some terms that are used such as Psyche and Self- defense Mechanism. The following definitions are the explanation of these key terms that are used in this research.

Psyche is defined as the soul, mind, or personality of a person or group

(Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, 2017). From this definition, psyche is

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sometimes called as personality which also means psyche and personality are similar. For this research, psyche is meant to be the concept that Sigmund Freud invented to differentiate the conscious and unconscious mind. Further, from the above definition, psyche in this research is defined as the soul, mind of a person or group which is divided into two parts of the mind, the conscious and unconscious.

These two parts have their own sub-parts which for the conscious mind there is the ego, whereas the unconscious mind is divided into two aspects, the superego and id. Ego plays the central role as the realistic part of the mind which mediates the subconscious drives of the superego and id. The Superego itself plays the role as the moral conscience of the society while the id acts as pure human desires.

Self-defense Mechanism is the act of defending yourself, your property, etc., which involves skills that make you capable of protecting yourself against threats

(Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2017). According to Phebe Cramer in her works,

Protecting the Self: Defense Mechanism in Action, Self-defense Mechanism is defined as, “Unconscious mental mechanisms that are directed against both internal drive pressures and external pressures, especially those that threaten self-esteem or the structure of the self, as might occur when friends or family fail to be emphatic or in some other way are “lost” to the individual. The function of the self-defense mechanism is twofold: to protect the individual from experiencing excessive anxiety, and to protect the integration of the self” (Cramer, 1991: 7). As a psychological developmental process, people will develop this mechanism due to oppression, or threats experienced. This mechanism will help people to adapt with their society that can pose dangerous risk.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

This research is about the self-defense mechanism development in The

Alchemist by Paulo Coelho. Thus the researcher decided to choose the main points which are applications of the theory of self-defense mechanism and Santiago in

Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist to be discussed in this part. The reason for this decision is to help this research to be better developed and still be limited with the chosen topic.

Studies about self-defense mechanisms in literature is popular among students in the English Letters Department. One research example that analyzes self-defense mechanisms in literature is Yoseph Oediphus Abel’s thesis (2016). In his research he analyzed the self-defense mechanisms that happened in the main character of Sherlock Holmes in The Stories of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur

Conan Doyle.

In his study, the object to be analyzed was only the character of Sherlock

Holmes himself. The concern that he brought to his research was that the self- defense mechanisms which were revealed in the character of Sherlock Holmes occurred in some specific conditions. Thus, his research did not explain how the self-defense mechanism developed. Rather than explaining the development, Abel just stated what Self-defense Mechanisms that Holmes’ used and in what conditions

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he used the Self-defense Mechanisms. In his thesis research, Abel explained briefly his concerns.

Since it is human nature that someone needs other human beings to live, it is quite impossible for humans to go against their nature so they do some self-defense mechanisms their feelings. It can be because they are shy or maybe it is because of the demands of their job. The feelings that are repressed also can be anything. For examples, hatred, love or hobby. Besides human nature, society also has some norms that might prevent someone from expressing something that they want. The norms in the society also can make someone do a self-defense mechanism to their feelings (Oediphus, 2016: 2).

In The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, there are so many aspects that can be studied. Octovida Wijayanti (2007) is one of many researchers that chose The

Alchemist as their main source to conduct a study. In her study, Wijayanti studied the influence of the setting toward Santiago’s characteristics. Thereby, she showed setting is important in giving influence to the characteristics of the character because environment, such as a society’s moral value, determines the development of the character (Wijayanti, 2007: 1).

Instead of analyzing the setting of the story which influences self-change, the researcher aimed to know more about the personality changes of the main character, Santiago, throughout his journey. In other words, the aspect being discussed in this study is the dynamic personality changes which influences the development of self-defense mechanism. It can be said also that this study is like the continuation of Octovida Wijayanti’s study on main character changes with different variables. While Wijayanti included setting, self-changes, setting of place, setting of time, social setting, and development as the variables, the researcher includes personality, self-changes, reaction toward oppression, development, and

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social condition. Actually while there are similarities between them, still the two studies are fundamentally different because of the research purposes. The contribution from this study is giving explanation about the development of Self- defense Mechanisms of Santiago as the main character in Paulo Coelho’s The

Alchemist.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Characters and Characterization

According to M. H. Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1985: 23 –

25), “Characters” are defined as the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. There are two kinds of character in a literary work which are: flat characters and round characters. A flat character is represented as an unchanged character during the plot, while a round character is represented as a character that experiences a radical change during the plot. In general, a flat character is presented without much individualizing detail, while a round character is presented in a more complex way in temperament and motivation. Also, a round character has the capability of surprising the readers while a flat character does not. Without focusing on these categories, this thesis concerns more about static and dynamic characters.

According to M. J. Murphy in Understanding Unseen (1972: 161 – 172), characters can be classified into two categories: static characters and dynamic characters. A static character is defined as the same character from the beginning of the story to the end. It is basically the same as a flat character. Meanwhile, a

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dynamic character undergoes some distinct changes, in personality, or in outlook.

It may be positive or negative but it involves certain significant and basic changes.

Furthermore, this study used two theories of characterization proposed by

M. J. Murphy and M. H. Abrams. According to M. H. Abrams (1985) in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1985: 23 – 25), “Characterization” is defined as the process of establishing the distinctive characters of the person in a narrative. There are two methods that are presented in this process, which are showing and telling. In showing, the character’s dialogue and action are represented as the description by the author to be inferred by the readers. Meanwhile, in telling, the author gives a literal description about the character itself. Both of these methods, showing and telling, are still used by many authors to give a distinctive description of the characters in a literary work, including novels. This process will help in analyzing the characteristics of Santiago in the novel, The Alchemist.

According to M. J. Murphy (1972: 161 – 173), “Characterization” is defined as the process of establishing a certain person in a fiction which includes what is happening in its mind and emotions. Murphy suggested nine methods to analyze a character which are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversations of others, reactions, direct comments, thoughts, and mannerisms.

These are the explanations on the nine methods according to Murphy. First, personal description is the physical and appearance details of a character. Second, character as seen by another means a character’s characteristics is given through the eyes or opinions of other characters, which also can be through the comments of other character. Third, speech is a statement which is said by the character itself

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describing his or her own characteristics. Fourth, past life means characteristics of a character are given through looking back on a character’s past life, which could be his or her own past life, or could be another character’s past life. Fifth, conversation of others means conversation of people around the character about the character itself which describes the character’s characteristics. Sixth, reactions mean how the character responds to some kind of situation, which becomes the character’s characteristics. Seventh, direct comments refer to the giving of description about a character by other characters or a simple narration. Eighth, thought means a knowledge about how the character thinks about anything in the story. Lastly, mannerism refers to how the character behaves, which becomes his or her trait characteristics.

Basically M. J. Murphy and M. H. Abrams proposed similar ways to analyze a character but in comparison, M. J. Murphy proposed a more specific method.

Nevertheless, for this study, both proposed methods will be used to analyze the research object. M. H. Abrams showing method, applied specifically to M. J.

Murphy speech, conversations, and reactions methods will be mainly used in this study based on how the author Paulo Coelho describes Santiago in The Alchemist.

2. Theory of Psychoanalysis

According to Saul McLeod (2007) in his website, psychoanalysis is a form of a treatment that is used to help people as he or she talks about his or her own problems to a trained psychiatrist, or simply known as the ‘talking cure’. So simply interpreted the patients are asked to talk about their feelings or reactions that are repressed, as the psychiatrist tries to help the patient find a solution for them while

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the patients talks about their life experiences during the treatment process. In other words, the researcher can conclude psychoanalysis is a form of psychological treatment which concerns about feelings or reactions that are repressed, or as

McLeod explains about the patient’s unconscious anxieties and states.

Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only by having a cathartic (i.e. healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured" (McLeod, 2007).

In literary works Psychoanalysis is the approach that concerns about the unconscious state of one person or character through the author’s perspectives. A novel as a literary work is part of the unconscious part of the mind that the author wants to convey but cannot be said as it is in reality. Novels are talking with their own way according to the way the author wants the reader to gain insight.

In Freud’s definition of psychoanalysis, the human mind is controlled by the psyche, a model that was developed by Sigmund Freud himself. According to his theory, we have three different parts of the mind or psyche, which are called, the id, ego, and superego. The id is the part that represents our instincts, the ego represents the reality of human society, and the last, the superego represents one’s morality in the society. Sigmund Freud also explained that through this unconscious representation of the psyche, there might be some conflicts between the id and the superego. As a result of these conflicts, one’s mind develops a self-defense mechanism which is actually the repressed reaction toward feelings of being oppressed. McLeod described Freud’s valuable contribution to psychoanalysis by stating,

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Perhaps Freud's single most enduring and important idea was that the human psyche (personality) has more than one aspect. Freud (1923) saw the psyche structured into three parts (i.e. tripartite), the id, ego and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives. These are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical. Although each part of the personality comprises unique features, they interact to form a whole, and each part makes a relative contribution to an individual's behavior (McLeod, 2007).

The quotation means that, one’s mind is structured into parts comprising the psyche. A person’s actions are based on the three dominate traits. Whenever the person acts, it will be considered first by these three aspects of their mind, the id, ego, and superego. In considering these aspects the author’s descriptive images in the novel are the parts which help the researcher to analyze Santiago’s personality.

3. Theory of Personality

The theory of personality aims to identify the personality of the main character. As it is described above, the main character’s personality goes through dynamic development. To better see this change, Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist in

Theories of Personality, stated the difference of personality and characteristics,

Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior. Traits contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations. Traits may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire species, but their pattern is different for each individual. Thus each person, though like others in some ways, has a unique personality. Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence (2006: 4).

From the quotation, the difference of personality and characteristics is in the word “pattern” as personality is a pattern to the characteristic traits given in the process of characterization. The pattern that is described is the key to reveal a character’s personality. Even though one’s personality might be judged from the

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first interaction with another character, it will be only a temporary or partial personality, as in a static character. This approach is necessary for the needs of proving the hypothesis of judging the final personality or the psyche after having developed with self-defense mechanisms (psychologytoday.com). The hypothesis of personality will be seen by observing the actions of the observed. Thus, these observations are more or less the same with observations in characterization.

Next, Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist stated in their book quoting Erich

Fromm’s belief which explains that a person, instead of acting according to their instincts, they act according to their character traits. It is because people have to reconsider their action as it brings consequences.

People relate to the world in two ways – by acquiring and using things (assimilation) and by relating to self and others (socialization). In general terms, people can relate to things and to people either nonproductively or productively (2006: 196).

As it is stated in the quotation above, people relate to the world only through two ways, which are nonproductive (assimilation) and productive (socialization).

These two ways indicate that people who acquire through assimilation can be said to be the receivers and the people who relate through socialization are the givers.

This ‘give and take’ relationship means that some people are the receivers who are able to receive feelings, knowledges, and material things. Meanwhile as the counterpart to the receiver kind of people, the givers can give feelings, knowledges, and material things to others as they socialize with others. It is not impossible that people can be both the receiver and the giver because people actually have the potential to be both. There are also people who are only the receiver or the giver

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part and they tend to be a person who exploits others or who is exploited by others.

This “state of being” involves situations where people are not developing anymore.

4. Theory of Self-defense Mechanism

The theory of self-defense mechanism aims to identify the process of the self-defense mechanism to be developed in the character being observed. The theory of self-defense mechanisms proposed by Phebe Cramer will be used in this study. According to Phebe Cramer in her works, Protecting the Self: Defense

Mechanism in Action and Storytelling, Narrative, and the Thematic Apperception

Test, Self-defense Mechanism is defined as in the quotation below:

Unconscious mental mechanisms that are directed against both internal drive pressures and external pressures, especially those that threaten self- esteem or the structure of the self, as might occur when friends or family fail to be emphatic or in some other way are “lost” to the individual. The function of the self-defense mechanism is twofold: to protect the individual from experiencing excessive anxiety, and to protect the integration of the self (Cramer, 1991: 7).

As it is explained in the quotation, self-defense mechanism is a mental mechanism which emerges due to pressures which might come either from internal or external experiences of the individual. It means that the pressures can be something or someone around the individual’s environment. It serves the individual’s safety and well-being to ward off the anxiety from within and protects them from being overwhelmed, and it also wards off any threat from their environment. It keeps the individual safe from being threatened.

According to Cramer, there are self-defense mechanisms that are related to one another. These are the three related self-defense mechanisms: Denial,

Projection, and Identification. These three self-defense mechanisms represent three

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developmental periods based on its characteristics. Cramer, in Protecting the Self, stated Denial as a cognitively simple mental operation, Projection as a self-defense of greater cognitive complexity, and Identification as a self-defense of even greater complexity, which increases slowly throughout childhood and becomes the most important in the issues of one’s identity development (Cramer, 2006: 23).

Further providing description about these three self-defense mechanisms in order to recognize their occurrence in narrative material, Cramer proposed more specific details. Earlier in his explanation, Freud stated that denial functions to ward off upsetting perceptions of the external world that would cause psychological pain or upsetting reactions (Freud, 1940). Thus these are the proposed details by Cramer: a. Denial

The components of Denial can be described as the following: the failure to see what exists in reality, making mistakes in reality testing (misperception) or misinterpreting the meaning of events, changing the experience of the event into opposite (reversal), and negation, minimizing, maximizing the reality that occurs

(Cramer, 2006: 44). Thus, there are two types of denial that are proposed by Cramer, which are Perceptual Denial and The Imposition of a Personal Fantasy. Perceptual

Denial, the first type of denial makes use of the first and the second components. It follows with the example of narrative occurrence which is “The Emperor’s New

Clothes”. This story tells the reader about an Emperor which was literally deceived by two rogues who supposedly weave special clothes but they actually did not. They told the Emperor that the clothes only can be seen by wise men but actually there were no clothes at all worn by the Emperor. The second type of denial, The

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Imposition of a Personal Fantasy is more involved in the third and the fourth components of Denial. The example of this type can be seen more in a folktale story such as Cinderella. In the Cinderella story, the stepsisters who are ugly, and mean, appear in the ballroom of the castle in fine dress and acting the part of potential sweethearts to the prince. Both types are reflected in their own components but also they can be overlapped so that the first type is having the third component, and the second sharing the first and third components, or vice versa. b. Projection

The components of Projection are: seeing something that isn’t there, assuming one’s feelings, thoughts or wishes exist in others, and alternating reality (more or less the same as misperception) into something more negative, or more ominous, than they are in objective reality. From these components, Projection proposed by

Cramer is divided into three types: generalization of one’s own thoughts, feelings, or self-image onto others, attribution of unacceptable characteristics of one onto someone else with awareness, and attribution of unacceptable characteristics of one onto someone else or onto others without awareness (Cramer, 2006: 73). On that point, the projection which might be seen in a folktale may take the form of physical escape, creation of protective barriers against attack, or attempts to disguise oneself. c. Identification

The main features of identification proposed by Cramer are: a change that occurs in the ego (i.e., the personality, behavior, or motives of the individual); the change is in the direction of becoming like some other individual, group, or cause; the change serves the purpose of maintaining an affective relationship with a

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significant other; and the change is related to the development and maintenance of self-esteem (Cramer, 2006: 94). From these features, Cramer differentiates identification in the use into two forms of purpose: Defensive and Developmental.

The first one is Defensive Identification, which occurs to avoid anxiety and to maintain self-esteem. The second one is Developmental Identification, about which

Cramer quoted Horner (95), who said it occurs necessarily in normal psychological development and contributes to the formation of conscience, of the ego-ideal, and finally of “identity”. In contrast to defensive identification, developmental identification leads to a structural change in the self-representation (Horner, 1983).

C. Theoretical Framework

Theories implemented in this research are the theory of characters and characterization, the theory of psychoanalysis, the theory of personality, and the theory of self-defense mechanism. Those theories will provide the solutions in solving the problem formulations which are proposed by the researcher.

The theory of psyche will be used to analyze the psychological condition of the main character, Santiago, in specific moments he shows anxiety. From this analysis, the researcher hopes that the first question in the problem formulations will be solved. After that, from the psyche condition, the researcher aims to analyze the personality of Santiago using the theory of personality. Before the theory of personality is applied to identify Santiago’s personality, the theory of characteristics will be used first to reveal the characteristics of Santiago in detailed descriptions given by the novel’s author. Characteristics of Santiago will be used to determine

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Santiago’s personality. This personality of Santiago will be the starting point of the main analysis, examining the dynamic changes from before and after Santiago went through the development process. His personality went through the development process as Santiago began his journey in searching for the treasure from his dream.

From that point on, the researcher will analyze the details of the novel related to his characteristic manner based on situations or conditions that might bring Santiago to the point of developing self-defense mechanisms.

This list of characteristics along with their conditions or situations will lead the analysis to the part of “Self-Defense Mechanism Development of Santiago”.

Thus, the list of self-defense mechanisms used in the story based on the described situations will be used to determine the result of this research. The details of the characteristics will be matched to the types of self-defense mechanism. From this approach, the researcher will reveal the order of the self-defense mechanisms in developing, and that will be the conclusion of this research.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a novel which is written based on what the author had reflected on in his experiences. The Alchemist, is a literary work, by Paulo

Coelho, an author from Brazil. Originally, The Alchemist title is O Alquimista which is written in Portuguese and first published in Brazil in 1988 (Riding, 2005). It actually became famous after being published by a second Brazilian publisher.

From that point in time, the book was a success that has sold thousands of copies compared to the first Brazilian publishing which was a failure only selling 900 copies of the book. The English version was first published in 1993 by Harper Torch publisher and translated into English by Alan R. Clarke; it is this version that will be used to conduct the analysis. Later, it was translated into 80 different languages by 2015. From these 80 different languages, the book has sold over 65 million copies and has been on New York Times best seller list for over 315 weeks which makes this book into one of the international best seller books.

Almost all of his books are the result of reflections toward Paulo Coelho’s experience of life, in the form of metaphors. Other examples of his book writing that are based on his experiences are: The Pilgrimage, Manual of the Warrior of

Light, Veronika Decides to Die, The Winner Stands Alone, Aleph, The Witch of

Portobello, and Like the Flowing River. From these popular literary contributions,

Paulo Coelho is called as the ‘life changer’. The Alchemist is the main literary work

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that makes him to be called the ‘life changer’. Ever since the website of Huffington

Post stated, this book had been on The New York Times bestseller list for over 315 weeks, for this reason the researcher was interested to conduct the research concerning how this author gained the attribute as ‘life changer’

(www.huffingtonpost.com, 2017).

The Alchemist tells a story of a young shepherd from the Andalusian land in a journey pursuing his “destiny” or personal legend. This “destiny” is one of the main contents of the book which makes it one of the international best sellers. The other main content is the “language of the world” which is used by Santiago in pursuing his “destiny”. The “language of the world” which is mentioned above is one of Paulo Coelho’s beliefs. He believes that the universe is going to help people who pursue his or her own personal legend. Meanwhile in this great journey of a person pursuing his/her destiny, there are many obstacles that have to be overcome.

In the novel, many hard conditions are described as Santiago is improving himself to be a better character. This improvement or changes in his characteristics indicate the dynamic development in the character of Santiago.

B. Approach of the Study

In revealing the problem statements that are formulated above, this research is conducted using the psychoanalytic approach. For this purpose, psychoanalytic is described as a literary approach that uses the psychological point of view in analyzing a literary work (Barry, 2002: 97). The point of psychology that is maintained in this study is the unconscious state of a person, although a literary

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work doesn’t have an actual person in it but instead, a literary work has a character that represents a real person in it. As it talks about the unconscious state of a person or character, it applies a model that is developed by Sigmund Freud which is called the psyche. This model will be used to analyze the object and answer the problem statements.

Psychoanalytic approach is used in this study because the problems formulated above discuss about the development of self-defense mechanisms in the main character of Santiago. Self-defense mechanisms that will be discussed are developed in the unconscious state of a fictional person or the character of Santiago.

The components of self-defense mechanisms also become the key point in this study because only with these characteristics could the researcher analyze the character’s development and then draw a clear conclusion for this study. Therefore, the best way to discuss about Santiago’s dynamic development of self-defense mechanisms is through this psychoanalytic literary approach.

C. Method of the Study

This study used library research, meaning that the study was conducted by using primary and secondary sources. The primary source of this study is the novel written by Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist. The secondary sources are Theory of

Personality by Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist, Protecting the Self by Phebe Cramer, and Freud – Complete Works by Ivan Smith.

There are several steps taken to analyze the self-defense mechanism development in Santiago’s personality in The Alchemist, as follows: First, the

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researcher used close reading on the object which is The Alchemist. The researcher found that Santiago, the main character, is developing throughout the story which was an indication of a dynamic process. The process that is mentioned means that the main character, Santiago, has a different personality from the beginning and the end of the story. From the changed personality in the beginning and the end of the story, the researcher concludes Santiago has undergone some kind of condition which triggered the changes. Next, the researcher formulated the problem statements about this process to reveal the development of self-defense mechanisms in the character of Santiago. The following are the steps that were done in order to reveal Santiago’s self-defense mechanism development.

First, the researcher read the original theory of self-defense mechanisms by

Sigmund Freud to understand the components and the way it is developed under various situations, and/or conditions.

Second, the researcher reread the primary source to look for the character traits of Santiago. From the character traits, the researcher concluded Santiago’s personality. Both the characteristic traits and the personality of Santiago will be analyzed using each theory, applying the Characterization theory and Personality theory. The results, Santiago’s personality changes (i.e., key moments) and list of situations, and/or conditions that force Santiago to manifest self-defense mechanisms, are presented according to the plot of the story.

Third, the researcher analyzed Santiago’s psychological condition according to the personality changes revealed from the previous data. Santiago’s self-defense mechanism were analyzed through this revealed psyche condition.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

To answer the two questions that were asked in the problem formulations, the analysis is divided into two main sub-analyses. The first part is about the characterizations of the major character, Santiago within The Alchemist. It discuss about how the major character’s character traits are described and shaped

Santiago’s personality according to the story’s plot from the start till its end. This approach is because the researcher found that Santiago’s character traits have shown his personality, and also his personality, between the start and the end of the story, is different. The second part of the analysis is about the process of self- defense mechanism development within the major character related to Santiago’s personality changes, as well as how it is described according to the plot of the story.

According to the theoretical framework stated in related studies, the following steps in the analysis are being conducted: First, based on the relation of

M. H. Abrams and M. J. Murphy characterization’s application to this novel, the character traits of Santiago were revealed. Second, conclusions were made concerning Santiago’s personality based on his characteristics using Gregory J.

Feist’s theory of personality. Third, to show how his self-defense mechanisms are developed related to Santiago’s personality changes, Phebe Cramer’s insights applied on this process. Then, the analysis focus on which personality changes of the major character considerably reveal the development of his self-defense mechanisms. Further analysis on the characterization of the major character,

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personality changes, and how the self-defense mechanism developed are being discussed in both parts of the analysis below.

A. Characteristics and Personality of the Major Character: Santiago

In this research, the focus is on how the major character is described throughout the story according to the plot by the author. The main character in this novel is Santiago. Santiago is a dynamic character which means he has character trait changes throughout the story. According to the theory of characterization and personality, to get the characterization in full detail along with Santiago’s personality, this part is divided into three parts which are Character Traits by

Telling, Character Traits by Showing, and Personality of Santiago. The first part includes the personal description and past life method. The second part includes the character as seen by others, speech, reactions, and thoughts. The third part states

Santiago’s personality changes through his dynamic development.

1. Character Traits by Telling

In this part of the analysis, Santiago’s character traits as the main character of The Alchemist will be described by two parts. They are the personal description and past life method. This part shows Santiago’s characteristics through description about himself and also his past life that is given by the author. Through these methods, two characteristics was observed, which describe him as adventurous and curious. Thus, the explanation follows below:

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a. Personal Description: Adventurous

As it is mentioned in the text: “His purpose in life was to travel, and, after two years of walking the Andalusian terrain, he knew all the cities of the region”

(Coelho, 1992: 4). This statement shows that Santiago is an adventurous person. In two years walking around the Andalusian terrain he never lowered his dignity about being a shepherd. Santiago had thought that “he had already seen many castles and met many women,” (Coelho, 1992: 5) which makes him seem more as an adventurous person, since he want to travel not only the land, but the possibility to travel the sea excites him. “If he were to tire of the Andalusian fields, he could sell his sheep and go to sea. By the time he had enough of the sea, he would already have known other cities, other women, and other chances to be happy” (Coelho,

1992: 5). Paulo Coelho stated that “He had never been to that ruined church before, in spite of having traveled through those parts many times” (Coelho, 1992: 5). The use of phrase “many times” makes it bold that in two years traveling, Santiago had been to that part of the shepherding fields before but didn’t find the ruined church.

There are specific descriptions given by the author to declare Santiago as an adventurous person, including, “I have been to many places” (Coelho, 1992: 10), meaning that he confirmed the fact that he had been on an adventure as a shepherd;

“Because I like to travel” (Coelho, 1992: 12), Santiago stated showing him as an adventurous character; and “So he began to wander through the city” (Coelho,

1992: 14), meaning that his decision to wander is because he had travelled far through many obstacles, and through wandering he gets his mind clearer to think in order to make the next decision. Next he explained, “He knew all the fields and

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pastures of Andalusia” (Coelho, 1992: 15), meaning that his two years walking improved his knowledge in what kind of places he had been to; He longed for freedom, as the narrator describes, “The boy felt jealous of the freedom of the wind, and saw that he could have the same freedom” (Coelho, 1992: 16), and the jealousy

Santiago felt improved the fact that he wanted to go on an adventure, “After all, what he had always wanted was just that: to know new places” (Coelho, 1992: 23).

It is stated that Santiago always wanted to know new places as he was trying to recover his confidence after surpassing a challenging conflict. There was one insightful part where Santiago once again declared himself as an adventurer, "I'm an adventurer, looking for treasure" (Coelho, 1992: 24), and he also qualified his quest by stating, “He had decided, the night before, that he would be as much an adventurer as the ones he had admired in books” (Coelho, 1992: 24). b. Past Life: Curious

In this part of the analysis, Santiago’s past life is mentioned as in his background. At first, it was stated in the description that Santiago was a seminary student, not because of his own wants but his parents. Following a conversation by

Santiago with his father, Santiago stated that he wanted to be a shepherd just to fulfill his curiosity about how to find God as he said that he “couldn’t have found

God in the seminary”. Thus, Santiago’s statements below make the point about where his curiosity first blossomed to start his treasure journey to find God.

"But I'd like to see the castles in the towns where they live," the boy explained. … "Well, I'd like to see their land, and see how they live," said his son. … "Well, then I'll be a shepherd!" (Coelho, 1992: 5)

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2. Character Traits by Showing

In this part of the analysis, Santiago’s character traits as the main character of The Alchemist will be described by four parts. There are character as seen by another, speech, reactions, and thoughts. This part shows Santiago’s character traits through other characters’ description, through Santiago’s speech as he was having conversation with other characters, through his reactions toward any situation he encountered, and also through his own thoughts. Through these methods, four characteristics were observed. Santiago’s traits are valiant inquisitive, regretful, and conservative. Thus, the explanations are as below: a. Character as seen by another: Valiant

There are some characters that helped Santiago in his journey. Those are

Melchizedek, the king of Salem, the old crystal merchant, and the alchemist. All of them share the same thought of Santiago. Melchizedek, who first encountered

Santiago thought that Santiago has a valiant character trait. It was mentioned that

Melchizedek trusted in his thought as Santiago successfully decided on pursuing his dream after he wanted to give up on his dream. It was because of Melchizedek that Santiago decided to pursue the divine treasure, and to realize his dream.

Melchizedek said that “when you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it” (Coelho, 1992: 12). The first proof was a statement by

Melchizedek that he believed Santiago would be successful, “The gods should not have desires, because they don't have destinies. But the king of Salem hoped desperately that the boy would be successful” (Coelho, 1992: 19).

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The second character who encountered Santiago was the old crystal merchant. The old crystal merchant believed that Santiago was determined to realize his dream. This happened when Santiago decided to go back as a shepherd but the old crystal merchant encouraged him. His encouragement was only by a magic word, the word “maktub”. For which, according to www.oxfordislamicstudies.com, maktub means “written by God” or in popular religion, it means “fate or something that is predetermined”. The old crystal merchant had said to Santiago that he is not to be a shepherd again. He said it as he knew, somehow, Santiago would be successful in realizing his dream. The old crystal merchant was having an experience with Santiago that makes him believed on Santiago’s ability. For almost a year, Santiago had worked for him at the crystal shop, and he got a lot of profit. For proof, Santiago had enough money to double his flock, and at that moment what he wanted was to be a shepherd again. Thus the proof will be provided as below:

"I am proud of you," he said. "You brought a new feeling into my crystal shop. But you know that I'm not going to go to Mecca. Just as you know that you're not going to buy your sheep." "Who told you that?" asked the boy, startled. "Maktub" said the old crystal merchant. And he gave the boy his blessing (Coelho, 1992: 33).

The third character who believed in Santiago’s valiant character trait was the alchemist. The alchemist believed in Santiago as he was always successful in passing the tests. The alchemist gave different types of tests to Santiago in order to make sure that Santiago is the ‘chosen one’. The tests are designed to show some courage in front of threat, finding life in the desert, and learning the language of the world by turning himself into the wind. In the first test, the alchemist threatened

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Santiago on the first time they met each other. Under the threat, the alchemist wanted to know what kind of answer Santiago would give. As for this test, Santiago successfully satisfied the alchemist with his answer. Thus the alchemist stated that he was impressed with Santiago’s answer as it is stated in this quotation, “The stranger seemed satisfied with the answer” (Coelho, 1992: 61). The second test,

Santiago told the alchemist that he knew that there is life in the desert but didn’t know where to look. When the alchemist pointed out some clue about “life attracts life” (65), Santiago managed to find life with this strategy which is his answer, “I don't know the language of the desert, but my horse knows the language of life”

(65). As for the last test, they both got captured by some Arab tribe. In their captivation, Santiago was forced to turn himself into the wind. If he failed, they will die. Under this kind of pressure, Santiago managed to make some visual depiction as Santiago turned himself into the wind. Again, the alchemist was satisfied with

Santiago’s achievement. Santiago managed to pass the tests without any fail. In these circumstances, the alchemist stated that he was impressed with Santiago’s spirit as seen in the following quotation, when he gave Santiago a final advice as a parting gift, “No matter what he does, every person on earth plays a central role in the history of the world. And normally he doesn't know it” (Coelho, 1992: 90). b. Speech: Inquisitive

In this part of the analysis, Santiago’s curiosity grew stronger than the first part of the novel into a dynamic inquisitive character trait. It was because of the word that he had never heard before. Santiago’s curiosity was triggered by the word

“maktub” that was said by the old crystal merchant. It is stated as follows:

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"Maktub," the merchant said, finally. "What does that mean?" "You would have to have been born an Arab to understand," he answered. "But in your language it would be something like 'It is written.'" (Coelho, 1992: 29).

This conversation became the point to lead Santiago into having a dynamic inquisitive character trait. It was this magic word which was meant for him as a guide later in the story. Later, Santiago believes that every single event he experienced had a purpose but first on the novel application of using this word,

Santiago literally learned it from the old crystal merchant.

In the situation of getting confused by what truly was Santiago’s desire, the old crystal merchant told Santiago that he deserved to get to the Pyramid to find his treasure. The old crystal merchant was trying to get Santiago to believe in his dreams again as he had passed the hardest situation that might have happened along his journey. Since it was the decisive point to make Santiago, once again, chose between his future and his past, this point triggered Santiago’s curiosity into becoming a more developed and dynamic trait to help him on his journey.

As he decided on resuming his pursuit, Santiago’s inquisitiveness plays a big role in realizing the omens on the path to his treasure. It was the old king,

Melchizedek, who reminds Santiago to follow the omens throughout his pursuit of the treasure.

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Santiago is full of curiosity when he first met the alchemist. The alchemist explains to Santiago that his coming was according to the omen that was shown upon him, and he was ordered to guide Santiago to his treasure. Many possibilities were also explained by the alchemist influencing Santiago’s inquisitive trait. Some explanations are as follows: Santiago was curious about how he can became the one chosen by the alchemist; and second, Santiago was curious about his own dream as he was about to give up his treasure and stay at the oasis because of Fatima. The first explanation reached the following curious point as Santiago having this conversation below with the alchemist:

"Why did you want to see me?" the boy asked. "Because of the omens," the alchemist answered. "The wind told me you would be coming, and that you would need help." …. "And what about me?" "When a person really desires something, all the universe conspires to help that person to realize his dream," said the alchemist, echoing the words of the old king. The boy understood. Another person was there to help him toward his destiny.” "So you are going to instruct me?" "No. You already know all you need to know. I am only going to point you in the direction of your treasure" (Coelho, 1992: 63).

This conversation might show Santiago didn’t want to believe that he was the chosen one by the alchemist. The questions that were asked by Santiago shows that he was still confused about what had happened. As he is trying to realize what had happened, the alchemist provided him sufficient explanations to clear the confusion. There are some important things that are mentioned by the alchemist, such as he was guided by the wind to meet Santiago, as an omen, all the universe will conspire to help people in realizing his dream, also as an omen, the old man mentioned that Santiago already knew what he needs to know in his pursuit. These

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explanations are enough to fulfill Santiago’s curiosity but not his stubbornness.

Thus, there is this conversation as the follow up of the previous conversation.

"But there's a tribal war," the boy reiterated. "I know what's happening in the desert." "I have already found my treasure. I have a camel, I have my money from the crystal shop, and I have fifty gold pieces. In my own country, I would be a rich man." "But none of that is from the Pyramids," said the alchemist. "I also have Fatima. She is a treasure greater than anything else I have won." "She wasn't found at the Pyramids, either" (Coelho, 1992: 63).

In this conversation, Santiago is convinced to believe that his treasure isn’t

Fatima because "She wasn't found at the Pyramids” as is said by the alchemist. Then

Santiago is reassured that he must find his treasure at the Pyramids.

The alchemist also told Santiago to listen to his heart. It was because one’s heart is able to tell one’s destiny. As for Santiago, it is able to show the treasure whereabouts. Before Santiago understands this well, he was curious for the importance of it. It was his heart that had become passionate over Fatima, the Oasis girl, which distracted him from his real objective, the divine treasure. For this confusion, the alchemist had helped him in deciding what is best for him. The conversation below explained that the alchemist helped Santiago to fulfill his inquisitiveness about the nature of one’s heart concerning what is important in life.

"Naturally it's afraid that, in pursuing your dream, you might lose everything you've won." "Well, then, why should I listen to my heart?" "Because you will never again be able to keep it quiet. Even if you pretend not to have heard what it tells you, it will always be there inside you, repeating to you what you're thinking about life and about the world." "You mean I should listen, even if it's treasonous?" "Treason is a blow that comes unexpectedly. If you know your heart well, it will never be able to do that to you. Because you'll know its dreams and wishes, and will know how to deal with them.

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"You will never be able to escape from your heart. So it's better to listen to what it has to say. That way, you'll never have to fear an unanticipated blow" (Coelho, 1992: 72). … "Why don't people's hearts tell them to continue to follow their dreams?" the boy asked the alchemist. "Because that's what makes a heart suffer most, and hearts don't like to suffer"(Coelho, 1992: 73). … "Does a man's heart always help him?" the boy asked the alchemist. "Mostly just the hearts of those who are trying to realize their destinies. But they do help children, drunkards, and the elderly, too." "Does that mean that I'll never run into danger?" "It means only that the heart does what it can," the alchemist said (Coelho, 1992: 75).

Santiago’s inquisitiveness can be seen from this conversation, especially from Santiago’s questions. It shows that he learns a lot through asking many questions that is rooted from his inquisitive trait. c. Reactions: Regretful

In this story, Santiago was stated having a disappointed character trait. It was shown through his reactions. Furthermore, two disappointment reactions are shown by Santiago toward the conditions he was in. Those are when he met the old woman gypsy, and when he first set his foot in Africa on his epic adventure.

The first condition is when he met the old woman gypsy, Santiago was disappointed that he didn’t know the answer for his own question. It was his question about the end of his recurrent dream. The sequence of this condition was as follows: first, he had this recurrent dream that bothered him in his journey as a shepherd. Second, he remembered that there is an old woman gypsy who was well- known for her ability to interpret dreams. Third, Santiago decided to seek this old woman gypsy. Fourth, as he met the old woman gypsy, Santiago asked her to

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interpret his dream. Fifth, the old woman only interpreted his dream as he had a treasure waiting to be found. Sixth, Santiago asked for further information on how to realize his dream into reality but the old woman gypsy said that she only knew how to interpret dreams, not to realize it. In that point he got mournful for trying to believe his own dream and thought that he might get a lie as an answer. The proof was given below:

So the boy was disappointed; he decided that he would never again believe in dreams. He remembered that he had a number of things he had to take care of: he went to the market for something to eat, he traded his book for one that was thicker, and he found a bench in the plaza where he could sample the new wine he had bought. The day was hot, and the wine was refreshing. The sheep were at the gates of the city, in a stable that belonged to a friend. The boy knew a lot of people in the city. That was what made traveling appeal to him—he always made new friends, and he didn't need to spend all of his time with them. When someone sees the same people every day, as had happened with him at the seminary, they wind up becoming a part of that person's life. And then they want the person to change. If someone isn't what others want them to be, the others become angry. Everyone seems to have a clear idea of how other people should lead their lives, but none about his or her own (Coelho, 1992: 8).

The second condition is when he set his foot for the first time on the land of

Africa. He got disappointed as his money got robbed after he tried to believe and tried to realize his dream. Santiago was disappointed in God as for what happened to him in his early trial. The sequence for his condition was as follows: first,

Santiago went to the nearest bar as he first set his foot in Africa. Second, Santiago felt lonely as he failed to consider the possibility that no one in Africa spoke

Spanish. Third, there was one young man who approached him using Spanish words. Fourth, Santiago thought that it was an omen flowing with his “beginner’s luck”. Fifth, he gave his trust to his new companion and handed over all of his money as the new companion asked for it. Sixth, when they went to the market to

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buy two camels, Santiago lost sight of his new companion. Seventh, Santiago tried to believe that his new companion would come back to him but he did not. In that condition, Santiago felt a great despair, and a great depression for trying to realize his dream. He became disappointed with God as he believed God repaid those who believed in dreams in such manner. Furthermore, he decided to go back to his

Andalusian land to be a shepherd again. The proof was given below:

He was so ashamed that he wanted to cry. He had never even wept in front of his own sheep. But the marketplace was empty, and he was far from home, so he wept. He wept because God was unfair, and because this was the way God repaid those who believed in their dreams. When I had my sheep, I was happy, and I made those around me happy. People saw me coming and welcomed me, he thought. But now I'm sad and alone. I'm going to become bitter and distrustful of people because one person betrayed me. I'm going to hate those who have found their treasure because I never found mine. And I'm going to hold on to what little I have, because I'm too insignificant to conquer the world (Coelho, 1992: 22). … "I can give you the money you need to get back to your country, my son," said the crystal merchant. The boy said nothing. He got up, adjusted his clothing, and picked up his pouch. "I'll work for you," he said. And after another long silence, he added, "I need money to buy some sheep" (Coelho, 1992: 27). d. Thoughts: Conservative

Santiago is depicted as having traits of being conservative and careful that

might be seen from the description of his own thoughts. In one part of the novel,

Santiago remembered one important thing from the old king Melchizedek. He said

that Santiago must pay heed to the omens in his pursuit of the treasure. According

to the storyline, the beginning of this part was when Santiago is ready to buy a new

flock and going back to the land of Andalusia. As he was ready to buy his flock,

the old merchant advised him not to do it. On that point, he learned the word,

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“maktub” and he consider it as an omen which brings his memory to the old king

Melchizedek. Santiago who remembered the old king and his magic sayings,

decided to go by the caravan. In his journey along with the caravan group,

Santiago’s conservativeness was being polished to “pay heed to the omens”. In the

middle of his journey, there was one turning event. Santiago said the word

“maktub” for the conclusion of the situation. The word was used also to reveal the

meaning as the omen that is discovered from the language of the world that the

group was in danger.

The three fell silent. The boy noted that there was a sense of fear in the air, even though no one said anything. Once again he was experiencing the language without words… the universal language (Coelho, 1992: 42). … And he concluded by saying the mysterious word: "Maktub" (Coelho, 1992: 42).

In the quotation, the word “maktub” is mentioned as a mysterious word.

This mysteriousness is discovered by Santiago as it might bring any omen that is shown or told by the language of the world. Santiago who later had sharpened his awareness toward omens and always used the word “maktub” to describe any omen encountered. Another instance where Santiago explains how the relation between the omen and the language of the world is stated in his conversation with the

Englishman. Santiago said that the caravan and the desert speak the same language, for this reason the desert allows the crossing and going to test the caravan’s every step until it reaches its destination. For what he said, Santiago explained it as an omen, it was “how the soul of the caravan speaks to the soul of the desert” as he mentioned them sharing the same language (Coelho, 1992: 43). After Santiago learned the relation between the omens and the language of the world, he thought

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about his treasure seeking and having thought about how things become more difficult as he got closer to his treasure. Then, he relates it with “beginner’s luck” that was mentioned by the old king. He thought that this luck was no longer functioning, as he was dragged into more difficult positions so he considered the omens as a language used by God to indicate what he should do (Coelho, 1992: 49).

After the caravan arrived at the oasis, Santiago helped the Englishman to find the alchemist. In his attempt to find the alchemist, Santiago met Fatima coincidentally. As his conservativeness trait became stronger, Santiago realized some strange atmosphere, a strong feeling, a strange force, that is able to be understood by everyone that is love. Also, it was this that made Santiago distracted from his pursuit. Once, Santiago tried to convince Fatima to marry to him but

Fatima refused with the reason that she is the woman of the desert. With this reason only, Santiago still cannot accept Fatima’s decision to refuse him. As he tried to reveal the other reason, Santiago found an omen that is shown by the flight of two hawks above him. He sensed it as an omen as a “fleeting image” came to him and vanished suddenly. Santiago thought about the fleeting image negatively and wanted to forget it but he could not. He remembered what Melchizedek had told him that he had to “always heed the omens”. So he made the decision to tell the chieftains of the oasis that they were in danger (Coelho, 1992: 55). Right after

Santiago met with the chieftains of the oasis, the alchemist approached him. The alchemist said that Santiago should love the desert but never to trust it completely.

"You must not let up, even after having come so far," he continued. "You must love the desert, but never trust it completely. Because the desert tests all men: it challenges every step, and kills those who become distracted." What he said reminded the boy of the old king (Coelho, 1992: 62).

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After Santiago succeed in surviving the ambush of the war troops, as he was told, Santiago went to meet the alchemist in his tent. Santiago was forced to find life in the desert by the alchemist after that. He needed Santiago to find the source of life in the desert as the requirement of making his awareness to the better condition. It was also for Santiago to have an exercise in solving the riddle of the desert as it will test Santiago along his pursuit. It is mentioned by the statement of the alchemist, which also provides the proof of Santiago is able to solve the riddle.

"I don't know how to find life in the desert," the boy said. "I know that there is life here, but I don't know where to look." "Life attracts life," the alchemist answered (Coelho, 1992: 65). … "There's life here," the boy said to the alchemist. "I don't know the language of the desert, but my horse knows the language of life" (Coelho, 1992: 65).

Although, until Santiago is able to find life in the desert, he still didn’t get the answer for his confusion over Fatima. Instead laid down in the desert, he had decided to continue his pursuit. As he is having conversation with the alchemist, again, the trait of his conservativeness helps him to succeed in realizing the answer.

The alchemist provides him an explanation about alchemy, which is the metaphor referring to Fatima. "If what one finds is made of pure matter, it will never spoil.

And one can always come back. If what you had found was only a moment of light, like the explosion of a star, you would find nothing on your return" (Coelho, 1992:

69), this quotation was believed as the answer. From the quotation above, it might be said “one finds is made of pure matter, it will never spoil” means love. It might be interpreted as when the love Santiago had found was a true love, it would not easily fade away. Also the next sentence, “If what you had found was only a

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moment of light, like the explosion of a star, you would find nothing on your return” means one-time love. It might be interpreted as when Santiago just only had found love that is not true, he should never trust Fatima in the first place so that when he achieved the treasure, he must accept that Fatima would be with someone else.

Santiago understood the metaphor from the conversation, and he was able to put his heart at ease. Thus, he had a conversation with his heart about the relation between omen, language of the world, and God, since his heart was fearful of having failed to find the treasure. This was the part where Santiago needs his heart to help him in understanding the language of the world, and to annihilate the fear in his heart. The alchemist had said that it was important to hear his own heart as it might speak the same language as the language of the world. As the heart had told Santiago that it had fearful of having failed, the alchemist told the following quotation: "Listen to your heart. It knows all things, because it came from the Soul of the World, and it will one day return there" (Coelho, 1992: 71). The quotation shows that learning the language of the world means that he had to learn his own heart and that is what exactly Santiago did afterwards in order to annihilate its fear. Santiago continued his journey with the alchemist crossing the desert. Upon arriving at the Pyramid,

Santiago’s carefulness is shown as it had become sharpened through one final lesson from the alchemist. In this part, Santiago’s carefulness is being symbolized with his heart as Santiago became fonder of his own heart.

The sun was setting when the boy's heart sounded a danger signal. They were surrounded by gigantic dunes, and the boy looked at the alchemist to see whether he had sensed anything. But he appeared to be unaware of any danger. Five minutes later, the boy saw two horsemen waiting ahead of them. Before he could say anything to the alchemist, the two horsemen had

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become ten, and then a hundred. And then they were everywhere in the dunes (Coelho, 1992: 78).

From the quotation above, Santiago’s heart could recognize the danger upon his journey. It was not long after his heart recognized the danger approaching,

Santiago was being surrounded by the troops of Arab. The word “signaled” used in the quotation shows that Santiago’s heart was aware of something he couldn’t see physically. “Even from a distance, their eyes conveyed the strength of their souls.

And their eyes spoke of death” (Coelho, 1992: 78), as his heart could see the strength of the other’s soul and it conveyed the intention of killing them. Then,

Santiago and the alchemist were captured. In order to survive from the threat, the alchemist told the Arab that his friend, referring to Santiago, is an alchemist who is fond of nature and has the power to turn himself into wind. As he told the Arab that

Santiago could turn himself into wind, the Arab gave them three days to prove it.

The alchemist told that in order to teach the last lesson of understanding the universal language. It was because the alchemist knows certain things. He knows that Santiago learns much faster when he was concerned that in three days Santiago should turn himself into the wind. Within three days of his survival time, Santiago spent his second day, focused to hear what his heart wanted to say as he looked out over the desert. He realized that his heart and the desert had spoken the same language. Both of them spoke about the fear that was felt by Santiago. It was as if the desert understood Santiago’s fear that is told by its own heart. This realization was the other proof of his conservativeness which was sharper from the previous part of the story. As it is quoted in this quotation: “He spent the entire afternoon of the second day looking out over the desert, and listening to his heart. The boy knew

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the desert sensed his fear. They both spoke the same language” (Coelho, 1992: 81).

As he gains an understanding about that, he shows the Arab a complete illusion. It was stated in the story that Santiago wasn’t able to turn himself into wind but is able to make it look like one. He spoke with the desert, the wind, the sun, and finally the Soul of the World, in which it was the Soul of God. From within he could realize that his heart, stated also as his soul, is part of it too. As he comes to this realization, he deceived the Arab by turning into the wind, and also he had succeeded in learning the last lesson from the alchemist.

Thus, at the end of the story, it was stated that his heart had grown to its fullest. For the proof, his heart told Santiago where his treasure is. His heart told him this, "Be aware of the place where you are brought to tears. That's where I am, and that's where your treasure is" (Coelho, 1992: 89). Due to the clue that is given,

Santiago started to dig at where his first tears had fallen. When Santiago was being busy with digging, a group of bandits approached him. Then, Santiago was beaten down to pulp until one of the bandits said that he had the same dream as Santiago, about treasure that is hidden under a sycamore tree in the Andalusian terrain, but he could be wrong. Instead believed in his own dream, the bandit thought that following his dream is a foolish act so he decided not to believe his own dream.

Santiago who heard the bandit’s story, couldn’t get happier for he realized where his treasure really is. This was the proof that Santiago’s conservativeness was developed to the fullest. Also his carefulness as he was beaten to pulp for not telling the bandits about what he was really doing.

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3. Personality Changes in Santiago

According to the previous section, Santiago had six character traits, which are: adventurous, curious, regretful, valiant, inquisitive, and conservative. All of these traits show that Santiago experienced the assimilation and socialization process. In this process, Santiago got mixed up with his regretful trait, and became productive with his inquisitive, curious, valiant, and conservative trait. Based on the traits, Santiago underwent the assimilation process in the moments of: being a shepherd, deciding to go on a treasure pursuit, symbolized by his adventurous trait; meeting the old gypsy woman and the king of Salem, Melchizedek, getting disappointed and lively for pursuing his treasure, symbolized by regretful and curious traits; meeting the thief and the old crystal merchant, getting robbed and learning the word “maktub”, symbolized by the valiant trait; meeting the

Englishman, Fatima, and the alchemist, observing the caravan throughout dessert, observing the omen of flying hawks, while threatened by many things, and learning the language of the world, symbolized by his inquisitive and conservative traits.

Matched to the plot of the story, there are several parts that become the key moments, from the first part of the story, which are: Santiago meeting the old woman gypsy and Melchizedek, Santiago feeling lonely, Santiago getting new a companion, getting robbed and depressed. From the second part of the story there are: Santiago leaving the old crystal merchant with load of money, Santiago joining the caravan, learning the omen from the desert, also meeting the Englishman and

Fatima, Santiago observing the flying hawks omen and meeting the alchemist,

Santiago and the alchemist getting captured and learning the language of the world,

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and applying the lessons from the alchemist at the time he digs for his treasure.

Thus, Santiago’s personality might be concluded as careless at the first part of the story. It was because he trusted and chose his paths in pursuing his treasure only based on his desire without considering any risks he would take. As for the second part, Santiago’s personality might be concluded as intuitive, brave, and calm. It was because in the second part, Santiago intuition to learn emerged as his determination to pursue the treasure was emboldened. He would take any risks that awaited.

B. Self-defense Mechanism Development of Santiago

Santiago is a dynamic character whose characteristics change as he pursues his treasure from his own dreams. Santiago changes from a careless person into an intuitive, brave and calm character. At the beginning of the story Santiago is being careless as he is selfish toward what he had known and only what he usually did.

Then, he turns into an intuitive, brave, and calm character as his fate required him to be in order to achieve his treasure. According to Freud’s definition of psychoanalysis, one’s mind as a human is controlled by the psyche. It controls the pace of human personality as the developmental characteristics appeared. The psyche has three different parts which are called, the id, ego, and superego. Santiago as a developing human in this novel, also can be said having these parts of the mind.

Sigmund Freud also explained that through the representation of the psyche, there might be some conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego (trials or tests), which resulted in the development of self-defense mechanisms which is actually the reaction to being in danger and/or oppressed.

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In order to reveal Santiago’s self-defense mechanisms that are developed throughout his journey, this part will observe through Santiago character traits and personality discussed in the previous part and the discussion will be divided into three parts. These three part consists of the three developmental self-defense mechanisms proposed by Phebe Cramer, which are Denial, Projection, and

Identification. These developmental stages of self-defense mechanisms can be seen as the part of analyzing the main focus of this research, with the aim to answer the second problem formulation. Thus, these three were being matched to the psyche analysis of the character traits according to the key moments of each character trait.

Through the key moments provided from the previous analysis, Santiago’s self- defense mechanism development was intended to be proved. Further explanation about the three-stage developmental process of self-defense mechanisms are explained below:

1. Denial

Santiago who is known as an adventurous character begins to show his carelessness as stated by the way he gave his point of view toward problems, also the resolution to these problems, and self-defense mechanism that were used. There are three key moments discovered where Santiago used Denial self-defense mechanisms. These key moments happened when Santiago lost all of his money, and some denial self-defense mechanism was shown after that but it did not seem as the key moment. The first problem he encountered was when he met the old gypsy woman and Melchizedek. At this point he showed the anxiety to accept the truth. The truth was Santiago is better to take what was so called as “destiny”

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explained by Melchizedek rather than to be a shepherd for the rest of his life. The order of the arising key moments is explained as: Santiago had a dream that shows he was unconsciously interested in seeking treasure. Second, he was curious enough to discover the meaning of his dream. Third, he went to an old woman gypsy whose ability to interpret dream was approved. Fourth, his knowledge about the gypsy women’s limitations had prevented him to believe what the old woman gypsy had said about his dream. Fifth, the final order, he met Melchizedek who approached him right after his encounter with the old woman gypsy and he was the one that gave Santiago an anxiety about what he should do.

Santiago remembered what the old king had said to him “In the long run, what people think about shepherds and bakers becomes more important for them than their own destinies” (Coelho, 1992: 13). This statement makes him realize how truly the world works as Melchizedek read his mind, his way of thinking, and his condition as painful reality. In proof of his denial to this reality it is stated in the following quotation: “He was tense and upset, because he knew that the old man was right” (Coelho, 1992: 14). Santiago felt the anger and uneasiness toward his reality. Based on the characterization described in the previous section, Santiago’s curiosity had become a problem to be solved. In this condition, Santiago’s psyche condition might be described as: his id wants the pleasure of having Santiago’s dream believed as the truth. His ego wants to show that what Santiago’s believes is not the truth according to the reality but just partial of the truth considering the truth which is said by Melchizedek. Moreover, his superego had thoughts of listening to others as it is the moral of having conversation with older people, where the elders

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encourage implementing what is best for one and discarding what is bad. The condition of Santiago’s psyche implied into his failure and denial on seeing what exists in reality. According to Denial, as stated in related theories, Santiago is using the Perceptual Denial self-defense mechanism as his response toward the first anxiety.

The second key moment he encountered was when Santiago felt uneasiness for being so lonely at a new place. After Santiago decided to pursue his dream, he went to Tangiers, the new land with the new language he had never known before.

On his first time setting foot onto the new land, Santiago was uneasy by the loneliness he felt. This loneliness brought anxiety toward his psyche system. His id wanted the pleasure of a companion. Under this anxiety, Santiago might use the denial self-defense mechanism. It might be stated that the thought of Santiago was as follows, “In money there was magic; whoever has money is never really alone”

(Coelho, 1992: 19). In this condition, Santiago’s psyche condition might be described as: his id might want to keep Santiago calm about his situation. His ego wanted to tell Santiago that he is cornered for not having the ability to speak Arabic but his superego told him to focus on how he should find a way to get to his treasure.

Santiago disbelieved this line of thought as his resolution toward his loneliness but this was actually the proof of Santiago using Denial as a self-defense mechanism toward the threat which is loneliness. This thought might be said as the proof because it fulfills the requirement for a denial self-defense mechanism which is the state of maximizing positive conditions that Santiago would not be lonely and denying the situation in which he actually was alone at the moment. According to

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Denial, Santiago was using the Imposition of a Fantasy Denial for him to believe in the power of money. Santiago’s carelessness kept him away from the reality. For this second anxiety, Santiago countered it with Denial with Fantasy.

The third key moment in this part of this story was right after Santiago met his new companion. It is because he got robbed by his new companion and felt a great depression. Being happy after finally having a companion, Santiago was deceived by his own naïve thinking. He thought that it was an omen for a way toward his treasure. Thus, Santiago believed in what the boy said to give him his money and follow him to the market in order to buy two camels. Next, Santiago lost sight of his new companion along with all his money. The situation had put

Santiago into depression and full of regrets. Before that, there is proof on the way

Santiago denies his situation. Stated on page 22 of The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho,

Santiago wanted to believe that he only got separated from his new companion and he decided to stay right at the market and await his new companion’s return. In other words, Santiago tried to deny that his new companion had robbed him. In this case, this was Santiago’s denial toward his real situation. Santiago uses Perceptual

Denial, up to the point he decided to await his new companion’s return until the next morning. In that condition, Santiago’s decision was only to fulfill his desire to deny the reality as his superego shown to keep him right on his path toward his treasure. His id was shown being oppressed by his ego as he felt regret for having believed in his new companion. Santiago’s regret was also in believing his dream.

The moment made Santiago to not want to continue his pursuit, instead, he wanted to go back home and become a shepherd again. Regrets had swollen the self of

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Santiago till he decided not to pursue his treasure anymore. The denial self-defense mechanism in this condition was used to deny that pursuing his treasure was his destiny. He forgot about all Melchizedek had said to him. Then, Santiago searched a way for him to go back to Andalusian terrain. He found a crystal shop not so far from the market. At the shop, he met an old crystal merchant who takes care of the shop by himself. Santiago begged for a job with all the courage within him. He wanted a job to save up some money as he needed it to buy a flock and a ticket to get back home. Then, he managed to get the position at the store and start working in the next day with new goals in mind. For this anxiety, Santiago was shown using

Perceptual Denial to defend himself from his regrets for believing in his thieving companion and trying to realize his recurring dreams.

2. Projection

Early in this story, Santiago was known as a careless character, who started to change his point of view toward his problems. His way of giving resolution toward his problems also changed, as seen in the self-defense mechanisms that he used. In the latter part of the story, there are Santiago’s personality changes after he experienced some key moments, or turning point moments in his journey. Some of his turning points were through some problems he faced and some others through when he encountered accidents with something or someone. There are three key moments discovered that triggered Santiago’s turning points in this part of the story.

The first moment happened when Santiago was working at the crystal shop. While he was working there, Santiago was having a deep conversation with the old crystal merchant that brought him toward his first turning point. The order of Santiago’s

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first turning point are: Santiago was having deep conversations about both their lives, also talking about both their dreams, about omens, and “maktub”.

It really started with Santiago wanting to build a display case for the crystals.

At first, the old crystal merchant was against it, as some customers might break the crystals, but then, Santiago told him about when he was a shepherd with his flock and the snakes in the terrain. It was all about the life cycle, about risk and losing something in life. Having heard Santiago’s reaction, the old crystal merchant started asking for his actual reason because the old crystal merchant was satisfied enough with their new income. Then, Santiago told the old crystal merchant that he was going back to be a shepherd as soon as he can by saying he was “responding to omens”. With having said that, Santiago started his self-defense, using a Projection self-defense mechanism as he generalized at first that the old crystal merchant had met Melchizedek just like him. As the proof it was also stated that Santiago regretted for having said about omens (Coelho, 1992: 28). The regret stated above was the proof that Projection self-defense mechanism was unconsciously emerging in that moment by Santiago toward the old crystal merchant. As explained by

Cramer (2006: 88), one generalization process of an individual’s thought is categorized as Projection. Santiago had failed in recognizing their differences of experience. After that, the old crystal merchant asked for Santiago’s dream, and an explanation of exactly his purpose. Santiago used Projection to give his reaction toward the question. He said that his reason was only because he had always heard about the Pyramids instead of pursuing his treasure. There is an additional reason for him to project the reality, “The treasure was now nothing but a painful memory,

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and he tried to avoid thinking about it” (Coelho, 1992: 28). Santiago saying this can be considered as a hyper-alertness toward any anxiety that could come at any time.

Santiago’s personality at this time was still careless, and his psyche condition was as follows: his id desired to go pursue his treasure but his ego had gone under great depression when he lost his money, and his superego allowed his ego win the conflict in order to avoid any more pain. Then, the old crystal merchant replied to him with talking about his own dream, going to Mecca. Instead while Santiago wanted to realize his dream, the old crystal merchant just wanted to dream about it, he said, and the conversation ended here.

After some time, the conversation continued, Santiago was ready for leaving and he asked for the old crystal merchant’s blessing. Before Santiago asked for the man’s blessing, he said, “I’m leaving today” and “I have the money I need to buy my sheep. And you have the money you need to go to Mecca”. This quotation shows that Santiago was still projecting that the old crystal merchant will go to Mecca in his carelessness. Despite the fact that the old crystal merchant had told him that he did not want to go to Mecca, he told him again like this: “I am proud of you, you brought a new feeling into my crystal shop. But you know that I’m not going to go to Mecca. Just as you know that you’re not going to buy your sheep”. As curious for what reason the old crystal merchant told him that, Santiago asked him. The old crystal merchant just replied it with one word, “maktub” with the meaning of “All is written by God”. Packing up his stuff, Santiago was thrown into deep inner conflict. Santiago said to himself that he is going back to the fields to take care of his flock again but he was no longer happy with that decision, projecting again his

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own hyper-alertness. This hyper-alertness also emerges as the follow up of the

Projection in use (Cramer, 2006: 73). In this condition, his psyche condition was as follows: his id still wants to go to the Pyramids but still his ego forbids it. His superego, after hearing the word “maktub”, is in the opposite position. It might tell

Santiago to seek new experiences rather than being the same old Santiago. This condition might show that Santiago was using the Projection self-defense mechanism as his ego tried to prevent any more pain as perceived by the psyche.

The proof that strengthened his superego condition was in the below quotation and followed by the statement, “He suddenly felt tremendously happy.”

“I know why I want to get back to my flock, he thought. I understand sheep; they're no longer a problem, and they can be good friends. On the other hand, I don't know if the desert can be a friend, and it's in the desert that I have to search for my treasure. If I don't find it, I can always go home. I finally have enough money, and all the time I need. Why not?” (Coelho, 1992: 35)

The second moment happened when Santiago continued his journey in a caravan that was going to the Oasis, Al-Fayoum. On the caravan, Santiago met the

Englishman. Then, after he arrived at the Al-Fayoum, he met Fatima. When

Santiago met the Englishman, he realized that the Englishman is a man who had a philosopher’s stone same as him. Before that, he found this Englishman as an annoying man who had closed off their first conversation on the very first encounter. After his conversation was closed off by the Englishman, Santiago started to open his book but after a short time he closed his book again. It was because he did not want to look like the Englishman who spent most of his time with his books. This reason was the proof of Santiago revealing his self-defense mechanisms again. In this situation, he used the second form of Projection. It was

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explained by Cramer, in the previous section, in her Protecting the Self: Self-defense

Mechanisms in Action that the second form of Projection, involves projecting one’s characteristics onto someone else (88). In this occasion, Santiago who loved to read a book which is the same as the Englishman did not want to look like were having the same activities. Thus, Santiago closed his book just to appear different from the

Englishman. Meanwhile, both Santiago, and the Englishman as well as the caravan moved toward the east to the Oasis, Al-Fayoum. As he learned from the first moment that he would learn from the desert, Santiago decided to observe the desert along with the caravan crowd who tried to go across it. Santiago decided to observe these things which shown as the result of his personality starting to change to be more intuitive, brave, and calm. He, as his personality became intuitive and calm, learnt more about the word “maktub” that all things were written by the same hand as in the quotation below.

"We are afraid of losing what we have, whether it's our life or our possessions and property. But this fear evaporates when we understand that our life stories and the history of the world were written by the same hand" (Coelho, 1992: 41).

Right after this conversation, a hooded man approached them and told the rumor of tribal wars. In order to keep the caravan safe, Santiago and the Englishman decided to exchange their way of learning so that both of them knew better about the language of the desert. This intuitive personality of Santiago helped him realize that his ability was more honed when he observed the desert and learning through books is not compatible with him at all. Santiago reached the Oasis with the caravan in order to avoid the tribal war which was happening in the desert. In the quest of

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helping the Englishman, Santiago went to the nearest well from his tent to ask people about the Alchemist.

In his attempt, Santiago met Fatima and fell in love in the first sight. This meeting marked Santiago’s confusion in his calm personality. It was because

Santiago has to postpone his journey due to the tribal wars and when he decided to ask Fatima to marry him, she refused. His psyche condition at the moment was as follows: his id changed his desire from treasure to Fatima, his ego tried to lead

Santiago to continue his first pursuit but he ignored it. Santiago’s superego in this moment was leading him into the chance to decide something important. On this situation, Santiago’s self-defense mechanism was Generalization Projection along with Projection with awareness. He projected his responsibility, his urges for the treasure into any other people in the world who believed in dreams for the purpose of keeping Santiago’s self-esteem, his happiness state. As he chose to stay at the

Oasis, he went to the desert in search for Fatima’s reason. Instead of getting the answer, Santiago got a vision about an ambush that will happen at the Oasis. In order to protect Fatima along with the lives at the Oasis, Santiago decided to tell the Chieftains of the Oasis. At the meeting with the Chieftains of the Oasis,

Santiago’s words were believed but on one condition. Santiago will be killed if his words were a lie.

The third moment happened when both Santiago and the Alchemist were captured by the Arab tribe. In the middle of the Alchemist escort, both of them were captured by an Arab tribe and would be killed soon. Thus, the Alchemist made a promise with the Arab chief to show him along with his tribe that his friend could

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turn himself into the wind with only three days’ preparation. In other words,

Santiago was forced to turn himself into the wind. Actually, it was the Alchemist plan also to teach Santiago the last lesson he should knew. In this cornered situation

Santiago was scared to death because he did not even know how to turn himself into wind, and he was not the alchemist, he said. In this cornered situation, on his first day Santiago used Projection without awareness. It was because a small part of his ego felt that it can be done only by the Alchemist but his id was not aware that he was the chosen one to complete the task. Thus, his id and his superego tried to push Santiago avoiding any depression by projecting the responsibility to the

Alchemist. On his second day, it was described that Santiago started looking out over the desert and listening to his heart. Both his heart and the desert were communicating in the same language (Coelho, 1992: 81). With this having been mentioned. Santiago’s intuitive personality was urged to force him to search for the answer on how to turn himself into the wind. His id along with his superego managed to drag his ego with them to complete his task. On the third day, Santiago tried and failed. He could not turn himself into the wind but he successfully deceived the Arab tribe and managed to communicate with the soul of the world.

In the process, he learned even more in their conversation using the language of the world.

3. Identification

Different from the other two, this self-defense mechanism emerged right in the middle of the story until up to the end. According to Cramer (2006: 95), there are two main uses for this mechanism to be applied, which are Defensive and

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Developmental use. The Identification mechanism helped Santiago in developing his personality and also his reaction toward his surroundings as he started to emerge his Developmental Identification first before the Defensive Identification. There are six key moments discovered which describe Santiago using the Identification self- defense mechanism in the story. Some of it will be based on the condition that is given in the Projection section. The description will be explained below.

The first key moment happened unconsciously as any person would have done in an identification or observation process. It was shown when Santiago remembered the existence of the old woman gypsy as he wanted to know about the meaning of his recurrent dream. At this moment, his psyche condition was as follows: his id desired to know the meaning of his recurrent dream, his ego stated that there is a way to know the meaning by asking an expert, and his superego was repeatedly stating that there is goodness in everything revealing something. Then, the Developmental Identification was used unconsciously in order to reveal the recurrent dream of Santiago. In his attempt to understand, he was told that he could have a treasure but would have to go to the Pyramid. Santiago felt urged to know the way to realize his dream, so he asked the old woman gypsy.

In the second key moment, the process of Identification was started for

Santiago when he decided to observe the desert to know the universal language.

The Identification process on this situation was the Developmental Identification for Santiago who wants to learn the language of the desert as it is stated “I’ve learned things from the sheep, and I’ve learned things from crystals. I can learn something from the desert, too. It seems old and wise.” This urge of Santiago who

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wants to learn from something new for him is the part of his id that wanted to know the outside world from a different point of view. In this matter, his ego was agreed to the id’s desire along with the superego. The journey continued with Santiago being able to throw his book away because he found it more interesting to observe the desert and listen to the wind, also to establish a relationship with his camel.

Once, a camel driver who had become his acquaintance told him about his life and

Santiago learnt through Developmental Identification process. In proof, he quoted the camel driver’s speech in the time he got threatened by the alchemist on their first meeting which is this “Everything has been written by the same hand” (61).

By observing the desert more than reading the book, his Developmental

Identification process was helping him in this situation.

The third key moment happened at the same time as his second key moment using the Projection self-defense mechanism. It was started when Santiago met

Fatima for the first time, and he felt the strange atmosphere which is love. As described previously, his psyche condition at the moment was as follows: his id changed his desire from treasure to Fatima, his ego tried to lead Santiago to continue his first pursuit but he ignored it. Santiago’s superego in this moment was leading him into the chance to decide something important. On this situation, Santiago’s self-defense mechanism was Defensive Identification. The defensive Identification process that happened was for the purpose of keeping Santiago’s self-esteem. His

Defensive Identification was leading him to go to the desert in search for Fatima’s reasons. Instead of getting the answer, Santiago got a vision about an ambush that will happen at the Oasis. In order to protect Fatima along with the lives of the Oasis,

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Santiago decided to tell the Chieftains of the Oasis. At the meeting with the

Chieftains of the Oasis, Santiago’s words were believed but on one condition.

Santiago would be killed if his words was a lie. His life was threatened and he used

Defensive Identification to put his life at ease. He tried to keep his calm personality at the front of his perception. Santiago was described having no regret in that situation. Instead, he believed in one word, “maktub”. (All is written by God.)

The fourth key moment happened as Santiago was walking out from the the

Chieftains tent area, and a strange horseman approached him. At first, Santiago did not know that it was the Alchemist and at first, Santiago was cornered by a blade kissing his neck. In that condition, Santiago’s brave personality plays its role as his id wants him to stay alive. Under the threat of the Alchemist’s blade, Santiago used both of his Identification self-defense mechanisms. He used his knowledge as well as his courage to answer the Alchemist’s question. His ego was just being nervous in that situation, and it was because the Alchemist’s blade was kissing his neck which actually was only just a test. Eventually, Santiago survived the ambush and managed to pass the Alchemist’s test with the help of his intuitive, brave, and calm personality of course. This was the final test that allowed Santiago to be escorted by the Alchemist safely through the tribal wars in the dangerous desert.

The fifth key moment happened when Santiago along with the Alchemist were captured by the Arab tribe. The result was almost the same with the Projection in third key moment. With this having been mentioned, Santiago used his

Developmental Identification in search for the answer on how to turn himself into the wind. His psyche condition was as follows: his id wanted to prove that he is the

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chosen one but his ego tried to see the reality in which the Alchemist could. As it is stated in the story that the Alchemist had found the way to turn himself into the wind (82). In this condition, Santiago’s superego tried to convince his ego.

The last moment happened when Santiago reached the Pyramid and was digging for his treasure. At this moment Santiago was following his heart to dig wherever his tears fell for the first time. While he was digging, a group of tribal war refugees approached him. Lost to superior numbers, the refugees successfully stole

Santiago’s gold and beat him to pulp. The group of refugees forced Santiago to say his reason for being there, digging. In this cornered situation, Santiago used his

Defensive Identification self-defense mechanism. This self-defense mechanism emerged as Santiago’s ego was threatened by death as it is stated “he felt that death was near.” Santiago decided to scream “I’m digging for treasure!” as he remembered what the Alchemist had taught him. Then, the group of refugees decided to leave Santiago alone. Before leaving, the leader of the group told

Santiago that he had a recurrent dream that he would find a treasure under a sycamore tree in a ruined church where shepherds and their sheep slept. As his personality was becoming intuitive and calm, Santiago knew the meaning of the riddles of his ‘divine’ treasure’s whereabouts. Back home he went to the church once more, and finally found his buried “divine treasure”.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Cramer stated self-defense mechanisms will emerge through the unconscious part of the mind when the self is being oppressed by some kind of threat. In order to secure the self through many obstacles that exist in this world, people’s self-defense mechanisms will evolve over time. It is marked by the developmental stages of self-defense mechanisms proposed by Cramer. In this thesis, Santiago, who is the person being analyzed in The Alchemist, shows self- defense mechanism development as the result of his personality changes on his journey toward realizing his dream. However, the theory applied to Santiago only mentioned three self-defense mechanism: Denial, Projection, and Identification, without further examination for other self-defense mechanisms being used. Thus, in The Alchemist, Santiago shows self-defense mechanism development only limited to the below explanation.

In conclusion toward the analysis, there are several points explained in this chapter in order to answer the two problem formulations. For the first problem formula tion, there are four personality characteristics discovered in the story along with their traits, and revealed based on the plot of the story. At the start of the story,

Santiago was described as a careless character with curious and adventurous traits within him. The traits of being curious and adventurous were discovered through the telling method—personal description and past life—of characterization.

Matched to the theory of personality, Santiago experienced some assimilation

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process—receiving many information without any further processing—when he was at this state. He got mixed him up in a troublesome situation. The researcher concluded his personality as careless when he became disappointed with the old woman gypsy, and then believed Melchizedek’s sayings about omens, and about his dreams, without considering other possibilities he would encounter. As the result, he lost his money, early in his journey when just starting his second step.

Personality changes were shown after Santiago became depressed about losing all of his money. When Santiago reached the key moment, where he learnt the word “maktub”, his personality changed into being intuitive, brave, and calm.

These personality characteristics were followed by their traits, which are: valiant, inquisitive, regretful, and conservative. His personality changes which were marked by his regretful trait were shown in one of the key moments. It was his regretful trait that is discovered through the showing method of characterization. This trait was shown in the part of Santiago’s depression about losing all of his money. The other traits discovered through the showing method involved: character as seen by another, speech, and thoughts. Santiago’s personality change was revealed when the traits were matched to the theory of personality and also to the story itself.

According to the story, when Santiago was developing the traits of being valiant, inquisitive, and conservative, he also underwent a socialization process through the rest of his journey. After he lost his money, Santiago did many communications, such as with the old crystal merchant, the Englishman, Fatima, the Alchemist, and the Soul of the World.

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Santiago’s personality changes from careless into intuitive, brave, and calm were marked as developmental stages. Thus, the second question of the problem formulations might be answered. Santiago’s personality changes were divided accordingly into the stages of self-defense mechanism—Denial, Projection, and

Identification—as proposed by Cramer. According to Cramer, the first self-defense mechanism in early use was Denial. The second was Projection, followed by

Identification process sometimes combining the three. In the Denial part of the analysis, Santiago used Denial self-defense mechanism in the first part of the story, up to when he learnt the language of the world. Despite the fact that Santiago mainly used it before he learnt the word “maktub”, he used Denial to counter the threat of inner regret. Santiago used Denial to maintain his own confidence instead of believing in the old woman gypsy and Melchizedek’s word, to keep himself positive in loneliness instead of regretting his choice, and to keep himself at peace instead of regretting what had been done when he got robbed. In the Projection part of the analysis, Santiago had learnt the word “maktub” along with the true meaning of omens and he did not regret anything anymore. Mainly, he used Projection in order to maintain the peace of his heart. Santiago used Projection to maintain his inner peace by underestimating others’ feelings, to maintain his happiness with Fatima as he didn’t realize his own destiny, and to maintain his “own” role at the moment without wanting to improve himself. In the Identification part of the analysis,

Santiago was having the urge to learn something new as he had the ability to observe his surroundings, and this dynamic development was noted as his

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inquisitive trait. Yet, sometime he used his knowledge, what he had learned, to make an excuse for his own naïveté.

Thus the researcher in the final analysis found the following insights especially noteworthy: first, how Santiago found it hard to accept reality at first, and second, later he learned to accept his own failure as a part of learning about life.

This pattern becomes the main conclusion on how the development of Santiago’s self-defense mechanisms emerged and developed throughout his journey in search of “divine treasure”.

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