PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI SANTIAGO’S PSYCHE AND SELF-DEFENSE MECHANISM DEVELOPMENT IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By NICHOLAS PRAMUDYA ARDHANA ISWARA Student Number: 134214105 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI SANTIAGO’S PSYCHE AND SELF-DEFENSE MECHANISM DEVELOPMENT IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By NICHOLAS PRAMUDYA ARDHANA ISWARA Student Number: 134214105 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018 ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI AD MAIOREM DEI GLORIAM vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, for His never ending blessing and guidance throughout the whole life. I would like to show my gratitude for my advisor, Dra. Theresia Enny Anggraini M.A., Ph.D., for the precious advices and guidance throughout this thesis making processes. Also, to all the lecturers in English Department, I would like to thank you for sharing the knowledge and experiences during my study. To the secretariat officers, thank you for helping with all the administration processes. To all friends from John de Britto batch 2013, especially for Dibi, Jati, Arief, Prabu, Joko, Bodro, Gilang, Arga, Yayan, Boris, Ganang, Ardian, Misel, Bimo, Bambeng, and Elang. I thank you for providing a comfortable place to learn and study. Without dynamic situations, emotions, and conversations throughout the experiences, I would not be like this. Also, to friends from English Letters Department in Sanata Dharma Univesity, I thank you for the colorful friendship. Especially Satya, Wisnu, Malolo, Halim, Kevin, Gerald, Hepie, Lintang, Dina, Ninda, Awi, Dea, Hadrian, Alex, Brandon, Denis, Binsar, Inno, Kaka, Dwigo, Satrio, Putra, Asmara, Noven, Gatot, Septiadi, Dryan, Toto, Ikhsan, Tiok, Mbak Rani, Mbak Dian, Mas Wowok, Mas Britto, Dab Samson, Dab Titus, Dab Kenan, Dab Haryo, Dab Samsul, Mas Ginting, Mas Muji, and Mbak Widi for the awesome discussions. Last but not least, to my dearest friend, Yosephine Ade Gustina, to whom I specially dedicate this thesis. Thank you for being there. Nicholas Pramudya Ardhana Iswara ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS .............................................................. vi MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 5 D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................................... 9 1. Theory of Characters and Characterization .............................................. 9 2. Theory of Psychoanalysis ....................................................................... 11 3. Theory of Personality ............................................................................. 13 4. Theory of Self-defense Mechanism ....................................................... 15 a. Denial .................................................................................................. 16 b. Projection ............................................................................................ 17 c. Identification ....................................................................................... 17 C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 18 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 20 A. Object of the Study..................................................................................... 20 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 21 C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 24 A. Characteristics and Personality of the Major Character: Santiago............. 25 1. Character Traits by Telling ..................................................................... 25 a. Personal Description: Adventurous .................................................... 26 b. Past Life: Curious ............................................................................... 27 2. Character Traits by Showing .................................................................. 28 a. Character as seen by another: Valiant................................................. 28 x PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI b. Speech: Inquisitive .............................................................................. 30 c. Reactions: Regretful ........................................................................... 34 d. Thoughts: Conservative ...................................................................... 36 3. Personality Changes in Santiago ............................................................ 43 B. Self-defense Mechanism Development of Santiago .................................. 44 1. Denial ..................................................................................................... 45 2. Projection ................................................................................................ 49 3. Identification .......................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 64 xi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT ISWARA, NICHOLAS PRAMUDYA ARDHANA. Santiago’s Psyche and Self- defense Mechanism Development in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2018 A person’s life is full of developmental processes. Rooted in the human mind, these processes play significant roles to change the personality of an individual. A person’s personality is often judged by others when it comes to their characteristics. Other people will judge someone’s personality as is seen in their actions. The action shows the person’s way of thinking. It shows how people’s minds are working. Thus, analyzing characteristic traits of others might reveal the meaning of analyzing the minds of others. The order of how those three parts above is related to one other is as follows: the actions represent people’s characteristic traits, and they show a person’s personality defined by their mind’s construction. People’s reaction toward some aspects that affect their life are seen through their mind’s construction. In other words, their mind’s construction reveals what kind of self-defense mechanism that is used when it is needed. Thus, when people develop through their growth stages, they will use different self-defense mechanism to repel any anxiety encountered. This process shows that one’s self-defense mechanism undergo some kind of dynamic development and this will be the context of this thesis. To illustrate this developmental process, this thesis will be focused on a character of a novel. There are two problem formulations in this