THE ANTS of CHILE (HYMEXOPTERA: Formlcidaej'

Rev. Chilena Ent 1975,9:63-129

THE ANTS OF CHILE (HYMEXOPTERA: FORMlCIDAEj'

Roy R. Snelling** James H. Hunt***

ABSTRACT

This paper treats the 62 species of Formicidae now known or believed to occur in Chile. Keys are provided to sepárate the six subfamiUes and ali the genera. The species in those genera with three or more species are also separated by keys. Mosi species are represemed by line drawings. Detailed distribution data are cited in the text and maps are also provided. The following new species-group synonymy is proposed; Ponera opaaceps chilensis Forcl Hypoponera opacwr (Forel); Pogonomyrmex bispinosus ir.lermedius Menozzi = P. b. semtslrtala Emery = P. b. spinolae Emery = P. vermiculatus Emery; Solenopns germaim schedmgi Forel = 5. [' germamt Emery; S. latastei hof/manni Forel = S. laíastei Emery; Melophorus bruchi Forel = Lasxo- = phartes ptcinus (Roger), Prenolepis bolwari Santschi = Ai. pdosuluí Emery = M. uxonus Emery L. vaidwtenns (Forel); Myrmelachisla recUnota Forel = M. hoffmanni Forel; M. mayri montícola giardii Camponotus Mayr = .Vi, mayri Forel, Brachymyrmex giardn nüida Santschi = B. Emery, dislinguendus lenuipubens Santschi = C. dtst. denudatus Emery = C. distmguendus (Spinola); C. chúensis ruficornis Emery = C spinolae Roger. The following new genus-group synonymy is proposed: Psammomyrma = Spinimyrma Dorymyrmex; Ammomyrma = AraucomyTmex; Neaphomus = Hmcksidris = Myrmelachisía.

SUMARIO Material collected in Chile by Hunt prompt- ed this study when ít became apparent that much satísfactorily identified. The En este trabajo el autor trata las 62 especies of it could not be descriptions was only de Formicidae hasta hoy día conocidas de inadequacy of earlier of these difficulties, for it Chile. La clave las separa en seis subfamilias y partially the cause that some species were undes- se da para los géneros y especies. La gran ma- was apparent forms had been mcorrectly yoría de ellas están representadas en dibujos. cribed and that other "subspecies" or "varieties". It Se da a la vez datos de distribución en mapas in- treated as is the purpose of this paper to review the taxonomy cluidos, y se sinonimizan varias especies. of the Chilean ant fauna by means of modern INTRODUCTION keys based on morphological characteristics. COLLECTIONS The ant fauna of Chile has never received a REFERENCE unified taxonomic treatment. The bulk of the the material used in this study earlier work, by such authors as Emery, Forel, The bulk of Hunt and Mayr, Menozzi and Spinola, has consisted consists of the colleclions made by Natural History Museum largely of isolated descriptions of new taxa. now deposited in the (lacm). Substantial Seldom were pertinent illustrations provided of Los Angeles County from the California and keys were even rarer. Kempf (1970) briefly collections were received (cas) through the kind- reviewed the history of myrmecology in Chile Academy of Sciences and the Umversity of and provided a catalog of the known ant fauna ness of P. H. Arnaud, Jr. Berkeley (ucb) through E. I. of Chile. In this catalog 52 species were listed, California, very important collection of several with a number of "subspecies" or Schlínger. The material, now at the Museu d'His- varieties, with a total of 65 nomínate forms Forel type Geneva (mhng), was generously included. One overlooked species was added toire Naturelle, Besuchet. Smaller collections by Kempf (1972). loaned by C. belonging to the following institutions were studied: Universidad de Concepción (ucon), •.\ Cünlnbutinn from Ihc Siruciure (if tcosysiems .Subprograi . Inier- F( .ndaiion Comparative nanunal Bioliigital Hru^rdm, supponcd b\ L .S Nalional Scientc through T. Cekalovic; Museum of (ranl » CJB3I Ii^t. Roben K C:iilwtü. Principal Invesúgalor Zoology (mcz), through H. E. Evans; Ame- ••tntomolog> Sctlion. Nalural History Muscum of Los .-Vngcles t:ounl\ "MX) Exposition BIvd Los .Angeles. C;alirornia 90(X)7. csa rican Museum of Natural History (amnh), Missoun-.'it Louis .Su ••'Dcpanamenl of Biology, Lnivcrsity of Favreau; Museo Nacional de His- Louis. .Missouri 63121. CSA through M. 64 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975 toria Natural, Santiago (msto); Facultad de ed in Pseudomyrmecinae and Myrmicinae

Agronomía, Universidad de Chile (uch); United When one segment is present, it is the petiole States National Museum (usnm). When two segments are present, they are th petiole (pt) and post-petiole (ppt). The dorsa

METHODS AND TERMINOLOGY surface of the segment(s) is modified as ai upward directed or diagonally directed scaL HEADÍfig. 1-2). or as a more or less rounded nade when viewed ii Eye length (el). The greatest length of the profile. eye, with the head in fuU frontal view. The petiole is, morphologically, the secono Head length (hl). With head in full frontal abdominal setment (the morphological firs^ view, the máximum length along the midline, abdominal segment is fused to the thorax as th< from the anterior clypeal margin to the occipital propodeum); the p)ostpetiole is the third abdomi' margin. nal segment. Head width (hw). With head in full frontal view, the máximum width along a line perpen- Gaster dicular to that of the head length, exclusive of The remaining abdominal segments comprise the eyes. the gaster; the dorsal segments Mínimum ocular diameter (mod). The míni- are the terga and the ventral segments are the sterna. The mum diameter of the compound eye. last visible sternum of the male is the subgemta, Oculo-mandibular distance (omd). With píate. The terminology of the male genitalia is head in full frontal view, the máximum distance shown in fig. 88. between the lower eye margin and the base of the mandible. Figures Mandibular teeth. The lower or outermost tooth is usually the longest and sharpest; it is All species which we have seen are represented termed the apical tooth. The upper or innermost by one or more figures which we hope will assisl tooth is termed the basal tooth. All teeth or in their recognition. Figures 7, 9, 11, 15, 17- denticles lying between these are the middle 21, 44-58 are the work of Ruth Ann DeNicola teeth. The remainder of the ant figures are by Snelling.! Scape length (sl). The máximum length of Most of the illustrations are simple line draw the scape, exclusive of the basal condyle. ings; sculpture has been shown only when iti

is necessary for recognition of the species.

Thorax (fig. 3-5) Often, too, standing hairs are not shown, except

when the pattern of distribution is important im The thorax of the worker ant is divided into aiding identification (e.g., Araucomyrmex, several more or less well defined regions. Visible Lasiophanes, Camponotus). in dorsal view are the pronotum (prn), mesonotum or mesoscutum (mes), metanolum (met) DISTRIBUTION DATA and propodeum (ppm). In lateral view, the profiles of these are visible, as well as the meso- In the discussion following each taxon all known pleura (msp) and metapleura (mtp). records for the species in Chile are cited. Those The thorax of female and male is divided into records taken from the literature and assumed additional sclerites. In dorsal view, the following to be correctly applied to the species concerned are usually visible: pronotum (prn), mesoscutum are enclosed in brackets, and the authority is (mes), scutellum (sct), postscutellum or meta- cited. The records are Usted by Province, from nolum (met) zná propodeum (ppm). north to south. Maps that illustrate these records Pronolal width (pvv). The máximum width have been prepared. A few common species are of the pronotum in dorsal view. cited only by Province in the text, but specific Webers length (wl). The length of the tho- localities are indicated on the maps for these racic profile, measured diagonally, from the species. Most of the work in preparing the maps dorso-anterior portion of the mesonotum to was done by Ann Kennedy. the insertion of the petiole. INTRODUCED SPECIES Petiole (fig. 4) Each species that is known or reasonably assum One-segmented in Cerapachyinae, Ponerinae, ed to be introduced into Chile within histori Dolichoderinae and Formicinae; two-segment- times is marked by an asterisk*. Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: FormiadaeJ 65

Píate 1. Figs. 1-5. Solenopsis gayi. 1, frontal view of head, female; 2, lateral view of sanie; 3, dorsal view of thorax, female; 4, lateral view of thorax and petiole, female; 5, lateral view of thorax, worker. See text for explanation of abbrevations.

KEY TO CHILEAN SUBFAMILIES OF — Body often stout; eye, when large, not elongate; FORMICIDAE, BASED ON WORKERS frontal carinae well separated, partially or wholly covering antennal insertions; scape elongate

Petiole consisting of two segments 2 Xlyrmicinae — Petiole consisting of a single segment 3 3. Gaster distinrtly constricted between first and Body elongate, slender; eye large, elongate; frontal secón d segments 4 carinae cióse together, not covering antennal sockets; — Claster not constricted between first and second antenna, especially scape, short Pseudomyrmecinae segments 5 .

66 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

4. Scape short, stoui; antennal fossa panially enclosed Among the Chilean ponerines this ant is by a carina; pygidium iateraliy marginate and with a easily recognized by the blackish or row of stout spines Cerapachymae dark piceous color, — Scape elongate, slender; antennal fossa not par- the coarsely punctate head and tially enclosed; pygidium neiiher Iateraliy marginate thorax, and by the medially carínate clypeus. ñor with a row of spines Ponertnae Localities (Map 1). chile. O'Htggms: Sam 5. üpening at apex of gaster (acidopore) terminal, circu- Vicente (amnh). Nuble: 40 km E San Carlos lar, usually surrounded by a fringe of hairs; petiole (cas, mcz); 50 usually erect and scale-like Formicmae km E San Carlos (cas). Malle- — Opening at apex of gaster (cloaca) usually ventral, co: 40 km E Parque Nac. Nahuelbuta, 1200 m. slitlike, without fringe of hairs; petiole often strongly elev. (ucb); Parque Nac. Nahuelbuta (lacm); inclined Dohchodermae sierra de Nahuelbuta, 1200 m. elev. (cas); Los Muermos (cas); Angol (ucon). Cautín: 10' mi NE Pucón (cas). Valdivia: [Valdivia; type! SUBFAMILY PONERINAE of carinifrons Mayr, 1887); Corral (amnh, mcz). Amblyopone chilensis Mayr i (Fig. 6-7) Hypoponera opacior (Forel) (Fig. 12-13) Amblyopone chilensis Mayr, 1887:547-548.

9 . Brown, 1960:183, 192. Kempf, 1970:19. Ponera trígona var. opacior Forel, 1893: Stigmatomma chítense, Dalla Torre, 1893: 363-364. 9 9; Wheeler 1923b:317; Menozzi, 14. 1935:320, 332; Smith, 1936:421, 423-424; Type locality. Valdivia, chile. Creighton, 1950:48,49.

This species is easily separated from its only Ponera opaciceps chilensis Forél, 1914:264- known Chilean congener, monrosi, by the duU, 265. 9 . NEW SYNONYMY. coarsely and closely punaate head. Ponera opacior, Kempf, 1962:10. Localities (Map. 1). chile. Valdivia: [Val- Hypoponera opacior, Taylor, 1968:65. divia; type of chilensis Mayr, 1887). Osorno: Hypoponera opaciceps chilensis, Kempf, 10 km Puyehue (cas); E 18 km W Purranque 1970:19. (cas, mcz); n. shore, Lago Llanquihue (cas, Hyponera trígona var. opacior, Kempf, 1970: MCZ). 20.

Type locality. opacior: St. Vincent, West Amblyopone monrosi Brown Indies. chilensis: Valparaíso, chile. (Fig. 8-9) The three cotype workers of opaciceps var. chilensis have been examined. The node of the Amblyopone monrosi Brown, 1960:188-190, petiole has the shape 192.9. Kempf, 1970:19. characteristic of opacior, with which these specimens agree in characters Type locality. Pucón, chile. of pilosity and sculpture. We must conclude that In this ant the head is distinctly, though chilensis is a júnior synonym o( opacior. sparsely, punctate, with the interspaces smooth and shiny. The clypeal and mandibular arma- Although described as a var. of trígona, ment also differ from those oi chilensis. opacior was elevated to species rank by Kempf Locality (Map 1). chile. Cautín: 10 mi (1962). Taylor (1968) transferred this species NE Pucón, 12 Jan. 1951 (Ross C Michelbacher; to Hypoponera and concurred with KempFs holotype, paratype; cas, mcz). treatment. The ñame is listed by Kempf (1970, 1972) as a variety of trígona, for unstated reasons. Heteroponera carinifrons Mayr We have elected to follow the original conclusión (Fig. 10-11) by Kempf (1962) in treating this as an independent species. Heteroponera carinifrons Mayr, 1887:533- Localities (Map 1). chile. Valparaíso: Val-

534. 9 ; Brown, 1958:195, 257. 197, 9 ; Kempf, paraíso (cotypes of chilensis; mhng). Santiago: 1962:45-46. 9 ; Kempf, 1970:19. [Los Leones; Menozzi, 1935). Talca: [Coipué; Acanthoponera carinifrons, Emery, 1895a: Emery, 1905)]. Nuble: 40 km E San Carlos

347; Emery, 1905:112-113. 9 . (cas); 50 km E San Carlos (cas). Concepción: Acanthoponera (Anacanthoponera) carini- (Concepción; Wheeler, 1923b). Malleco: frons, Wheeler, 1923a: 186, 191. Angol (cas). Cautín: [Temuco, 24 Nov. 1967; Type locality. Valdivia, chile. W.W. Kempf 19701 (O 0) <" c a> ir» o w c ._ O- o (O o *- o (O Q. O c o C c >»« >> c o ^^^-"^^^^S^^ fi %: < < X (§)

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Píate 2. Figs. 6-13. Ponerinae workers. Front of head and lateral view of head, thorax and g?ster of: 6, 7, Amblyopone chilensis; 8, 9, A. monrosi; 10, \\ , Heteroponera cannijrons; 12, 13, Hypoponera opacior.

SUBFAMILY PSEUDOMYRMECINAE Pseudomyrmex lynceus, Kempf, 1961:390- 391, fig. 26, 30, 33; Kempf, 1970:20. Pseudomyrmex lynceus (Spinola) Typelocality: Coquimbo, chile. (Fig. 14-18) This is a widespread, arboreal species. The Myrmica lyncea Spinola in: Gay, 1851:241- peculiar, elongate body form will inmediately

142. 9 9 . sepárate Pseudomyrmex from other Chilean Pseudomyrma lyncea, Mayr, 1870:972. ant genera; the uniformly blackish color of ^

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70 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

lynceus will distinguish between this and the by Wheeler (1919) and subsequently repeatec following species. by Kempf (1972) does not refer to striatus. Localities (Map 2). chile. Atacama: ba- Wheeler (1924) recognized that the insular

hía Copiapó, 45 m. elev. (ucb); 20 km N Co- form was distinct and described it as williamsi. piapó (uch). Coquimbo: Parque Nac. Fray This is the first record of the subfamily Cera- Jorge, 100-200 m. elev. (ucb); 10 km E Parque pachyinae in Chile.

Nac. Fray Jorge (ucb); 50 km S La Serena Locality (Map 2). chile. Tarapacá: Arica, (cas); 15 km S Los Viles (cas); 35 mi S Ovalle 40 m. elev., 24 Sept. 1966 (M. E. Irwin; ucb). (cas); 30 km S Combarbalá (cas); [Coquim- bo; type series of lyncea Spinola, 1851). Acon- SUBFAMILY MYRMICINAE cagua: [Santa Rosa; type series of lyncea Spino- la, 1851); 90 km S lUapei (cas); Los Molles The subfamily Myrmicinae is the largest in Chi- (ex flower stalks of Puya sp; lacm). Valpa- le, with 21 recognized species. Four of these raíso: cuesta Pucalan, 800 m. elev. (ucb); species are introduced Valparaíso, (mcz); Marga-Marga Valley and not definitely knowni to be established. The native component, 17 (mcz); Quillota (uch); Llay-Llay (cas); Al- species, includes the only endemic Chilean genus, garrobo (msto). Santiago: Quebrada de la Nothidris, as well as the anomalous Patagonian Plata Rinconada, 510 m. elev. (ucb); El Canelo genus Antichthonidris. (ucb, mcz); Santiago (mcz); cuesta La Dormi- The two genera Pogonomyrmex and Sole- da (lacm); San José de Maipo, 1000 m. elev. nopsis account for over half the (mcz, msto); El Manzano (msto); Río Colo- myrmicine fauna. Pogonomyrmex is a moderate-sized genus rado, km 8 (msto). Colchagua: San Vicente of températe regions of North and South America, de Tagua-Tagua (msto). Curicó: cajón de well-represented in Argentina. Solenopsis is Río Claro, 1000 m. elev. (ucb). Talca: que- a iarge, complex cosmopolitan genus. There brada Amarillo (uch). Nuble: 50 km E San are many species in tropical and températe Carlos (cas). Biobío: Biobío (mcz). South America.

Pseudomyrmex sp. KEV TO CHILEAN GENERA OF MYRMICINAE BASED ON WORKERS A single worker specimen from Quebrada de la Plata Rinconada, Maipú, 510 m. elev., 26 1 Antenna twelve-segmented, rarely with a distinct Jan. 1966 (M. E. Irwin; ucb) cannot be identified. two-segmenled club; head and/or thorax often con- It is apparently a member of the gracilis group, spicuously densely punctate and/or rugulose 2 — Antenna ten-segmented, last two forming a distince wide-spread in tropical America. Mandibles, two-segmented club; head and thoracic dorsum smooth clypeus, frontal lobes, scape, pronotum and and shiny between widely spaced punrtures (median mesonotum are ferruginous, the remainder of lobe of clypeus with lateral carinae which termínate the body and the appendages black. beyond apical margín as a pair of denticles Solenopsisi

2. Middle and hind tibial spurs, when present, simple, I SUBFAMILY CERAPACHYINAE never pectinate 3 — Middle and hind tibial spurs finely pectinate (fig. 27) (dorsal thoracic sutures absent or obsolescent, Cylindromyrmex striatus Mayr no impression between mesonotum and propodeum; (Fig. 19-22) propodeum with a pair of spines or denticles) Pogonomyrmex Cylindromyrmex striatus Mayr, 1870:967. 3. Lateral lobe of clypeus fíat along basal margin, not forming a sharp ridge between clypeus and antennal 9; Mayr. 1887:546; Emery, 1901:53; Emery socket; body usually smooth 4 1911:15; Wheeler, 1937:444; Kempf, 1972:91. — Lateral lobe of clypeus along basal margin elevat- Holcoponera whymperi Cameron, in Whym- ed into a sharp cariniform ridge which separates clypeus from antennal socket; head and thorax rugu- per, 1891:92. 9 . lose and punctulate Tetramorium Cylindromyrmex whymperi, Forel, 1892: 4. Basal face of propodeum at least angulate at juncture 255. with posterior face, usually with spines or short den- Type locality. striatus: dutch guian a. whym- ticles; median lobe of clypeur bicarinate or simple; peri: ecuador. head and/or thorax often at least partially rugulose This species was originally described from 5 — Basal face of propodeum fully rounded into pos- Dutch Guiana and subsequently recorded from terior face; median lobe of clypeus with a pair of lateral French and British Guiana, Ecuador and Perú. carinae; body smooth and shiny or densely punctulate, The record from the Galápagos Islands cited but not rugulose monomorium 14-18, Pseudomyrmex lynceus: 14, Píate 3. Figs. 14-22. Pseudomyrmecinae and Cerapachyinae. view; lateral view of head of male, frontal view; 15, lateral view of male; 16, head of female, frontal 17, lateral view of female; 20, female; 18, lateral view of worker. 19-22, Cylmdromyrmex striatus: 19, view. lateral view of male; 21, lateral view of worker; 22, head of worker, frontal ,

72 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

5. Monomorphifc; antennal scape usually not extend- — Frontal striae very fine; head and thorax reddish, ing beyond occipital margin, and never by more than gaster brownish apically odoratus Kusnezov one-sixth its length; mesonotal profile uniform 6 — Dimorphif, major with head disproportionately large and with occiput cleft in middle (figs. 33, 36); Pogonomyrmex angustus Mayr scape of minor, but not of major, exceeding occipital (Fig. 23) margin by about one-third its length (fig. 36); mesonotum, in profile, with two distinct faces sharply II angular to ene another (fig. 34) Pheidole Pogonomyrmex angustus Mayr, 1870:970. 6. Mid and hind tibiae without apical spur; median lobe ?; Mayr, 1887:609, 612-613. ?9í; Berg. of clypeus large, extending beyond apical margin of 1890:10, Emery, 1905:158; Forel, 1907:4. clypeus (figs. 29, 31) Antichthomdns Ephebomyrmex angustus, Kusnezov, 1959: — Mid and hind tibia each with a distinn apical spur; 353-354 (biology); median lobe of clypeus not extending beyond clypeal Kempf, 1970:21; Kempf, margin (figs. 38, 40, 42) Nothidris 1972:106. Type locality. Valdivia, chile. Pogonomyrmex This is the only one of the small Pogonomyr- mex that is at all common. It is easily recognized by its all black color, coarsely striate and punc- This genus includes several common and widely tulate head, and rugulose, closely punctulate distributed species which may be locally thorax.

abundant. One species, vermiculatus , is es- Localities (Map 3). chile. Aconcagua: 90 pecially common. It is morphologically variable, km S Illapel (cas). Valparaíso: Los Perales, and several of the more distinct forms have been río Marga-Marga, 330 m. elev. (ucb). Santia- named as varieties. The Chilean Pogonomyrmex go: cuesta La Dormida, 1000 m. elev. (ucb, all belong to the subgenus Ephebomyrmex as lacm); cerro El Roble, ca 2000 m elev. (lacm); defined by Colé (1968). Two very distinct El Manzano (msto). Colchagua: 3 km N Calle- groups are represented. The two species which jones (ucb). Cuneó: cajón de Río Claro, SE comprise the bispinosus group are large ants, Los Queñes, 1000 m elev. (ucb). Nuble: 50 the body abundantly marked with ferruginous, km E San Carlos (cas). Arauco: 20 km W Ca- the head relatively large, and seeds form a promi- ramávida, 750 m elev. (ucb). Málleco: Parque nent part of the diet. The smaller, brownish to Nac. Nahuelbuta (lacm). Cautín: 12.3 km blackish species, with relatively small heads, N Loncoche, 280 m elev. (ucb); 20 km E Te- belong to the angustus group. Members of this muco (cas); [cerro Ñielol, 23 Nov. 1967 (W. group are general feeders which do not gather W. KempO; Kempf, 1970]; 10 mi NE Pucón, significant quantities of seeds. (cas). Valdivia: [Valdivia; type series, Mayr, 1870]; same locality (amnh); [puerto Co- KEY TO CHILEAN POGONOMYRMEX rral; Forel, 1907]. Osorno: Pucatrihue (ucb). Llanquihue: Petrohué, lago Todos los Santos 1. Ventral surface of head with an arcuate row of long (lacm). Chiloé: Dalcahue (msto). ammochetae which extend mesially over guiar área; guiar área smooth and shiny, sharply differentiated from lateral sculptured áreas, larger species (bispinosus group) 2 Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) — Ventral surface of head with scattered, irregularly (Fig. spaced hairs over entire área; guiar área not sharply 24, 27, 28) differentiated from rest of ventral surface; smaller species (angustus group) 3 Atta bispinosa Spinola in Gay, 1851:244-246. 2. Scape, at base, strongly thickened, about as thick as 9 . (not ? í ). apical widthf postpetiole without transverse striae Pogonomyrmex bispinosus, Mayr, 1870: on dorsal surface; first gastric tergum never longitudinally striate bispinosus (Spinola) 971-972; Gallardo, 1932:133; Goetsch; 1933: — Scape narrowed at base, its greatest thickness at 311-312 (biology); Menozzi, 1935:332; Ceka- bend no more than half apical width; dorsum of post- lovic, 1964: s.p.; Kempf, 1970-20; Kempf, 1972: petiole conspicuously transversely striate; firts gastric 207. tergum often longitudinally striate locality. vermiculatus Emery Type Santa Rosa de Los Andes, 3. Occiput and thoracic dorsum smooth and shiny 4 CHILE. Entire — head, including occiput, longitudinally striate This large species is easily recognized by interspaces dull, closely punctulate; thorax coarsely the basally thickened scape and lack of trans- rugulose, with dull, punctulate interspaces verse striae on the node of the postpetiole. angustus (Mayr) 4. Frontal striae moderately toarse; head, thorax and Workers also differ from those of northern gaster black laevigatus Santschi populations of vermiculatus by the lack of I Snclling y Hunt: The ants (ildhilc f Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

workers: 23, P anguslus. frontal view of head; Píate 4 Fies. 23-28. Myrmicinae, Pogonomyrmex P. vermiculalus, same, 27, P btspinuíus. hind tibial 24, P bispinosus, same; 25, P. odoralus, same, 26, spur; 28, P. bispmosus, lateral view. X o o E E |§ E 3 O M C 3 O O) O) c O) "O o (O o. ®

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-^ =1 í:i a, =1 =1 =, «1 «. S, S, IC, Snelling y Hunt; The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 75 iense punctulae and striae on the first gastric than is odoratus. All recorded localities are from ergum. Llanquihue: Cayatué, Puerto Montt, Puerto The present ant accords more closely with Varas. Spinola's original description of the bispi- wsus worker than does the usual interpretation which was always vague. The difficulties begin Pogonomyrmex odoratus Kusnezov tvith the type series, for Spinola had workers (Fig. 25) [rom Santa Rosa de Los Andes, Aconcagua, and and males from Tucapel, Nuble. Témales Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) odoratus lEmery (1905), convinced that two different Kusnezov, 1949:298-299,302-307. 9 9 í. forms were represented in the type series, propos- Ephebomyrmex odoratus, Kusnezov, 1959: ed to cali the Tucapel specimens var. spinolae, 354; Kempf, 1970:22; Kempf, 1972:106. thus automatically restricting the type locality Type locality. None designated. Kusnezov the to Santa Rosa de Los Andes and making (1949:299) lists six localities in northwestern worker the type. The worker was described as Patagonia, argentina. Of these, we here select all red, with the first gastric tergum smooth the first listed, Hua Hum, as the type locality. and shiny. Subsequent investigators saw vari- The wholly ferruginous color and smooth ous samples, some bicolored, some with the head and thorax will readily sepárate this from appar- first tergum variously sculptured, but, other species oí Pogonomyrmex. ently, none which were whoUy red and with a Localities (Map 3). chile. Malleco: Parque smooth gaster. These were described as varieties Nac. Nahuelbuta (lacm). Llanquihue: Petro- of bispinosus, even though there was no clear hué, lago Todos los Santos (lacm). idea of the identity of "typical" bisptnosus. and Santiago I A few samples from Aconcagua are available which do meet the crucial criteria 'for bispinosus: they are from the right área, they Pogonomyrmex vermiculatus Emery gastric tergum ¡are uniformly red, and the first (Fig. 26) is, in our is smooth and shiny. This species forms 'opinión, the true bispinosus. The several Pogonomyrmex vermiculatus Emery, 1905: bisptnosus (i.e., intermedia, attributed to 157-158. 9; Cekalovic, 1964: s.p.; Kempf, are conspecific with semistriata and spinolae) 1970:21; Kempf, 1972:209. bispmosus. They are one another, but not with Pogonomyrmex bispinosus var. semistriata vermiculatus and much more closely related to Emery, 1905:158: 9; Forel, 1912:16; Gallar- to the synonymy of that species. are here removed do, 1932:131, fig. 19; Goetsch, 1932:6-30; Aconcagua: 10 Localities (Map 4). chile. Kempf, 1970:21; Kempf, 1972:207. new Zapallar (lacm); km E Papudo (cas); 3 km N synonymy. of bispinosus [Santa Rosa de Los Andes; types Pogonomyrmex bispinosus var. spinolae Coipo (msto); El Spinola, 1851]. Santiago: El Emery, 1905:158. 9í; Santschi; 1925:223. cuesta La Dor- Peumo; río Maipo (msto); 9; Kempf, 1970:21; Kempf, 1972:207. new mida (lacm). synonymy. Pogonomyrmex bispinosus var. intermedia Menozzi, 1935:320. 9; Kempf, 1970:21; Pogonomyrmex laevigatus Santschi Kempf, 1972:207. new synonymy. Type locality. vermiculatus: Río Santa Cruz, Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmexj laevigatus argentina; semistriata: Talca, chile; spinolae: intermedia: Volcán de Chillan, Santschi, 1921:97 9; Goetsch, 1933:331-332 Tucapel, chile; (biology). chile. vermiculatus as the ñame for Ephebomyrmex laevigatus, Kusnezov, 1959: We are using widely distributed species more 354 (distr., biology); Kempf, 1970:22; Kempf, the common, bispinosus. There are no appreci- 1972:106. usually called differences between Patagonian vermicu- Type locality: Cayutué, chile. able several Chilean infraspecific forms No specimens of this ant have been seen. It latus and the usually assigned to bispinosus. There are so is most similar to odoratus in that the head and populations of indeterminate status that thorax are largely smooth and shiny. The body, many recognition of any of these nomínate forms is however, is wholly blackish and the striae on impossíble, henee the above synonymy. the lower part of the head are said to be coarser X O « (O

E (O E¿

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The true bispinosus is another matter, how- [cerro San Cristóbal; Maipo; Peñaflor; cues- ver. The types carne from Santa Rosa de Los ta de Pudahuel; San Antonio; Goetsch, 1932]; Andes, Prov. Aconcagua. For the most part, El Manzano (msto); San José de Maipo vermicu- Spinola's description can be appHed to (msto); cajón del Maipo (msto); quebrada iatus. Spinola does, however, state that the El Peumo (msto). Cuneó: Curicó, 1300 ft. ifirst gastric tergum is smooth and shiny. All elev. (usnm). Talca: Talca (Silvestri; co- material of vermiculatus , as here understood, types of semistriatus Emery, 1905), Nuble: from Aconcagua, has the first gastric tergum Las Trancas rd., near Termas de Chillan, 1350 closely covered with very fine longitudinal m elev. (ucb); [Volcán de Chillan, 1700 striations and the surface densely, finely punc- elev.; types of intermedia Menozzi, 1935]; tulate. The resultant surface has a very charac- m of spinolae Emery, 1905]. teristic dull, satiny sheen. There exists, in Acon- [Tucapel; types cagua, another species of Pogonomyrmex which, Concepción: Penco (usnm). Magallanes: in our opinión, better matches the description Río Baguales, Estancia Cerro Guido (ucon).

of bispinosus, and it is to that species that we assign Spinola's ñame. Antichthonidris • Several Argentinian forms have been described as varieties of vermiculatus: atratus Santschi, The two species of Antichthonidris have been chubutensis Forel, joergenseni Forel and varia- tradionally associated with the monomoriines. bilis Santschi. We have not seen sufficient Described as species of Monomorium, they were of these to form definite opinions i material of any assigned to the subgenus Notomyrmex by Emery the last three, at í about them, but we suspect that (1915), accompanied by another Chilean spe- least, will prove to be synonyms oívermiculatus. cies, latastei. These three species were removed Northern populations of vermiculatus usually \ from Notomyrmex to the new genus Nothidris and most, or all, of the ! are whoUy ferruginous by Ettershank (1966), which had as its type, first gastric tergum is closely 1 dorsum of the latastei. Snelling (1975) proposed to remove and striolate. Specimens from Prov. : punctulate bidentatus and denticulatus from Nothidris, Nuble have the thorax black. The sculpture of based principally upon characteristics of the the first tergum is present over the basal one- males which required their exclusión from third, or less, of the segment. In the few specimens Nothidris; the new genus Antichthonidris was seen from Prov. Magallanes, the thorax, gaster proposed, with bidentatus as type species. and appendages are blackish; only the head is The affinities of Antichthonidris are un- ferruginous. The fine punctulae and striolae of certain, but the genus seems most closely allied the first tergum are usually confined to the basal to such pheidoline genera as Stenamma. Male one-fourth or less, but may cover half, or more, thoracic structure and wing venation are of the segment. There is so much variation within suggestive of that genus as are worker clypeal populations that we see no valué to recognizing structure and the lack of apical spurs on the these populations as subspecies. middle and hind tibiae. The worker differs Males of this species have been taken between from that of Stenamma by the large, multifa- the period 21 November to 29 January, mostly ceted eyes and the barely depressed metanotum. in Prov. Santiago.

Localities (Map 4). chile. Antofagasta: Tu- ri (msto). Coquimbo: Fray Jorge, 5 km W Antichthonidris bidentatus (Mayr) Pachingo, 550 m elev. (ucb); Parque Nac. (Fig. 29-30) Fray Jorge, 15 km SW Pachingo, 100-200 m elev. (ucb); Bosque Fray Jorge (cas); 30 km Monomorium bidentatum Mayr, 1887:616.

N lUapel, 5000 ft. elev. (cas); 28 mi N Com- 9 9 1890:9. ; Berg, barbaFá (cas); 35 mi S Ovalle (cas). Aconca- (Notomyrmex) bidentatum, Monomorium , gua: Los Molles (lacm); E entrance to tunnel, Emery, 1915:190; Kusnezov, 1949:431-434. 90 km S lUapel (cas); 10 km E Papudo (cas). Monomorium (Notomyrmex) bidentatum Valparaíso: [Valparaíso; Santschi, 1925; Ga- subsp. piceonigrum Borgmeier. 1949:468- del llardo, 1932; Goetsch, 1932]; [Viña Mar; 469,figs. 16,17. 9 . Goetsch, 19321; 8 km SE Quintay, 150 m Notomyrmex bidentatus, Kusnezov, 1959:

elev. (ucb). Santiago: [Santiago; Menozzi, 345-347, fig. 2, 3b. 1935]; El Canelo (ucb, msto); Rinconada- Nothidris bidentatus, Ettershank, 1966:106, Maipo (uch); El Peumo- Río Maipo (msto); 107; Kempf, 1970:22; Kempf, 1972:165. Rev. Chilena Enl, 9, l';73

Píate 5. Figs. 29-37. Vlyrmicinae. 29, Antichíhonidris btdenlaíus, worker, front of head; 3U, same, mandible; 31, A. denticulatus, worker, front of head; 32, same, lateral view. 33-37, Pheidole chtlensis; 33, soldier, front of head; 34, soldier, lateral- view; 35, soldier, guiar teeth; 36, worlser, front of head; 37; worker, lateral view. Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 79

Antichthomdris bidentatus, Snelling, 1975. Localities (Map 5). chile. Santiago: que- Type locality. bidentatum: Valdivia, chile; brada de la Plata Rinconada, 510 m elev. ticeonigrum: Hau Hum, argentina. (ucb). Nuble: 2.7 km Las Trancas, 1320 m The configuration of the mandible, clypeus, elev. (ucb). Concepción: Concepción (ucon). horax and petiole (figs. 31, 32) will readily Cautín: volcán Villarrica (lacm); [Temuco; aparate this species from its congener. type of picea Emery, 1905). Valdivia: [Valdi- Localities (Map 5). chile. Valdivia: [Val- via; type of denticulatum Mayr, 1887); 30

livia; types of bidentatus Mayr, 1887]. Osor- km S Valdivia (cas); Los Muermos (cas). w: n. shore, lago Llanquihue (cas); Puyehue Osorno: 10 km E Puyehué, (cas). Llanqui- cas); 18 km W Purranque (cas). Chibé: hue: PeuUa, lago Todos los Santos (lacm); ::hacao a Manao (ucon); 20 km E Temuco Petrohué, 100 m elev. (ucb). Chiloé: Chacao „CAS). a Manao (ucon). Magallanes: Mina Elena, seno Skyring, isla Riesco (ucon); [pto. Toro, isla Navarino, type of navarinensis Forel, 1904b). Antichthonidris denticulatus (Mayr)

(Fig. 31-32) Pheidole chilensis Mayr \Monomorium denticulatum Mayr, 1887:614- (Fig. 33-37) 615 9 9; Emery, 1905:120; Goetsch, 1933: 349. Pheidole chilensis Mayr, 1862:748-749. 4 fig, 27. 9 í 9 9 í 1865: 94-96, 4 9 ; Monomorium denticulatum var. navari- ; Mayr, 1887:585, 605: Kempf, 1970:22; nenmForel, 1904b:7. 9. Mayr, Kempf, 1972:189. Monomorium denticulatum var. picea Eme- Type locality. "Chile". iry, 1905:120. 9 . A single record from Chile is available. The (Notomyrmex) denticula- Monomorium species has also been taken at Lima, Perú (Kempf, 1915:190; Menozzi, 1935:320, tum, Emery, 1970). Kusnezov, 1949:432-434. 333; Locality (Map 5). chile. Prov. Tarapacá: Monomorium (Notomyrmex) denticulatum, Arica, 5 April, 1951 (E. S. Ross; cas). subsp. inerme Borgmeier, 1948:469-470, figs. 18, 199. Nothidris Ettershank Notomyrmex denticulatus, Kusnezov, 1959: 347-350, fig. 3a. This genus was proposed by Ettershank for Nothidris denticulatus, Ettershank, 1966: the reception of Monomorium latastet Mayr Nothidris 106, 107; Kempf, 1970:23; Kempf, 1972:165. and two other species. He placed genera most closely related to Me- Antichthonidris denticulatus, Snelling, 1975. among those galomyrmex. The association of the three species Type locality. denticulatum: Valdivia, chi- placed in Nothidris by Ettershank is one of long le; navarinensis: Isla Navarino, Pto. Toro, standing, dating back to Emery (1905). inerme: Hum, CH\is., picea . Temuco, chile; Hua Nevertheless, the type species of Nothidris argentina. is quite different from the other two, as shown The varieties described by Forel and Eme- in the key above. These species, bidentatus based on minor differences in color; that ry are and denticulatus, were removed from Nothi- of Borgmeier on obsolescence of the propodeal dris by Snelling (1975) to the new genus An- spines. Kusnezov (1959) correctly recognized tichthonidris. At the same time, Megalomyrmex these to be unimportant variations wfhich occur bicolor Ettershank was transferred to Not- sporadically throughout the range of the spe- hidris and a new species, cekalovici was des- cies, and they were placed in synonymy. cribed. This is a much more common species than bidentatus. The distribution and biology of both species are reported by Kusnezov (1959), KEY TO SPECIES OF NOTHIDRIS i mixed nests which i who speculated that the that bi- contain both species may be proof darker (if head 1. Head cor.colorous with thorax; gaster dentatus is dulotic. Ettershank (1966) opined concolorous with gaster, malar arca at least 1.10 that bidentatus might be a social parasite. No X el); propodeum distintly angulate or with sharp I prqiections 1 new data are available. ^

1 -T 1 - = a o A

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Snelling y Hunt; The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

— Head concolorous with gasler; thorax lighter; This species is both common and widely propodeum rounded, not malar área 0.79-1.00 x el; distributed. The strongly polyphasic workers angulate at juncture of basal and posterior at all are usually easily separated from those of cekalovia Snelling f2(.g5 the other two species by the propodeal con- Propodeum angulate, but without sharp projec- longer short, triangular jarojections tion penultimate antennomere 1.25-1.45 X figuration, for el than wide; malar área 1.2, or more, X are usually present at the juncture of the basal bicolor (Ettershank) and posterior faces. — Propodeum at least sharply angulate, usually Localilies (Map 6). chile. Santiago: ce- with distinct triangular projections; penultima- than wide; rro Roble, ca. 2000 m elev. (lacm); cuesta La te antennomere 0.77-1.20 X longer malar área usually less than 1 .2 X el .... latastéi (Emery) Dormida (lacm); O'Higgtns: El Manzano (msto). Cuneó: cajón del Río Claro, 100 m Linares: Nothidris bicolor (Ettershank) elev., SE of Los Queñes (ucb). Bullileo (ucon). Talca: Talca (uch). Ñu- (Fig. 38-39) ble: El Coihueco, 650 m elev. (msto); cordillera de Chillan (cotypes of latastei; mnhg). Aegalomyrmex bicolor Ettershank, 1965:55- Pinares (ucon); Con- 1966:105; Kempf, Concepción: Fundo 8, figs. 1-5 9 ; Ettershank, cepción, (amnh, mcz, ucon); Florida (ucon). !970a:23{part); Kempf, 1970b:359; Kempf, Biobío: El Abanico (cas); Mulchén (uch). 972:139. Malleco: Collipulli (ucon); Parque Nac. Nothidris bicolor, Snelling. 1975. Nahuelbuta (lacm); Chiquaihue Hills, nr. Type locality. Cerro Pachón, nr. La Serena, Collipulli (mcz). Cautín: Camino Villarri- IHILE. ca-Pucón (ucon); Villarrica (Molco) (ucon); Although this was originally described [Temuco; Emery, 1905] believe it must be is a Megalomyrmex we ncluded in Nothidris since it appears to be tiorphologically very similar to the type Solenopsis Westwood ijpecies of this genus. genus Localities (Map 6). chile. Coquimbo: ce- Most of the species of this cosmopolitan cryptobionts. The few Shi- rro Pachón, ca 8500 ft. elev,, near La Sere- are small to minute separated from one na (type series, mcz). Valparaíso: Algarro- lean species are easily Neotropical species bo (msto). Santiago: quebrada de la Plata another, but until all the Rinconada (ucb). have been carefuUy studied there is no cer- lainty that the nomenclature is stable. Most of the species in this genus are poorly known Nothidris cekalovici Snelling and inadequately described. Kempf (1972) species (Fig. 40-41) lists almost 150 ñames available for the other than the large 'Tire ants". Many, if doubtless synonymous Nothidris cekalovici Snelling, 1975: 3. 9 . not most, of these are numerous undes- Type locality. 10 km N Pichidangui, chile. forms, but there are likely This small species is known only from the cribed species also. type series. The dark head and unarmed pro- cekalovici. podeum are characteristic oí KEY TO CHILEAN SOLENOPSIS WORKERS Locality (Map 6). chile. Prov. Aconcagua: 206, ten facets 2 10 km N Pichidangui, Carr. Panam. km 1. Eye composed of fewer than 23 Dec. 1963 (T. Cekalovic; type series, lacm, Eye composed of more than twenty facets gayi (Spinola) ucon). shiny, so- 2. Lower half of mesopleura smooth and metimes lightly punctulate along margins; propodeal side, below level of gland, with striae sparse or Nothidris latastei (Emery) absent, surface shiny; cephalic punctures variable ... 3 Lower half of mesopleura and of propodeal side (Fig. 42-43) slightly shiny, with fine, cióse longitudinal striae; from of head with scattered fine punctures 10- latastei Emery Monomorium latastei Emery, 1 895 b: than combined 11.9; Emery, 1905:119. 3. Last antennomere no longer lengths of segments 2-8, usually shorter 4 Nothidris latastei, Ettershank, 1966, 107, — Last antennomere clearly longer than combined Kempf, 1972: figs. 48-50; Kempf, 1970:23; lengths of segments 2-8 3 of occiput 165; Snelling, 1975. 4. Eye larger, of 6-8 facets; scape short its maximun diameter germamt Emerv Type locality. Cordillera de Chillan, chile. by abouttwice K2 Rev. Chilena Km ";, 1475

Píate 6. Figs. 38-43. Myrmicinae, Xothidns workers. 38, .V bicolor, front of head, 39, same, lateral view; A', 40, cekaínvici, front of head, 41. same, lateral view, 42, .V. latastei, from of head, 43, same, lateral view. ^ (A (O > (/) ._ ^ — O 0) L. o ±- — l_ w T3 (0 o o ^ (0 £ ^rf ^rf o^ o o O (0 z z ® ^

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— Eye smaller, of 2-4 facets, scape short of occiput from the Province of Tarapacá in the north by about three times its maximun diameter to the Province of Malleco in patagonicus Emery the south. 5. Eye pigmented, composed of 3-4 facets; frontal punctures separated 2-3 by times a puncture's dia- Solenopsis germaini Emery meter, distinctly greater in diameter than hairs arising from them helena Emery (Fig. 52-54) — Eye unpigmented, consisting of a single facet; frontal punctures separated by four or more times Solenopsis germaini Emery, 1895 b: 12, figs a puncture diameter, hardly larger in diameter than 9 ; Emery, 1896:51. hairs arising form them dysderces Snelling Solenopsis germaini schedingí Forel, 1907: 4-5. 9 9 í. Kempf, 1970:25; Kempf, 1972- 236. Solenopsis dysderces Snelling NEW SYNONYMY. Solenopsis germaini Kempf, 1970:24;! (Fig. 44-45) Kempf, 1972:236. Type locality. germaini: cordillera de Chi Solenopsis dysderces Snelling, 1975: 2. ? . Uán, chile; schedingí: puerto Corral, chile. Type locality. Ca. 3 km N Zapallar, chile. This is one of the commonest of the small.i This minute species is known only from cryptobiotic Solenopsis. Because it is lar- type series. The elongate apical antennomere, gely, if not whoUy, subterranean, it is not often sparce frontal punctures and single faceted collected. Very likely the species is more eye are diagnostic. abundant than present records would indícate. Locality (Map 8). chile. Aconcagua: ca. Localities (Map 7). chile. Coquimbo: 3 km N Zapallar, 28 Bosque Oct. 1972 (J. H. Hunt, Fray Jorge (ucon). Cuneó: Los Que- # 958; LACM). ñes, 1200 m elev. (ucb). Talca: Vegas del Flaco (lacm). Nuble: Las Trancas rd., 1350 m elev., nr. Termas de Chillan (ucb); Solenopsis gayi (Spinola) [cordillera de Chillan; types of germaini]. Concepción: (Fig. 1-5,46-51) Concepción (amnh). Malleco: Parque Nac. Nahuelbuta, 1100-1200 m Myrmica Gayí elev. (lacm, ucb, ucon; cordillera Las Raí- Spinola, in Gay, 1851. 9 9 S . Pogonomyrmex gayi Mayr, 1868:170. ces (msto). Cautín: Llaima, lago Quepe (ucon); lago Quillehue (ucon). Valdivia: Solenopsis gayí Mayr, 1870:971-972; puerto Corral (types of schedingí; mngh); Forel, 1909:268-269; Wheeler, 1925:35; same locality (amnh, lacm). Osorno: n. shore, Creighton, 1930:48-51, pl. 4, fig. 6; Menozzi, lago Llanquihue, (cas); Pucatrihue, 1500 1935:320, 333; Brown, 1950:248; Kempf, m elev. (msto); 10 km E Puyehue (cas). 1970:24; Kempf, 1972:235. Llanquihue: Peulla, lago Todos los Santos Solenopsis gemínala, Mayr, 1865:108- (lacm); Petrohué, lago Todos los Santos 109; Berg, \S90:8 {mistdenl.) (lacm); Puerto Varas (amnh). Aisén: 4.8 Solenopsis geminata gayí Emery, 1895 b; km W Chile Chico, 400 m elev. (ucb); Bal- Emery, 1905:121; Goetsch, 1933:322-324. maceda (ucon). Chiloé: ó km W Castro, isla Chiloé Solenopsis gayí var. fazi Santschi, 1923: (ucon).

261. 9 ; Creighton, 1930:51-52, pl. 4, fig. 3. Solenopsis helena Emery Type locality. Santa Rosa de Los Andes, CHILE. (Fig. 55-56)

This medium-sized "fire ant" is one of Solenopsis helena Emery, 1895b:14-15, figs. the commonest ants in Chile, and is the most

9 9 ; Emery, 1896: widely distributed. The var. fazi was based on a minor color variant and was rightly sy- Solenopsis helena Kempf, 1970:25; Kempf, nonymized by Brown (1950). The Peruvian 1972:237. form, bruesi Creighton, was described as a Type locality. Santa Rita, chile. subspecies. When more material becomes This small species appears to be uncom- available, this may prove to be an independent mon. It may be recognized by the long apical species. antennomere, coarse frontal punctures, and Many records for this ant (Map 7) are pigmented, 3-4 faceted eye. Two subspecies available from Chilean localities. These range (hermione Wheeler, ultrix Wheeler) have Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hyirtenoptera: Formicidae) 85

front view of head and lateral view, respectively, of: 44, Píate 7. Figs. 44-51. Myrmicinae, Solenopsis, same, female; 50, 51, same, male. 45,5. dysderces, worker; 46, 47, 5. ¡fayí, worker; 48, 49,

Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 87

patagónica: Puerto Madryn, :en described from northern South America Type locality. argentina; thoracica: Cayuté, lago Todos los it apparently are not conspecific with he- Santos, chile. ría. patagonicus have been Localities (Map 8). chile. Santiago: ce- No specimens of available in the Chilean material studied. Kus- lío Roble, ca. 2000 m elev. (lacm); [Santa Ri- types of helena Emery, 1895b|. Nuble: nezov (1959) placed thoracica in synonymy with patagónica. listing of thoracica as O km E San Carlos (cas). The a sepárate species by Kempf (1972) appears to have been in error. Solenopsis latastei Emery

(Fig. 57-58) Monomorium lloricola (Jerdon)*

latastei Emery, 1895b: 13-1 4, figs. hlenopsis Atta flaneóla ]tváon, 1851:107. 9 .

} 1896-53; Emery, 1905:123. 9 ; Emery, Monomorium floricola Forel, 1901:81. Solenopsis latastei var. hofjmanm Forel, Type locality. India. 912:7. 9. Kempf, 1970:25; Kempf, 1972: Forel (1901) reported thís cosmopolitan 237. NEW SYNONYMY. tramp species from Valparaíso. No speci- Chile have been seen during this Solenopsis latastei, Menozzi, 1935:320- mens from Kempf, 1972:237. study. Í Í21, 333; Kempf, 1970:25; Type locality. latastei: Santa Rita, chile; hojfmanni: Valparaíso, chile. Monomorium pharaonis (Linne)* A moderately common and widely distribu- 1758:580. ted species, latastei may be recognized by its Fórmica pharaonis Linne, Mayr, 1862: small size, reduced eyes, and presence of Monomorium pharaonis Goetsch C Me- fine longitudinal striae on the lower half 752-753; Goetsch, 1933-349; of the mesopleura. The var. hofjmanm is a nozzi, 1935:96. minor color variant not worthy of recognition. Type locality. India? Although reported from Chile by several Localities (Map 8). chile. Atacama: no specimens have been available du- Huasco (lacm); [Copiapó; Menozzi, 1935). authors, study. Coquimbo: Ovalle, Bosque Fray Jorge (cas). ring this Aconcagua: 10 km E Papudo (cas): ca. 3 km N Zapallar (lacm). Valparaíso: Valparaíso (Linne)* (cotypes of hoffmanni Forel, 1912; mhng); Tetramorium caespitum Maitencillo, 30 m elev (lacm). Santiago: 2000-2100 elev. (lacm); cues- caespitum Linne, 1758:581. : cerro Roble, m Fórmica 1922: ta La Dormida (lacm); Santiago (lacm); [San- Tetramorium caespitum Santschi, tiago, Emery, 1895b]; San José de Maipo 253, Kempf, 1970:25. (lacm); [Los Leones, Peñaflor, Viluco; Me- Type locality. Europe. nozzi, 1935]; [Santa Rita; cotypes of latastei Thís widely distributed tramp species Emery, 1895b]. Talca: [Talca; Emery, was reported from Valparaíso by Santschi 1905]. Nuble: 18, 40, 50 km E San Carlos (1922). No Chilean specimens have been seen (cas). Cautín: 10 mi NE Pucón (cas); during this study. Pucón (lacm); 20 km E Temuco (cas); [Te- muco, 24 Nov. 1967 (W. W. KempO Kempf, guiñéense (Fabricius)* (cas). Tetramorium 1970) . Valdivia: 30 km S Valdivia

Fórmica guineensis Fabricius, 1793:357. 9 . Solenopsis patagónica Emery Tetramorium guiñéense Kempf, 1970:26. Type locality. Guinea. recorded from Chile Solenopsis patagónica Emery, 1905:132- This ant was First 1959:338-342, by Kempf (1970), who examined specimens 133, fig. 14 9 ; Kusnezov, Algarrobo, Prov. Valparaíso, 21 July fig. la; Kempf, 1970:25; Kempf, 1972:238. from (msto). addi- Solenopsis thoracica Santschi, 1923a: 1951 (Kuschel C Peña; No tramp 261-262. 9 í; Santschi, 1936:198; Kempf, tíonal specimens of this cosmopolitan 1972:241. species have been studied. I 88 Rev.ChilenaEm. 9, 1975

52-58. Solenopsu. Píate 8. Figs. Myrmicinae, 52, i', germaim, lateral view of female; 53-58 front view of lateral view of workers, respectively, head and of: 53, 54, i', germaini; 55 56 5. helena- 57* 58, í. latastet. tñ 0) M (0 O (0 (0 ^ (0 0) a> 0) (0 o o>t o £ o (0 (0 •

v--^

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I ., 1 1 1 - = a V-., 00 -1.

=1 =1 iJ 5j íi I 90 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

SUBFAMILY DOLICHODERINAE go (lacm). Concepción: isla Quiriquina (ucon) Concepción, (ucon). Arauco: Arauco (cas). Ma- All the Chilean dolichoderines belong to the lleco: sierra Nahuelbuta, 1000-2000 m elev. tribe Tapinomini as defined by Emery (1912). (cas); Parque Nac. Nahuelbuta (cas). Cautín: The generic assignments made at that time do [Temuco, Dec. 1967 (A. Muenchen); Kempf, not appear to have always been correct. The 1970]. Atsén: 8 km W Chile Chico, 540 m elev. New World species placed in Iridomyrmex (ucb). Magallanes: 4 km W Laguna Amarga i apparently do not belong there, as noted by (ucb); 1 1 .8 km NW Russfin, 300 m elev. (ucb). Brown (1958). This also appears to be true of some of the New World species presently pla- "Iridomyrmex" oblonga Santschi ced in Tapinoma. Pending a world-wide review of the tapinomine genera, no changes are Iridomyrmex humilis suggested here. var. oblonga Sants- chi, 1929:306. 9; Menozzi, 1935:321-334; Kempf, 1970:26; Kempf, 1972:125. KEV TO CHILEAN GENERA OF DOLICHODERINAE Type locality. Purmamarca, argentina. BASED ON WORKERS This ant was recorded from Copiapó and Caldera in Prov. Atacama. No specimens have 1. Propodeum, at juncture of basal and posterior faces, been seen during this study. It is possible that more or less produced upward as a conical or trian- Menozzi's records are based on humilis. gular tubercle (figs. 67, 69, 71); third segment of maxillary palp at least as long as eye; median setae of apical clypeal margin long, extending at least to apical tooth of closed mandible, flexuous 2 "Tapinoma" antarcticum Forel — Propodeum, at junaure of basal and posterior fa- (Fig. 61-64) ces rounded in profile (figs. 60, 62); third segment of maxillary palp much shorter than eye; median setae

of apical clypeal margin short, stiff, not extending to Tapinoma antarcticum Forel, 1904:17-18. apical tooth of closed mandible 3 9 9; Emery, 1905:177; Goetsch, 1953: 366- 2. Petiole nodiform; fifth segment of maxillary palp 367 (biology); Menozzi, 1935:321-322, 334; preapically attached to fourth; meso- and metanota, _ Kempf, 1970:28; Kempf, 1972:247. viewed in profile, much depressed (figs. 66,67) Dorymyrmex Tapinoma fazi Santschi, 1923a:270-271. — Petiole scaliform; fifth segment of maxillary palp 9 í. apical attached to fourth; not ly meso- and metanota Forelius eidmanni (Menozzi in litt.). depressed Araucomyrmex Type locality. antarcticum: Valparaíso, 3. Apex of scape extending beyond occipital margin CHILE;/a^l.• Valparaíso, chile. by no more than its apical breadth; petiolar scale strongly reclínate; margins of head, in frontal view, This is a common and widely distributed slightly convergent below (figs. 61, 62) ... "Tapmomá" species which cannot be confused with any — Apex of scape extending beyond occipital margin other in Chile. The workers forage during the by much more than its apical breadth; petiolar scale day, often in dense trails. fully erect; margins of head, in frontal view, stron- Localities (Map 9). chile. Antofagasta: gly convergent below (Figs. 59, 60) ... ''Iridomyrmex'^ ca. 2.5 km N Taltal, ca. 10 m elev. (lacm). Atacama: [Copiapó; Menozzi, 1935]. Coquim- humilis (Mayr) "Iridomyrmex" bo: [Punta Colorada; Menozzi, 1935]; cues- 59-60) (Fig. ta Pajonales, 113.6 km N Coquimbo, 1125 m elev. (ucb); 5 mi W La Junta (cas); cerro To- lolo, ca. Hipoclimea humilis Mayr, 1868: 164. 9 . 10 km W, 3 km S Vicuña (lacm); Iridomyrmex humilis Forel, 1901:81; valle El Molle, 10 km N El Tofo (lacm); va- Kempf, 1970:26; Kempf, 1972:124. lle El Molle, E of El Tofo (lacm). Aconcagua: Type locality. Buenos Aires, argentina. [Zapallar; Menozzi, 1935]; same locality This ant is widely distributed in Chile. The (cas); 90 km S Illapel (cas); Los MoUes (lacm); scarcity of earlier records suggest the possibi- quebrada El Tigre (ucb); "costa norte"

lity that it is adventive there. (uch). Valparaíso: Valparaíso (Hoffmann;

Localities (Map. 9). chile. CoquimboiVdíV- type series of antarcticum Forel, 1904; mhng, que Nac. Fray Jorge, 16 km SW Pachingo amnh, mcz); 5 ¿' 10 mi N Concón (cas); (ucb); Termas Soco (lacm). Valparaíso: Quintay, 10 m elev. (ucb); cuesta Pucalán [Valparaíso?; Forel, 1901). Santiago: que- (ucb); Algarrobo (msto); [same locality; brada de la Plata Rinconada, 510 m elev. Menozzi, 1935]. Santiago: ¡Santiago, Maipo, (ucb); La Rinconada, Maipú, (ucb); Santia- Cerro de la Provincia, Viluco, volcán San José; Snelling y Hunl: The ams of Ohile iHymenoptera: h'ormicidae) y I

Píate 9, Figs. 59-64. Dolichoderinae. 59, IridomyTmex humiíu, vvorker, head in frontal view; 60, same, lateral view. 61, «Tapinoma« antarcticum, vvorker, head in frontal view; 62, same, lateral view; 63, same, female, head in frontal view; 64, same, female, lateral view

93 Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formiadae)

subgenus Psammomyrma is based on [enozzi, 1935]; quebrada de la Plata Rinco- The 2000- the single species planidens Mayr. Spmo- ida, 510 m elev. (ucb); cerro Roble, myrma includes two species: albomger Fo- 100 m elev. (lacm); La Yesera, 2150 m elev. species), bruchi Forel and its variety iSTo); cuesta La Dormida (lacm). O'Hig- rel (type (cas). Maule: ebminus Forel. Both of these subgenera are Ins: 23 km N Rancagua upon very weak characters and are, :onstitución; Menozzi, 1935]. Linares: Bu- founded in our opinión, species groups at best. Both are, ileo (ucon). therefore, here regarded as synonymous with Dorymyrmex (new synonymies). Dorymyrmex Mayr One species of Dorymyrmex is known to occur in Chile. borymyrmex was established by Mayr The type species is flaviceps Mayr. 1866). Dorymyrmex agallardoi Snelling rhe genus was subsequently divided into a (Fig. 65-67) subsequent authors; ;eries of subgenera by Araucomyr- \mmomyrma Santschi (1922), Dorymyrmex planidens, Berg. 1890:24; Emery, Biconomyrma Kus- nex Gallardo (1919), 1895b;15-ló; Kempf, 1970:27 (mistdentific- Conomyrma Forel (1913), lezov (1952), ation). and Spino- Psammomyrma Forel (1912), Dorymyrmex agallardoi Snelling, 1975: 6.? . (1952). These have all been myrma Kusnezov Type locality. El Alfalfal, chile. of Dorymyrmex or as regarded as subgenera Berg (1890) misidentified specimens from three it. Kempf (1972) Usted genera related to Chile as planidens, and the record has persis- Araucomyrmex, Conomyrma (with that this genera: ted in the literature. We are certain Biconomyrma) and Dorymyr- present species which its synonym record is based on the Ammomyrma, Psam- mex (with subgenera resembles planidens. In agallardoi, however, Spmomyrma as well as Dory- propo- momyrma and the occiput is closely punctulate, the side of the myrmex, s. str.). deal spine is elongate, and the generic distinctness of Conomyrma The propodeum is longitudinally rugulose. by Snelling (1974), and the [Santa was reaffirmed Localities (Map 10). Aconcagua: Biconomyrma was upheld. Santiago: synonymy of Rosa de Los Andes; Berg, 1890). was then lumped under Do- holo- Araucomyrmex El Alfalfal, 25 Jan., 1968 O- Moroni; but we now are certain this is inde Maipo, rymyrmex, type series; lacm, msto); San José is very similar to Co- lacm, correct. Araucomyrmex 29 Nov., 1969 (L. Alfaro; paratypes; readily separable from Dory- nomyrma and MSTO). myrmex. Dorymyrmex, as we understand that t nodiform genus, may be recognized by the of the lifth Araucomyrmex Gallardo petiole, the preapical attachment fourth, segment of the maxillary palp to the recognized to include those of the worker which This genus is and by the thoracic profile which ants, formerly placed in Dorymyrmex at the level of the meta- is deeply impressed when have a scaliform petiole, the metanotum, spiracle. By this interpretation, thoracic impressed, and by viewed in prolife, is not deeply Dorymyrmex includes all species Usted segment of the maxillary palp is at- under Dorymyrmex, s. str., the fifth Kempf (1972) juncture tached to the fourth at its apex. The and those of the subgenera Psammomyrma and posterior faces of the pro- Spmomyrma. The subgenus Ammomyr- of the basal and a low tuber- podeum is usually surmounted by heterogeneous one, but the type species, ma is a in Dory- cule rather than a flattened spine as Forel, does not agree with Dory- exsanguis treated as a must be myrmex. Ammomyrma, usually myrmex in these characters, so this subgenus of Dorymyrmex, belongs here. to the genus Araucomyrmex. transferred bet- Kus- Several Chilean species are intermedíate The Bolivian species, emmaericaellus str., and Ammomyr- not an Am- ween Araucomyrmex, s. nezov, is a normal Dorymyrmex, and we consider the latter a júnior syno- momyrma. We have not seen coniculus Sants- ma, o[ Araucomyrmex (new synonymy). Santschi, but by their descrip- nym chi or fusculus ant Araucomyrmex is one of the dominant to belong in Ammomyrma tions judge them present. In and mi- genera in Chile, with ten species along with baeri E. Andre, exsanguis key which foUows, the sixth couplet may and therefore to be transferred the nutus Emery, small dark present some difficulties. The two to Araucomyrmex (all new combinatíons). Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

Píate 10. Figs. 65-71. Dolichoderinae. 65-67, Dorymyrmex agallardoi, worker; 65, head in frontal view; apical 66, segments of maxillary palp; 67, head and thorax in lateral view. 68-69, Araucomyrmex anlardtcus, worker, head in frontal view and head and thorax in lateral view. 70-71, A. chüensis, worker, head m frontal view and head and thorax in lateral view.

species which should go to the seventh have a cuously duUer, mainly due to the much denserj characteristic frontal sculpture. The frons and sharper punctation. The transition fromJ and frontal lobes are distinctiy shiny. These the shiny frontal área to the dull vértex is abrupt] áreas are lightly shagreened; punctures are and very distinctive. The frontal área of thosej small, obscure and irregularly spaced. The species which go to the eighth couplet is veryj vértex and occiput, in contrast, are conspi- differently sculptured. In these species, the ' • —

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entire frontal área is dull or moderately shiny. CI more than 80; head extensively ferruginous The punctures are fine, usually sharp, and incomptus Snellini Basal face of cióse. The vértex and occiput are a little duller — propodeum, in profile, not impressed in front of high, acute tubercule (fig. 75); CI 77-84; and more closely punctate, but there is no head blackish, mandible, lower malar área and lower abrupt transition from the frontal área to the part of clypeus sometimes dull ferruginous vértex. hunti Snellini 8. Mesonotum, in profile, either not angulate (fig. 77) or angulate at basal one-fourth (fig. 73); head ferruginous, thorax variable; first tergum conspicuously KEY TO CHILEAN SPECIES OF ARAUCOMYRMEX pubescent laterad 1 Workers — Mesonotum, in profile, slightly but definitely angulate at posterior one-fourth (fig. 71); head and thorax usually ferruginous, but thorax 1. Uppermost setae of psammophore arising from may be ex- a point above lower tensively brownish; first tergum very sparsely pubes- T margín of occipital foramen .. 2 cent laterad chtlensis Forel — Uppermost setae of psammophore arising at or, 9. Thorax wholly ferruginous; mesonotum, ' usually, below level of occipital foramen 6 in profile, evenly sloping; first tergum about as densely pubes- 2. Frons and pronotum each with at least a single pair cent at side as in middle hypocrüus Snelling of long, erect setae; dorsal face of first tergum with — Thorax largely blackish, pronotum often scattered erea setae; HW at least 0.8 mm, usually partially or entirely ferruginous; mesonotum, in much more 3 profile, Frons usually angulate at basal one-fourth; pubescence — and pronotum without erect setae (fig. 81); of first tergum much sparser at side than in middle dorsal face of first tergum without eren setae, even goetschi along posterior margin; HW no more than 0.7 mm, (Menozzi) usually less minutus Emery 3. Front of head with a single pair of setae on upper Araucomyrmex antarcticus (Forel) frons, or none, often with some subdecumbent pub- (Fig. 68-69) escence; first tergum with transverse, preapical, asetose zone; lower margin of fore fémur without erect setae beyond midpoint 4 Dorymyrmex antarcticus Forel, 1904b- 6-7 9 — Front of head with setae of various lengths scat- 9. tered over entire upper half; erect setae of first ter- Dorymyrmex (Araucomyrmex) tener richteri, gum uniformly scattered over entire dorsal surface; Menozzi, 1935:323-334. lower margin of fore fémur with erect setae present

beyond midpoint , 5 Araucomyrmex antarcticus, Kusnezov, 1959: 4. Longest setae on pronotal disc about equal to MOD; 369-370, fig. 5; Kempf, 1970:26; Kempf, 1972: frontal seta pair present or not; brownish, lower por- 25 (in parí). tion of head yellowish; head broader Type locality: Punta Dungeness, argentina. antarcticus (Forel) Three Argentinian forms have been listet — Longest setae on pronotal disc about 0.5 x MOD; as synonyms of frontal seta pair consistently absent; at least head antarcticus: richteri (Forel),' conspicuously reddish, often much of thorax also depilitibia (Forel), and palltdipes (Brethés) ^^

ish, lower half of head ferruginous .... pappodes Snelling na de Huasco, 60.2 km E Pica, 3670 m elev. — Propodeal tubercule low, obtuse (fig. mar- 91); (ucb). Coquimbo: 5 mi SW Ovalle (cas). gins ot head, in frontal view, often with few or no sub- Valparaíso: Quintay (uch). Santiago: [Santia erett to erect setae, but some pubescence may be sub- go; Menozzi, erect; scape with scattered suberect setae; head 1935); Maule: [Constitución; Me and thorax ferruginous, appendages and gaster nozzi, 1935). Biobío: El Abanico (cas). Arau- dark brownish tener Mayr co: San Alfonso, cord. Nahuelbuta (uch). Ma- 6. Frons and frontal lobe shiny, indistinctly shagre- lleco: sierra de Nahuelbuta, 1200 m elev. ened and with scattered, obscure micropunctures, (cas). Aisén: Balmaceda (ucon). Magallanes: vértex and occiput conspicuously duller, more sharply shagreened and with dense, distinct micropunc- [Punta Arenas, El Chingue, Río de las Chinas, tures; frontal seta pair absent; small, dark species ... 7 Ultima Esperanza; Kusnezov, 1959]; 4 km W Frons — and frontal lobe slightly to moderately shiny, Laguna Amarga (ucb); 47.5 km N Puerto Nata- distinctly shagreened and closely micropunctate, les, 230 m elev. (ucb); Barranca Negra (ucon). punctures becoming progressively denser toward occiput where they are quite cióse; frontal seta pair usually present; distinctly biíjolored, with head at Araucomyrmex chilensis (Forel) least, mostly ferruginous, thorax usually ferrugi- (Fig. 70-71) nous in part if not entirely 8 7. Basal face of propodeum, in profile, distinctly im- Dorymyrmex tener var. chilensis Forel, 1911: pressed in front of low, obtuse tubercule (fig. 79); 307. ??; Forel, 1912:38. Formicidae) 97 Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoplera:

50 S La Serena Araucomyrmex tener var. chilensis, Kempf, 25 mi E La Serena (cas); km (cas); 5 mi N Laguna Dam, 8000 ft. elev. (cas); )7U:27; Kempf, 1972:25. . lUapel (cas); 5 mi La Junta (cas); 3 Type locality. Valparaíso, chile. 4 mi N W (cas); Bosque Fray Jorge (cas); There can be no doubt that this is distinct mi N Los Vilos Pajonales, 113.6 km N Coquimbo om tener, as evidenced by size, cephalic sculp- cuesta setae of (ucb); Puerto Oscuro (ucb). Aconcagua [Za- ire, and position of the uppermost previously pallar; Menozzi, 1935]; 3 km N Zapallar le psammophore. This ant has (lacm). Santiago: El Volcán, Cajón delMai- een known only from the types; two females Talca: Alto Vilche (uch). Nuble: nd nine workers of the original series were po (msto). near Termas de Chillan, 1270- xamined. Las Trancas rd., (ucb). Cautín: volcán Villarrica, Localities (Map 10). chile. Coquimbo: 1350 m elev. 1230 elev. (ucon). 5 mi S Ovalle (cas). Aconcagua: Los MoUes m lacm); 90 km S lUapel (cas). Valparaíso: Valparaíso (types of chilensis; mhng); Mar- Araucomyrmex hunti Snelling a-Marga Valley (mcz); 20 km N Concón (Fig. 74-75) cas). Santiago: cuesta La Dormida (lacm, Araucomyrmex hunti Snelling, 1975: 10. 9 . jcb); Santiago (msto): El Canelo (ucb); Ñu- chile. de Chillan, Type locality. 2 km E Paposo, >le: Las Trancas rd., near Termas This small shiny black ant is ene of the more 270melev. (cb). distinct Chilean species of Araucomyrmex. The frontal área is shiny and sparsely punctate vértex Araucomyrmex goetschi (Menozzi) in contrast to the dull, closely punctate northern (Fig. 72-73) and occiput. It is known only from Chile. tener ssp. Dorymyrmex (Araucomyrmex) Localities (Map 11). chile. Antofagasta:

322, 334. 9 . 1972 H. goetschi Menozzi, 1935; 2 km E Paposo, 300 m elev., 16 Nov. (J. 1932:2-6 Dorymyrmex goetschi, Goetsch, Hunt, # 994; type series; lacm); 25 km N Taltal, I 1933:365-366 (btology); (biology); Goetsch, 10 m elev. (lacm). Coquimbo: Vicuña (uch). Goetsch, 1935:238-242 (biology). Kusnezov, 1959; Araucomyrmex tener, Araucomyrmex hypocritus Snelling 1970:27 {in part); Kempf, 1972: 370; Kempf, (Fig. 76-77) 25 (inpart). hypocritus Snelling, 1975: 12. 9 . Type locality. Punta Colorado, chile (res- Araucomyrmex localityTCuesta La Dormida, chile. tricted by Kusnezov, 1959). Type dull ferru- Although no types of goetschi have been Because the head and thorax are resembles tener. It examined, the identity seems to be clear. Clues ginous, hypocritus closely from that species in the in the original description and in the comments differs inmediately of the psammophore, and figures of Goetsch (1935) support the placement of the setae lie below the level of the present interpretation. The behavior and bio- the basalmost of which The dull, closely punctate logy have been reported by Goetsch (1932, occipital foramen. unbroken mesonotal profile 1933, 1935). frontal área and hypocritus from those species Localities (Map 11). chile. Antofagasta: will sepárate Tai-Tal, Playa Ramada (ucon). Atacama: with similar psammophores. chile. Santiago: Fundo 25 km S Vallenar (lacm, msto); [Copiapó; Locality (Map 11). Dormida, 20 Oct. 1971 Goetsch, 1932); 20 km S Vallenar (ucb); ca. Santa Laura, cuesta La S Copiapó Hunt, # 453; lacm). 45 km S Copiapó (lacm); 40-60 km (J. H. (uch); 50-60 km S Copiapó, 500-600 m elev. (ucb); 51.2 km S Copiapó (ucb); [Caldera; Araucomyrmex incomptus Snelling Menozzi, 1935]; SE of Caldera (uch); 30 km S (Fig. 78-79) Caldera (ucb); Freirina (uch). Coquimbo: Araucomyrmex incomtus Snelling, 1975: 13. 9 . [Punta Colorada; types of goetschi Menozzi, Elqui; Type locality. Cerro Tololo, chile. 1935]; [Tres Cruces; Goetsch, 1932]; [río This species resembles hunti in its small Menozzi, 1935]; El Tofo (mcz); valle El Molle, appearance. It differs by Tofo (lacm): 10 mi W Vicuña size and shiny black 10 km N El and the low, obtuse propodeal tubercule (cas); cerro Tololo, ca. 10 km W, 3 km S Vicu- broader head. The lower half of the head is mostly ña (lacm); cerro Potrerillos, ca. 30 km S Co- quimbo (lacm); 10 km N Incahuasi (lacm); reddish. 98 Rev. Chilena Em. 9, 1975

Píate 11. Figs. 72-77. Dolichoderinae, Araucomyrmex workers, head in frontal view and head and thorax in lateral view. respec-ively, of: 72, 73, A. goelschi; 74, 75, A. hunli; 76, 77, A. hypocnlus. co d) E u o E (0 *J o O o c Q. u 0) 3 c 1 o 0) (0 0) < ^ '^ < 100 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

Locality (Map 12). chile. Coquimbo: cerro Locality (Map 12). chile. Nuble: Terma Tololo, lóOct. 1972 H. Hunt, (J. # 439; lacm). de Chillan, 20 Sept. 1969 (T. Cekalovic lacm, ucon). Araucomyrmex minutus (Emery) (Fig. 80-81) Araucomyrmex tener (Mayr)

' (Fig. 90-91) Dorymyrmex minutus Emery, 1895:15, fig. 4.

9 . Dorymyrmex tener Mayr, 1868:166. 9 ; Dorymyrmex (Ammomyrmaj minutus, Kus- Emery, 1895b:15; Emery 1905:175; Foreliíi nezov, 1952:429; Kempf, 1977a:448; Kempf, 1907:8; Goetsch, 1932:3. ? 1972b: 100. Dorymyrmex {Araucomyrmex) tener, Ga Type locality. Cordillera de Chillan, chile. llardo, 1919b:250; Menozzi, 1935:322, 334; The high placement of the psammophore, Kusnevov, 1952:429. small size, and reduction of erect hairs make this Araucomyrmex tener, Kusnevov, 1959:37oJ an easily recognized species. This species 372, fig. 6 (inpart); Kempf, 1970:26-27 (mpart); appears to be uncommon. Kempf, 1972:25 (inpart). Localtties (Map 12). chile. Santiago: Ce- Type locality. Uspallata, argentina. rro Roble, near Caleo, ca. 1600 m elev. (lacm); This is one of the more common species ol San Juan Maipo (lacm). Nuble: [Cordillera Araucomyrmex in Chile. It has been confused de Chillan; type series, Emery, 1895); 40 km with other species, such as goetschi and chilen-' E San Carlos (cas). SIS, and some of the records in the literature may be based on these species. Especially ques-

tionable are records below 1 000 Araucomyrmex pappodes Snelling m elev. The propodeal (Fig. 82-83) tubercule is low and obtuse in tener; there are numerous short, erect setae on the front of the head; the fore fémur has Araucomyrmex pappodes SntWing, 1975: 14. 9 . numerous erect hairs; and basalmost setae of Type locality. Maitencillo, chile. the psammorphore are placed above the lower This dark brownish species is one of the lar- margin of the occipital foramen. The head ger Araucomyrmex in Chile. It is superficial- and thorax are dull red. ly similar to richten Forel of Argentina but Localities (Map 11). chile. Atacama: is more [20 pubescent. Fine pubescence is abun- km N Copiapó. Aug. 1965 (R. M. González;, dant on the head and thorax oí pappodes, much MSTo); Kempf, 1970). Aconcagua: of it [Juncal; subappressed to subdecumbent, and erect Emery, 1905); [Santa Rosa setae are numerous. de Los Andes; Mayr, 1868); [Zapallar; Goetsch, 1932; Portillo, Localities (Map 12). chile. Valparaíso: 10,000 ft. elev. (cas); Puente de Inca, 11,000 ft. Maitencillo, 30 m elev. (type series; lacm); elev. (mcz). Valparaíso: [Valparaíso; Emery, 6 km SE Quintero (ucb). Biobío: 5 km W Tu- 1895b). Santiago: [Santiago; Peñaflor; Emery, capel (cas); El Abanico (CAS). 1895b|; [Cartagena; cerro Ramón; cerro San Cristóbal; Valle del Volcán; Goetsch, 1932); Araucomyrmex pogonius Snelling [cerro del Morado; Menozzi, 1935]; cerro Ro- (Fig. 84-89) ble, 1600-2100 m elev. (lacm); El Romeral, 2000 m elev. (msto); La Yesera (msto); Cajón Araucomyrmex pogonius Snelling, 1975: 15.9. del Yeso (msto); El Manzano, 2500 m elev. (msto). Cuneó: cajón del Río Claro, SE of Los Type locality. Termas de Chillan, chile. Queñes, 1000 m elev. (ucb). Talca: Vilches This most nearly resembles antarcticus (lacm). Maule: [Constitución; Goetsch, 1932]. and may ultimately prove synonymous with Nuble: [cordillera de Chillan; Emery, 1895b] it. At present pogonius is known only from a Pirigallo, Termas de Chillan, 2200 m elev. single series. All specimens in the series differ (msto); Ref. Las Cabras (msto); río Nuble consistentiy from available material of antarc- (ucon); Termas de Chillan, 1250 m elev. (uBc). ticus in lackmg the seta pair on the upper Biobío: río Vergara, 2300 m elev. (msto). Ma- frons, and the setae on the pronotal disc are lleco: Lonquimay, 1600 m elev. (uch). Cautín: much shorter. The male of pogonius is smaller volcán Villarrica, 1230 elev. (ucon). Valdi- than m that oí antarcticus and has a narrower head. via: [volcán Villarrica; Goetsch, 1932]. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) lili Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile

workers. head in frontal view and head Píate 12. Figs. 78-83. Dolichoderinae, Araucomyrmex incomptus, 80, 81, ^. minutus; 82, 83, A pappudes. andthorax in lateral view, respectively, of: 78, 79, A. 102 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

Dolichoderinae, Araucomyrmex. 84, 85, A pogomus, worker, head in frontal view j u r^' ., J and head and thorax m lateral view, respectively; 86-89, same, male, head in frontal view head and thorax m lateral view, genital capsule in ventral view and aedeagus in lateral view, 90 91 ^ tener worker, head in frontal v,ew and head and thorax m lateral view, respeaively. Abbreviations for Ss' ^.. =d.g.tus; ,o. =gonobase, p^r .....m^r., .,p =subgen.tal píate 1¿::::^;^:¡ :Z:;¡:'''' X o CO (0 0) (O 3 3 po C a O a 0) i a(0 ao < < < % (P

J =i_ 104 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

SUBFAMALY FORMICINAE KEY TO SPECIES OF LASIOPHANES

WORKERS AND FEMALES i! Six genera of this subfamily occur in Chile, two of them introduced. Representatives of 1. Median lobe of clypeus neither angulate ñor sub- the genera Lasiophanes and Camponotus are carinate in lower third, either fíat or evenly rounded; among the most commonly encountered ants in apical margin of clypeus concave in middle in fron- this región. The species of Camponotus are tal view (figs. 94, 95) 2 — Median lobe of clypeus sharply angulate or the largest ants in Chile and probably the most sub- carinate in lower third or more, ending in a sharp conspicuous. pomt above apical margin (figs. 92, 96, 97) 3 2. Entire head shagreened, moderately shiny, sha- greening weakest on frons; lower third of median clypeal lobe gently convex, median lobe without sub- KEY TO CHILEAN GENERA OF FORMICINAE basal carina; eyes without BASEDONWORKERS conspicuous eren hairs (fig- 94) nigriventris (Spinola) — Entire head smooth and polished; lower third of 1. Antenna nine or ten-segmemed 2 median clypeal lobe fíat, median lobe with a low — Antenna eleven or tweive-segmented 3 subbasal carina; eyes with numerous erea hairs (fig. 95) 2. Antenna nine-segmented; apical margin ol mandi- perpleuxus (Santschi) 3. Front of head ble with four or five teeth; posterior face of pro- and thoracic dorsum with a few widely scattered erect podeum oblique, much larger than basal face hairs, usually one on pronotum; Brachymyrmex scape and tibiae without erect hairs 4 — Front of head, thoracic dorsum and appendages — Antenna ten-segmented; apical margin ol mandi- with numerous erect hairs of variable length ble with about eight teeth; posterior face of pro- valdwiensis (Forel) podeum more or less vertical, little, if any, longer than 4. Head, thorax and appendages reddish, gaster basal face Myrmelachista blackish; front of head with abundant, fine, pilige- 3. Antenna tweive-segmented; scape usually much rous punctures; propodeum transversely depressed shorter than length of thorax 4 in front so segment appears somewhat convex in profile (fig. 93) — Antenna eleven-segmented; scape unusually hoffmanm (Forel) — Head and thorax distinctly brownish, gaster light elongate, longer than length of thorax Anoplolepis to dark brownish; front of head with fine piligerous 4. Clypeal and antenna! fossae not confluent; lower punctures separated by six diameters or more; pro- rim of antennal socket distinctly separated from podeum not transversely impressed in front, appea- clypeal margin; metanotum not depressed 5 ring fíat in profile ptcinus (Roger) — Clypeal and antennal fossae confluent; lower rim of antennal socket nearly touching clypeal margin; metanotum depressed Lasiophanes Lasiophanes hoffmanni (Forel)

5. Large polymorphic ants, HW 1.0 mm or more; in- (Fig. 92-93) tegument of head and thorar dull to slightly shiny; without unusually coarse erect setae Camponotus Melophorus i| hoffmanm Forel, 1903:266. 9 ; — Small, monomorphic ants, HW less than 0.55 mm; Forel, 1907:9. integument of head and thorax smooth and shiny; Melophorus (Lasiophanes) with numerous unusually coarse setae on dorsa of hoffmanm, head, thorax and gaster Paratrechina Emery, 1905:185; Emery, 1922:90, 92; Me- nozzi, 1935:324. Lasiophanes hoffmanm, Kempf, 1970:28; Lasiophanes

Kempf, 1972:129. i

Type locality. Valparaiso, chile. ' Lasiophanes is a small, primarily Patagonian, This is a poorly known species which seems genus. It is apparently most closely related to to be most closely related to pictnus. The_ dis- the Australian genus Melophorus, of which it tinctly reddish head, thorax and appendages, was long considered a subgenus. The taxonomy together with the characteristic propodeal of Lasiophanes is poorly understood, and the profile, will sepárate hoffmanni. group is in need of modern revisión. There are Localities (Map 13). chile. Aconcagua: currently 17 ñames applied to forms in this Zapallar (cas). Valparaíso: Valparaíso genus; Kempf (1972) lists most of these as (type series; mhng); Los Perales, Río Marga- synonyms of two species, nigriventris and Marga, 330 m elev. (ucb). Santiago: cuesta picinus. Only three other species were be- La Dormida (lacm). Nuble: 50 km E San lieved to be valid. Most of the presumed syn- Carlos (cas). Concepción: Laguna Verde onymous forms have never been critically (ucon); Ramuntcho (ucon); [Concepción; i studied, however, and so their status is truly Forel, 1907]. Malleco: Chiquoihue Hills, near" questionable. Collipulli (mcz). Cautín: Temuco (mcz); (Hymenoptera: Formkidae) 105 Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile

frontal view Píate 14. Figs. 92-97. Formicinae, lasiophanes. 92, 93, L. hoffmanm, worker, head in of: nigrwentns, and head, thorax and petiole lateral view, respectively; 94-97, head, in frontal view, 94, L. worker; 95, L. perplexus, female (cotype); 96, L. picinus; 97, L. valdiviensis.

Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 107

12.3 km N Loncoche, 280 m (ucb). Osor- Lasiophanes perplexus (Santschi) (cas); 30 Pu- no: 30 km E Purranque km E (Fig. 95) yehue (cas). Llanquihue: Ensenada (usnm);

n. shore, lago Llanquihue (cas); (Puerto Melophorus (Lasiophanes) perplexus Sant- Varas; Menozzi, 1935); 8 mi W Puerto Varas schi, 1920:384. 9 . (cas); Los Muermos (cas). Lasiophanes nigriventris, Kusnezov, 1959: 391 {in parí); Kempf, 1970:28-29 (m part); Kempf, 1972:129 (m parí). Lasiophanes nigriventris (Spinola) Type locality. Lago Todos los Santos, chile. (Fig. 94) Kusnezov (1959) placed this in the syn-

onymy of nigriventris, with which it agrees Fórmica nigriventris Spinola, in Gay, 1851: it lacking a sharp clypeal carina. We have ex-

239-240. 9 9 í . amined a cotype in the mcz and believe per- Fórmica atriventris F. Smith, 1863:51 plexus to be a good species. The entire head is Lasius dichrous Roger, 1863:164. 9; Fo- smooth and polished, not lightly shagreened

rel, 1886:208-209. 9 . as in nigriventris; there are numerous erect hairs

on the eye, and there is an obtuse subbasal ca- Melophorus (Lasiophanes) nigriventris, rina on the lower pan of the median lobe of Emery, 1895b:16; Emery, 1905:184; Eme- the clypeus. Many females of nigriventris ry, 1922:3, 4; Goetsch, 1933:393-394; Me- have been seen; nene of these approach the nozzi, 1935:323, 335. characteristics of perplexus. I Lasiophanes nigriventris, Kusnezov, 1951: Locality (Map 14). chile. Llanquihue:

'94-95; Kusnezov, 1959:391, fig. 8; Kempf, lago Todos los Santos (cotype 9 ; mcz). 1970:28-29; Kempf, 1972:129.

Type locality. nigriventris: chile; "muy Lasiophanes picinus (Roger) común en varias provincias"; atriventris: (Fig. 96) no locality; dichrous: chile, no further locality.

This species is moderately abundant in Chi- Lasius picinus Roger, 1863:163-164. 9 . le and Argentina. In this species the median Melophorus (Lasiophanes) picinus, Eme- lobe of the clypeus lacks a median carina on ry, 1895b:17; Emery, 1905:184; Emery, 1922: the apical third. The entire head is superfi- 4, 5; Goetsch, 1933:393-394; Menozzi, 1935: cially sculptured, and this species may thus 323,334. be separated from the otherwise similar per- Melophorus (Lasiophanes) picinus var.

plexus. bidens Emery, 1895b: 17. 9 9 í ; Emery, 1905: 185. Localities (Map 14). chile. Valparaíso: Melophorus sauberi Forel, 1903:266:267. (Algarrobo; Kempf, 1970¡. Cuneó: Los Que- 9 9 S . 9 ; Forel, 19G4b:4-6. ñes, 1200 m elev. (ucb). Nuble: (cordi- Prenolepis bruchi Forel, 1915:361-362. 9 . llera de Chillan; Emery, 1895]; Las Trancas NEW SYNONYMY. rd., near Termas de Chillan. 1270-1350 m elev. Melophorus bruchi, Santschi, 1920:383, (ucb); 18 km E San Carlos (cas). Concep- 14. ción: Concepción (mcz). Biobío: El Abani- fig. co (cas). Arauco: Lebu (ucon). Malleco: Melophorus (Lasiophanes) bruchi, Emery, lago Icalma (msto); Nahuelbuta, Angol (ucon); 1922:4,5. sierra de Nalhuelbuta, 1200 m elev. (cas). Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) edwardsi Cautín: (Temuco; Emery, 1905; Menozzi, Donisthorpe, 1933:535. 9 9 í . 1935]; 10 mi and 12 mi NE Pucón (cas). Val- Lasiophanes picinus, Kusnezov, 1951:92- divia: [Valdivia; Berg, 1890]; same locali- 99; Kusnezov, 1959:391-392; Kempf, 1970: ty (lacm); Puerto Corral (mcz). Osomo: 29; Kempf, 1972:129. Pucatrihue, O m elev. (ucb); volcán Osorno, Lasiophanes picinus bruchi, Kempf, 1970: 8 km W La Picada (ucb); 30 km E Purran- 1972:129 (inpart). que (cas); 18 km W Purranque (cas); 10 29 (inpart); Kempf, km E Puyehue (cas). Llanquihue: (lago Llan- Type locality. picinus: chile; bidens: cordi- quihue; Puerto Varas; Cayutué; Menozzi, llera de Chillan, chile; sauberi: Punta Arenas, I 1935]; Petrohué, 100 m elev. (ucb); same loca- CHILE; bruchi: lago Argentino, argentina; ed-

lity (lacm); Los Muermos (cas). wardsi: 108 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

Kusnezov (1959) Usted bolivari (Santschi) Lastophanes valdiviensis (Forel) and pilosula (Emery) as synonyms of bruchi. (Fig. 97) However, bruchi as he interpreted it, is the

same as valdiviensis , a different species. The Melophorus valdiviensis FoTcl, \')04h:6. 9. types of sauberi and bruchi have been examined ,] Prenolepis (Nylanderia) bolivari Santschi and are in agreement with the traditional in- 1916:512. 9 . NEW SYNONYMY. terpretation of picinus, the most widely distri- Melophorus (Lasiophanes) bruchi, Sants- buted and most abundant Lasiophanes in Chi- chi, 1919:383, (misidentification). le. This species is easily recognized by its shar- Melophorus (Lastophanes) valdiviensis, ply carinate clypeus, brown color, and virtual Emery, 1922:91. absence of erect hairs. Melophorus (Lasiophanes) pilosulus Emery, Localities (Map 13). chile. Valparaíso: 1922:91, 92, 93. 9 . new synonymy. [Algarrobo; Menozzi, 1935]. Cuneó: cajón de Melophorus (Lastophanes) uxortus Emery,, Río Claro, SE of Los Queñes, 100 m elev. (ucb). 1922:91, 93-94. 9 . new synonymy. Talca: Alto Vilches (uch); Coipué (mcz). Melophorus (Lesiophanes) bolivart var. pi-\ Nuble: [cordillera de Chillan; type series of /oía (sic), Santschi, 1922:259. bidens Emery, 1895b]; Las Trancas rd., near Melophorus (Lastophanes) bolivari var.' Termas de Chillan, 135 m elev. (ucb); Termas pilosula, Menozzi, 1935:324. (ucon); Las Cabras, 1500 elev. de Chillan m Lastophanes ptctnus bruchi, Kusnezov, 1959: (mcz); 40, 50, 60 km E San Carlos (cas). Con- 392-395 {in part); Kempf, 1970:29 (in part);- cepción: (mcz, usnm). Biobío: Concepción Kempf, 1972:129 (m por/). El Abanico (cas). Arauco: [Contulmo; ; Menoz- Lastophanes uxortus, Kempf, 1970:30;'3 zi, 1935]. Malíeco: Parque Nac. Nahuelbuta, Kempf, 1972:129. 1200 elev. (ucb); same locality (lacm); m Lastophanes valdiviensis, Kempf, 1970:30; lago Icalma (msto); Termas de Río Blanco, Kempf, 1972:129. 1080 elev. (ucb). Cautín: (mcz); m Temuco Type locality. valdiviensis: Valdivia, chile; [same locality, 24 Nov. 1967; Kempf, 1970|; bolivari; ptlosulus: Quilicura, chile; uxortus: 12.3 Loncoche, 280 elev. (ucb); 10 km N m Santa Rita, chile. mi Pucón (cas). Valdivia: [lago Puyehue; NE This species has persistently been a source

Menozzi, 1935| ; 25 km NW Valdivia, 40 m elev. of difficulty. Emery (1922) recognized its (ucb); 30 km S Valdivia (cas); Cudioco, 40 similarity to uxortus and separated the two m elev. (ucb); Puerto Corral (mcz). Osorno: in his key by the small size of worker val- 10 km E Puyehue (mcz); same locality (cas); diviensis as compared to the female uxorius\ 35 km Osorno, 100 elev. (ucb); Puca- W m The difficulties began earlier in the key, trihue (ucb); Puerto Octay (usnm); 18 km however, for he included both of these among W Purranque (cas). Llanquihue: [Ensena- those in which the clypeus is weakly da; isla Tenglo; Menozzi, 1935|; Petrohué, 100 carinate or ecarinate. The carina is present m elev, (ucb); same locality (lacm); PeuUa and as well developed as in pilosula, picinus, (lacm); lago Llanquihue (lacm); Puerto Va- etc. This error may have been the reason for ras (usnm); 8 mi Puerto Varas (cas); Bos- W the description of pilosulus, since that form que Los Muermos (cas). Chiloé: [Ancud; possessed a carinate clypeus. We have been Menozzi, 1935]; same locality (ucon); R. Gam- able to compare material of ptlosulus, uxortus boa (ucon); Dalcahue (uch). Aisén: [Puer- and valdiviensis and are confident they are to Aisén; Menozzi; 1935]. Magallanes: Punta conspecific. Material determined and record- Arenas (types of sauberi; mhng); same lo- ed as bruchi by Kusnezov (1959) is, in our opi- cality (ucon); [La Turba, 23 Dec. 1950; Kempf, nión, also valdiviensis and the description of 1970]; Puerto Williams, isla Navarino (mcz); bolivari matches valdiviensis material quite río Chacabuco (ucon); seno Otway, río El well. The presence of numerous erect hairs on Ganso (ucon); Silla del Diablo (ucon); Tres the body and appendages will readily separa

Brazos (usnm); Chabunco (usnm); cerro del te valdiviensis from the other species with ca-j ríñate clypeus. Toro (ucon); puerto Santa María (ucon); río Localittes (Map 14). chile. Santiago: Quili Rubens (mcz); Ultima Esperanza (mcz); Sal- cura (La Taste; types of ptlosulus Emery, 1922 to Chico del Pehoe, Parque Nac. del Paine (lacm); mhng); Santa Rita (La Taste; types of uxoriusl Llanuras de Diana^ 150 km SE Pto. Natales Emery, 1922); San José de Maipo (msto); El (lacm). Canelo (uch); cuesta La Dormida (lacm 0) (0 (0 (0 w 3 (0 0) «ii X c c c o 0) (11 a> > c > Q. 2 a 0) 75 o O) a > (0 c (Q _i _j % © no Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

Colchagua: San Vicente de Tagua-Tagua (msto). In the treatment wich follows we have Concepción: Concepción (mcz); Ramuntcho adopted a very conservative approach. The (ucon); Biobío: El Abanico (cas). Malleco: available samples are limited and do not pro

Angol (msto); ' same locality (usnm); Lon- vide sufficient material to adequately under- quimay (ucon). Cautín: volcán Villarrica stand limits of variation. The difficulties (lacm). Valdivia: Valdivia (types of valdivien- are especially complicated by the polymor-l sis Forel, 1904b: mhng); [lago Puyehue; Me- phism of the species, and the specimens in' nozzi, 1935, 2íí pilosula\\ Puerto Corral (mcz). two different samples may superficially seem Osorno: río Pedregoso, 8 km N Villarrica to represent two species, unless they include (mcz). Llanquihue: [Petrohué; Santschi, individuáis of the same size. Larger samples, 1922]; Petrohué, lago los Todos Santos (lacm); especially of entire colonies, are needed in or- Lepihue (cas). der to solve the problems.

Myrmelachista Roger KEY TO CHILEAN SPECIES OF MYRMELACHISTA ' BASED This is a Neotropical genus of several dozen ON WORKERS arboreal species. The taxonomy of the group 1. Head and thorax distinaly shagreened, midline • is very confused and many of the currently of head sometimes smooth and shiny; with or with- recognized ñames probably are synonyms. out erea hairs 2 Two subgenera have been recognized: Myr- — Head and thorax smooth, polished, with scattered minute punctures; long, eren hairs abundant melachista, s. str. and Hincksidris {= De- on head, thorax and scape chtlensis Forel camera). Hmcksidris species have ten-seg-

mented antennae while those of the nomínate 2. Scape with three or more long, erect hairs; front subgenus possess nine-segmented antennae. of head with scattered long, erect hairs in ad- dition to those of clypeus and pair on vértex; front Hincksidris, in particular, is a very heteroge- of head with shiny midline mayri Forel neous assemblage of species, many of which

are fuUy as distinct from "ty pical" Hinck- — Scape withouth erect hairs; front of head with sidris as this group is from Myrmelachista, several long hairs on clypeus and a pair of shorter hairs; frons s. str. Also, some species in one subgenus appear and frontal lobes without hairs; from of head often wholly dull ho/fmanm Forel to be most closely related to those of the other.

No benefit is to be derived from what appears Myrmelachista chilensis Forel to be an unnatural arrangement, and we (Fig. 98) propose that Hincksidris be placed in synonymy with Myrmelachista (new synonymy). Myrmelachista chilensis Forel, 1904a:704- Menozzi (1935) proposed Neaphomus as

705, note 1. 9 ; Forel, 1908:399. í . a new subgenus of Aphomomyrmex. The type, Myrmelachista (Hincksidris) chilensis, Kempf, and only known, species was the Chilean 1970:30; Kempf, 1972:149. goetschi Menozzi. Type material of goetschi Type locality. Valparaíso, chile. has not been available, but Menozzi's des- This species appears to be uncommon. It cription and figures match al most perfectly is easily recognized by its small size, smooth the characteristics of mayri Forel, long and shiny head, and thorax with abundant placed in Myrmelachista, and correctly so, long, erect hairs. in our opinión. There appears to be little dif- Localüíes (Map 15). chile. Aconcagua: ference between Myrmelachista and Apho- Punta Puquén, near Los Molles (ucb); 10 momyrmex other than the presence of an an- km E Papudo (cas). Valparaíso: Valpa- tennal club in the former. Menozzi's figure raíso (Hoffmann; cotypes; mhng). of the antenna of the goetchi female shows a club about like that of mayri, and we feel that Myrmelachista goetschi (Menozzi) his species must be transferred to Myrme- lachista. It is also necessary to place Neap- Aphomomyrmex (Neaphomus) goetschi Me- homus in the synonymy of Myrmelachista nozzi, 1935:324-328. 9 í ; Kempf, 1970:32. (new synonymy). As a result of this change, Neaphomus goetschi, Kempf, 1972:152. cooperi (Gregg), from Central America, Type locality. Volcán de Chillan, chile. placed in Aphomomyrmex (Neaphomus) This species is known only from the type by Gregg (1953), must be transferred to Myr- material, from Prov. Nuble. It is very cióse to, melachista (new combination). if not a synonym of, mayrt. 111 Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

101

Píate 15. Figs. 98-103. Formicinae, Myrmelachista. 98, M. chüensis, worker (type), head in frontal view; 99, Ai. hoffmanni, worker, same; 100-103, M. mayn; 100, female, same; 101, male, same; 102, worker, head, thorax and petiol»> in lateral view; 103, worker, head in frontal view. (0 (0 (0 (0 (0 J= f/) £ c £ o o c u (ü (/> (0 (0 (0 0) aJE 0) E Ef. E k. !c £: o w >. u >«£ >« S S S % Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 113

Myrmelachista hoftmanni Forel Myrmelachista mayri Forel

(Fig. 99) (Fig. 100-103)

Myrmelachista hoffmanni Forel, 1903:260, Myrmelachista (Decamera) mayri Forel, 1886:

. 265. 9 9 í ; Forel, 1908:399. 214-215. 9 Myrmelachista rectmota Forel, 1904a:705, Myrmelachista mayri var. montícola Mayr, 1890:23. note, 9 . NEW synonymy. 1887:526-527. 9 ; Berg, NEW Myrmelachista (Hmcksidris) hoffmanni, synonymy. Kempf, 1970:30; Kempf, 1972:149. Myrmelachista (Hincksidris) mayri, Kempf, Myrmelachista (Hincksidris) rectmota, Kempf, 1970:30; Kempf, 1972:149. 1970:"31; Kempf, 1972:150. Myrmelachista (Hincksidris) mayri var. Type locality. hoffmanni: Valparaíso, chile; montícola, Kempf, 1970; Kempf, 1972:149. recíwoía: Valparaíso, CHILE. Type locality. mayri: chile, without more Both hoffmanni and rectmota were de- definite locality, montícola: Valdivia, chile. scribed from Valparaíso. The lightly sha- Forel based his description of mayri on greened and somewhat shíny head with a single female while Mayr's description of conspicuous scattered punctures of rectmota the varíety montícola was based on worker made this ant easily separable from hoffmanni, specimens. The nomínate form is from an with an opaque, densely shagreened and im- unknown locality in Chile; montícola is from

punctate head. This is the most common Valdivia. Since there are no valíd grounds Myrmelachista in Chile, and there are numerous on which any comparisons can be made, samples. Small workers are as described for the best solution is to synonymize montícola. hoffmannt, while the largest specimens show This is a widespread species, but one not rectmota. of often collected. No good seríes are avaílable I the characteristics of Specimens an intermedíate size possess cephalic sculp- for study. It seems likely that what is here ture of an intermedíate character, henee the called mayri may prove to be two, or even above synonymy. three species. When all these forms become

Normally this ant is wholly black, but in better known it may prove to be possible to samples from Prov. Santiago, the head and resurrect montícola for one of them. thorax are red. Some samples from Prov. What we here interpret as true mayri is a Aconcagua have the head and thorax dark wholly blackish or brownish-black form. reddish or reddish brown. There are scattered short hairs on the guiar Localities (Map 15). chile. Atacama: surfaces, and the hairs of the tibiae are bahía Copiapó, 45 m elev. (ucb). Coquimbo: decumbent. The pronontum bears numerous 5 mi N lUapel (cas); Hda. lUapel, 600-900 long, erect hairs. m elev. (ucb); Los Vilos (ucb); 15 mi S Los A single series of workers collected by Hunt Vilos (cas); 5 mi N, and 35 mí S Ovalle (cas); about 10 mi SSE Caleo, Prov. Santiago, may Bosque Fray Jorge, (cas); Fray Jorge, be a dífferent species. The color is reddish darker gaster. There are no erect 5 km W Pachíngo, 550 m elev. (ucb). brown with Aconcagua: Zapallar (cas); 3 km N Zapa- hairs on the pronotum, and those of the tibiae llar (lacm). Valparaíso: Valparaíso (Hof- are fully appressed. fmann; types of hoffmanni and rectmota; A third form is represented by two small mhng); Algarrobo (msto); Llay-Llay (cas); samples from localities in Prov. Santiago. Marga-Marga, Collíguay, (amnh); near San These have the head and thorax red, the Pedro, cerro La Campana (lacm). Santia- gaster blackish. It is very similar to the fore- go: Quebrada la Pata, Maipú (msto, ucb); going, but there are a few erect hairs on the El Manzano (msto); cuesta la Dormida pronotum. (lacm, ucb); cerro Roble, ca. 2.000 m elev. There are, finally, a few specimens from (lacm); same locality, ca. 1600 m elev. scattered localities from Prov. Biobío to (lacm); Rinconada Maipú, 450 m elev. (ucb). Prov. Valdivia. These are very similar to Cuneó: cajón de Río Claro, SE of Los Que- "typícal" mayri, but the hairs on the tibiae ñes, 1000 m elev. (ucb). Nuble: 40 km E are fully appressed. It is possible that the San Carlos (cas); Las Trancas rd., near ñame montícola might available for this form Termas de Chillan, 1.350 m elev. (ucb). if it can be shown that montícola is a good Malleco: Angol (cas); 10 mí N Perquenco species. Larger series, with females, will be (cas). necessary in order to solve this dilema. 114 Rev.ChilenaEm. 9, 1975

Localities (Map 15). chile. Santiago: Brachymyrmex giardii var. nitida Santschi, cuesta La Dormida (lacm); La Ollita, Can- 1922:261. 9; Kempf, 1970:31; Kempf,! tillana, 2000 m elev. (msto); ca. 10 km 1972:39. new synonymy. SSE Caleu (lacm). Cuneó: Palos Negros Type locality. giardii: Santiago, chile; (amnh); El Coigual (amnh). Talca: Alto nítida: Petrohué, chile. de Vilches (uch). Nuble: Las Trancas The var. nítida is a minor variant of this (msto); "2.7 km Las Trancas" (ucb); variable small species; individuáis agreeing Las Trancas rd., near Termas de Chillan, 1350 with the description of nitida are found in m elev. (ucb). Biobío: El Abanico (cas). the same nests with "typical" giardii. Arauco: 20 km W Caramávida, cord. Nahuel- This species is light to médium brown in; buta, 750 m elev. (ucb); Pichinahuel (amnh). color, with some individuáis darker brown.

Malleco: Angol (cas); Hda. Dillo, Curacau- The integument is dull to slightly shiny, that tín (msto); Fundo Sta. felisa, Curacautín, of the head conspicuously punctate. Small (msto). Cautín: 10 mi NE Pucón (cas) workers, with HW less than 0.4 mm, usually 20 km E Temuco (cas). Valdivia: [Valdivia are without erect setae on the pronotum; type series of var. monticola Mayr, 1887) larga workers, with HW in excess of 0.5 mm, 30 km S Valdivia (cas). Osomo: "R. Auti- possess about eight long setae on the pro- cena"? (ucon). Llanquihue: Petrohué, 100 notum and a variable number of short, fine m elev. (ucb). setae. The species appears to be dimorphic, with clearly defined minor (fig. 105) and major workers. The latter often have the Anoplolepis longipes (Jerdon)*. gaster greatly distended with stored food

(fig. 107). Such individuáis are superficially

Fórmica longipes jerdon, 1851:122. 9 . similar to the repletes of the North American Fórmica gracilipes F. Smith, 1857:55; genus Myrmecocystus. Mayr, 1865:50. Localities (Map. 16). chile. Coquimbo: Prenolepis gracilipes, Berg. 1890:25. Puerto Oscuro (ucb); Los Vilos (ucb); Ca- Anoplolepis longipes, Kempf, 1970:30; rrizal Bajo (uch). Aconcagua: 90 km S lUa- Kempf, 1972:22. pel (cas). Valparaíso: cuesta El Melón. Type locality. longipes: india; gracilipes: Peñuelas (amnh); cuesta Pucalán,} SINGAPORE. (ucb); 800 m elev. (ucb); 20 km N Concón (cas).} This widely distributed Oíd World spe- Santiago: Santiago (cotypes of giardii Eme-j cies was reported from Chile by Mayr and ry; amnh); cuesta La Dormida (lacm);! Berg (Valparaíso?). No specimens have [Santa Rita; Emery, 1895bJ; Quebrada de laj been studied, and there is presently no evi- Plata, La Rinconada, Maipú (ucb). Elj dence that longipes is established there. Manzano (uch). Talca: [Talca; Emery, 1905] .1 Nuble: 18 km E San Carlos (cas). Biobío Brachymyrmex Mayr El Abanico (cas). Malleco: Angol (cas) Llanquihue: [Petrohué; types of var. nítida

This is an exclusively New World genus of Santschi, 1922). small to minute hypogaeic ants. Most of the species occur in the tropics, but a few are found Brachymyrmex laevis Emery in températe áreas of North and South Ame- rica. The genus was last revised by Santschi (Fig 108-1 12) (1923b). Two species are known to occur in Chile. Brachymyrmex laevis Emery, 1894:216. 9 Emery, 1895 b: 16. 9 9 í; Goetsch, 1933 380 (biology); Menozzi, 1935:324, 335 Brachymyrmex giardii Emery Kempf, 1972:39. (Fig. 104-107) Brachymyrmex levis, Emery, 1905:178, fig. 41c; Forel, 1908:400; Forel, 1912:62; San Brachymyrmex giardii Emery, 1894: 215- tschi, 1923b:659,figs. 9,60; Kempf, 1970:31. 216. 9 9; Emery, 1895:16; Emery, 1905: Type locality. Valdivia, chile.

178, fig. 41b:663; Goetsch, 1933:380 (bio- This species in a little smaller than giar- logyj; Goetsch, 1935:254-255; Menozzi, 1935: dii, the integument is usually dark brown to 324,335; Kempf, 1970:31; Kempf, 1972:39. blackish brown, with that of the head Formicidae) 115 Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera:

B. gmrdu, workers, head in frontal Píate 16 Figs. 104-112. Formicinae, Brachymyrmex. 104-107, 105) and major or replete view and head, thorax and gaster in lateral view, respectively of minor (104, lateral view; 110, worker, lateral view; 111, (106, 107). 108-112, B. laevis: 108, 109, male, head and 112. female, head and lateral view.

in Chile and occurs also in shiny, with very fine scattered punctures. and common related to 'Major workers apparently are not produced. Argentina. It is apparently closely patagomcus Mayr of Argentina and may ul- There is usually a single pair of erect hairs on timately prove to be a synonym. Repletes are the disc of the pronotum and another pair on for this species. the mesoscutum. The species is widespread not known X X o 0) E E k. k >t >t E E (0 O > I £ (0 £ 0) O i U (0 (0 0) (0 OQ m

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Localities (Map 16). chile. Aconcagua: — Side of head, in frontal, view, with abundant erect or suberect hairs extending continuously from occipi- Juncal; Emery, 1905); [Zapallar; Menozzi, tal córner to base of mandible (figs. 1 16-1 19) 5 same locality (cas); 10 km E Papu- 935); 2. Gastric dorsum densely covered by long, appressed (cas). Val- io (cas); 90 km S Illapel golden to ferruginous pubcscence which obscures laraíso: Valparaíso (amnh, mcz); cuesta surface of first three or four terga 3 — dorsum with very sparse, short, white ^'ucalán, 800 m elev. (ucb); Marga-Marga Gastric appressed pubescence; which does not at all obscure /alley (mcz) Llay-Llay (cas). Santiago: surface ^ Volcán, cerros de Chena, Maipo, Valle de 3. Occipital córner with scattered, appressed gol- ;erro Morado, Apoquindo, Viluco; Menozzi, den pubescence; appressed pubescence of first three 1935); ¡Rinconada-Maipú; Kempf, 1970); terga extending to lateral margins of segments; flagellum ferruginous spmolae Roger [Santiago, Emery, 1905, Santschi, 1923b); — Occipital córner with scattered erect or su- Maipo (lacm); same locality San Juan berect white hairs; appressed pubescence of first :;msto); La Yesera, 2150 m elev. (msto); three terga limited to dorsum of each segment; El Volcán, Cajón del Maipo (msto); 15 km flagellum brownish ovaticeps (spinola) with a E Las Condes (ucb); cuesta La Dormida (lacm, 4. Occipital córner and malar área near clypeus few erect hairs, gena densely punctulate, dull; UBC); El Alfalfal (mcz); Caleu (lacm); flagellum ferruginous morojui (F. Smith) (uch); cerro Farellones (lacm); Barranca — Occipital córner and malar área without erect Roble, 2000-2100 m elev. (lacm). Talca: hairs; gena with scattered coarse punrtures, inter- 05 km W Vilches, 615 m elev. (ucb). Linares: spaces lightly tessellate and shiny; flagellum brownish hellmichi Menozzi Bullileo (ucon). Nuble: [codillera de 5. Gena dull, .densely and finely micropunctate, with Chillan; Emery, 1895b); [Volcán de Chillan; scattered fine, round punctures; mesopleura dull, Menozzi, 1935); Termas de Chillan (ucon); densely micropunrtate; occiput with abundant Fundo El Roble, 650 m elev. (msto); 18 km long, yellow appressed pubescence; gastric terga with long appressed yellowish pubescence which E, 50 km E San Carlos (cas). Concepción: is usually sufficiently dense to obscure surface Arauco: San Alfonso, Concepción. mcz). chüensis (Spinola) cord. Nahuelbuta (uch); hostería Lapalhue — Gene moderately shiny, tessellate and with (ucon). Malleco: Angol, 650 m elev. (mcz); scattered coarse, elongate punctures; mesopleura widely Chiquaihue Hiíls (mcz); Parque Nac. Na- moderately shiny, tessellate; occiput with scattered, short, white appressed pubescence; huelbuta (lacm). Cautín: )Temuco; Kempf, gastric terga with scattered, short, appresed locality (mcz); 20 km E Temu- 1970); same whitish pubescence, surface never obscured co (cas); Pucón (lacm). Valdivia: ¡Val- distinguendus (spinola) divia; type series, Emery, 1894); 30 km S Val- divia (cas); Corral (mcz). Osorno: Puye- hue(ucH). Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) chilensis (Spinola) Camponotiis Mayr (Fig. 113-114)

This cosmopolitan genus is one of the largest Fórmica chilensis Spinola, in Gay, 1851:237- and is represented in Chile by of ant genera 238. 9 9 . six species, all members of the subgenus Camponotus chilensis, Mayr, 1865:32; Berg, Tanaemyrmex. Two species, chilensis (Spi- 1890:28; Emery, 1895b: 18; Forel, 1907: nola) and distinguendus (Spinola), are very 10; Goetsch, 1933:382-383; Kusnezov, 1951: common and vk-idespread. The remaining 206-208. forms have, at various times, been considered Camponotus 'Hssicheni" (!) Emery, 1905: forms of one or the other of these. All are good 191. species, in our opinión, since they are sym- Camponotus (MyrmosericusJ chilensis, Santschi, patric with these and shovif no evidence of hy- 1916a:396. bridization ví\Ú\ them. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) chilensis, Me- nozzi, 1935:329, 335; Kempf, 1970:32; Kempf, 1972:66. KEY TO CHILEAN SPECIES OF CAMPONOTUS, Type locality. Santiago, chile. BASED ON WORKERS This black ant, with bright golden abdominal

pubescence, is one of the most conspicuous and without visible 1. Side of head, in frontal view, either common ants in Chile. This color pattern is ertct or suberect hairs (fig. 113, 115) or with a few shared with ovaticeps and spinolae, but these at occipital córner and near base of mandible only lack erect hairs on the margins of the head. 118 Rev. Chilena Em. 9, 1975

113

115 116

118

Píate 17. Figs. 113-119. Formicinae, Camponotus, major workers. 113, 114, C. chüensis, head in frontal view and head and thorax in lateral view; 115-119, head in frontal view, of 115, C. dutinguendus; 116, C. hellmichi; 117, C. morosus; 118, C. omticeps; 119, C. spmolae. —

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In the paper by Emery (1905) the ñame chi- any taxonomic level other than that of a synonym lensis accidentally was scrambled to '^Issicheni" Another sporadic variant has the tergal pubesc- Kempf (1970), in citing this reference confus- ence longer and denser than usual. These super- it ed still further, as "issecheni" . Wheeler ficially look líke sparsely pubescent chilensis, (1914) reponed chilensis from Urubamba, but the hairs are white rather than golden or Perú. This record is, however, based on mus yellowish. Roger. This ant occurs in Perú and Argentina as Specimens have been seen from the follow- well as in Chile. Numberous samples have been ing Provinces (Map 17): Atacama, Coquimbo, seen from the foUowing Chilean Provinces Aconcagua, Valparaíso, Santiago, O'Higgins, (Map 18): Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Valpa- Colchagua, Curicó, Talca, Maule, Linares, raíso, Santiago, O'Higgins, Curicó, Talca, Mau- Nuble, Concepción, Arauco, Malleco, Cautín, le, Nuble, Concepción, Biobío, Arauco, Malle- Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihue and Aisén. co, Cautín, Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihue, Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes.

Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) distinguendus (Spinola) hellmichi Menozzi (Fig. 115) (Fig. 116)

Fórmica distinguendus Spinola, in Gay, 1851: Camponotus (Tanemyrmex) morosus var. 235-237. 9 9 í . hellmichi Minozzi, 1935:330-331, 335. 9.; Camponotus distinguendus, Mayr, 1863: Kempf, 1970:34; Kempf, 1972:69. 398; Mayr, 1886:364; Emery, 1905:191; Type locality. Volcán Villarrica, chile. Forel, 1907:10; Goetsch, 1933:380-382. This ant was very superficially described as Camponotus distinguendus var. denudatus a variety of morosus. The characteristics cited Emery, 1905:191. 9 . Preocc. new synonymy. in the key to sepárate hellmichi from morosus Camponotus distinguendus var. tenuipubens are consistent. Since there is no evidence of Santschi, 1916:242. A^. ñame for denudatus hybridization between the two we feel hellmichi Emery, 1905, not Emery, 1903; Kempf, 1972: should be recognized as a sepárate species. 67. NEW SYNONYMY. Localities (Map 19). chile. Tarapacá: Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) distinguendus S. Chiapa, 3400-3600 m elev. (uch); Cari- var. tenuipubescens (!) Menozzi, 1935:336; quima, cord. Iquique, 3700 m elev. (uch); Kempf, 1970:33. Poroma (uch); 3 km E Zapahuire, 11,100 Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) distinguendus, ft. elev. (ucb); Caquena, 4300-4600 ft. elev. Kempf, 1970:33; Kempf, 1972:67. (usnm); Chapiquiña (uch). Antofagasta: Turi Type locality. distinguendus: Santa Rosa, (uch). Nuble: [Volcán de Chillan; Menozzi, CHILE; denudatus: Pitrufquén, chile. 1935]; Las Trancas (uch). Concepción: This is the common all-black Camponotus Queime (uch). Malleco: cord. Las Raíces, in Chile. It differs inmediately from chilensis, 1500 m elev. (msto). Cautín: [Pucón; Menozzi, ovaticeps and spinolae in lacking dense, golden 1935); volcán Villarrica, 1000 m elev. (ucon). pubescence on the gaster. It can be confused ; Valdivia: [volcán Villarrica; type series of only with hellmichi and morosus, but these \.y/o hellmichi Menozzi, 1935]. Llanquihue: vol- species lack erect hairs extending continuously cán Osorno, ca. 1000 m elev. 15 km N Ensena- along the side of the head from the occiput to da (lacm) . the mandibular base. The flagellum is also ferruginous in morosus. The var. denudatus was proposed for those Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) morosus populations with unusually short and sparse (F. Smith) gastric pubescence. Since denudatus was (Fig. 117) preoccupied by Emery, 1903, this form was renamed tenuipubens by Santschi; the ñame Fórmica morosa F. Smith, 1858:50-51. 9 . has been erroneously cited as ''tenuipubescens'' Camponotus morosus, Mayr, 1862:665; by Emery (1925) and some subsequent authors. Mayr, 1865:32. Since this variant occurs within populations of Camponotus distinguendus var. morosus, the more typical form, and often within the Emery, 1894:214; Emery, 1895b:18; Emery, same nest, there is no reason to recognize it at 1905:191; Santschi, 1916:396. ^

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Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) morosus, Me- Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) nozzi, 1935:329-330, 336; Kempf, 1970:33; spinolae Roger Kempf, 1972:69. (Fig. 119) Type locality. chile, without more definite locality. Camponotus spinolae Roger, 1863:144-145. S This is the other common black-bodied Cam- Emery, 1894:214-215. ponotus in Chile. Is is easily separated from Camponotus chilensis var. rujicomis Emery' distinguendus by the much more limited dis- 1894:214. 9; Emery, 1895b:18. new synonÍ tribution of erect cephalic hairs. With the head YMY. Camponotus ruficornis, in full face view there are a few short, erct hairs Emery, 1903:64, 69. | on the occipital córner and a few on the malar Camponotus chilensis ruficornis, Forel! área near the base of the mandible, but none 1907:10. between these áreas. The presence of occipital Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) ruficornis and malar hairs will serve to distinguish morosus Menozzi, 1935:329, 335; Kempf, 1970:34 from hellmichi, and the red flagellum will Kempf, 1972:71,

sepárate it from both. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) spinolae, Kempf: Common and widely distributed in Chile, 1970:34. morosus is found also in Argentina. Numerous Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) spinolae, Kempf" samples have been seen from the foilowing 1972:72. Provinces (Map 19): Antofagasta, Atacama, Type locality. spinolae: chile, without mor(! Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Valparaíso, Santiago, definite locality; ruficornis: cordillera de Chi' O'Higgins, Colchagua, Curicó, Talca, Linares, llán, CHILE. I Nuble, Concepción, Malleco, Cautín and There appears to be but a single species Magallanes. with red flagellum and golden gastric pu* bescence in Chile. Roger's ñame antedates

that of Emery, so ruficornis must be placed ir synonymy. The red flagellum will inmediately Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) sepárate this attractive species from chilensis, ovaticeps (Spinola) as will the absence of erect hairs along the (Fig. 118) head margins. No specimens intermediatí between the two forms have been seen, and we Fórmica ovaticeps Spinola in 1851: Gay, conclude spinolae to be a valid species.

238-239. 9 . Localities (Map 17). chile. Nuble: Ter- Camponotus ovaticeps, Berg, 1890:30. mas de Chillan (ucon); Las Trancas rd., near Camponotus chilensis var. ovaticeps, Emery, Termas de Chillan, 1270 m elev. (ucb); Las 1894:214. Trancas (uch); Refugio Shangrila, cord. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) chilensis var. Chillan, 1400 m elev. (uch); [cordillera de ovaticeps, Kempf, 1970:32; Kempf, 1972:66. Chillan; type series of ruficornis Emery, 1894); Type locality. Valdivia, chile. [Volcán de Chillan; Menozzi, 1935). This little-known ant resembles chilensis,

of which it was regarded as a variety by Emery Paratrechina fulva (Mayr)* (1894). The sides of the head, in frontal view, Prenolepis are without erect hairs, except a few on the fulva Mayr, 1862:698. 9 9¡ 1865:51-52. occipital córner and a few near the base of the Mayr, Paratrechina (Nylanderia) mandible. The gastric pubescence is paler fulva, Kempf, 1970:34. than in chilensis and the head is broader than This Brazilian ant initially in that species. Since the range of ovaticeps lies was recorded from Chile, without more specific locality, by wholly within that of chilensis and there is no evidence that the two hybridize, we think that Mayr (1865). Kempf (1970) included it in his Catalogo, with the note that is ovaticeps is best recognized as a sepárate was probably species. imponed. No specimens have been seen, and the species Localities (Map 18). chile. Coquimbo: may not be establishejl. Hda. lUapel, 3000 m elev. (mco); 30 km S Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille)* Combarbalá (cas). Santiago: Cerro del Ro- ble, 2000-2100 m elev. (lacm). Concepción: Fórmica longicomis hzlTÚWt, 1802:113 9 . [Talcahuano; Berg, 1890). Valdivia: (Valdi- Prenolepis longicornis, Mayr, 1865:50-51. via; type series oí ovaticeps Spinola. 1851). Paratrechina longicornis, Kempf, 1970:34. 3(O — (O 2 « o c (O o ow a O E E ü ü(O ©

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There is only a single report of this tramp rican forms, for the most part, belong to the species in Chile, that of Mayr (1865). No subgenus Ephebomyrmex, as that group wfas specimens have been seen, and the species may characterized by Colé (1968); Kempf (1970,- not be established. This and the foregoing 1972) has treated it as a genus, followingí species are included because it is possible Kusnezov (1959). The Chilean species all they may exist in some coastal cities. belong to Ephebomyrmex, and only bispinosus is endemic; the other species occur in the Pata- gonian subregion of Argentina.

Araucomyrmex is a genus of temperatei Paratrechina sp. South America, with numerous species in Ar-

A single series, including all castes, is from gentina. It is the most diverse genus in Chile, Santiago (msto). Although belonging to the with 10 species. Three of these are shared with group assigned to the subgenus Nylanderia, Argentina and seven are endemic. The related they are not fulva. The genus Paratrechina genus Dorymyrmex, with several Argentinian

is much in need of revisión, and it would be futile species, is represented in Chile by a single to attempt to place a ñame on the specimens endemic species. at this time. The genus Lasiophanes is Patagonian and appears to be most closely related to the Austra-

GENERIC REPRESENTATION lian Melophorus. It is the only Chilean genus which shows a notable affinity with the Austra- The genera of living ants of the world and their lian fauna. At least two species of Lasiophanes distributions are reviewed by Brown (1973). (nigriventris and picinus) occur in Argentina, The living ants of Central and South America but the taxonomy of the genus is so poorly

are catalogued by Kempf (1972). Kempf lists understood that the status of several ñames is 147 genera in the Neotropical Realm, to which uncertain.

may now be added the genus Antichthonidris. Another Patagonian genus is Antichthoni-

Of this total, only 22 (about 15%) are here dris, with two known species. This genus is recorded as being present in Chile. This figure of uncertain affinities, but seems most similar is, however, unnaturally high, for some genera to the Holarctic Stenamma. A Stenamma-Wkc ( Monomorium, Tetramorium, Anoplolepis, progenitor may once have existed along the Paratrechina) are represented only by introduc- entire Andean chain leaving derivative species ed tramp species, and others (Hypoponera, only in Patagonia, widely separated from the ''Iridomyrmex") are probably introduced North and Central American Stenamma. also. The native generic representation consists There is one endemic Chilean genus, Nothi- of only about 11% of the native South American dris, represented by three species. This genus genera. One genus, Nothidris, appears to be is an obvious derivative of the Neotropical Me- known only from Chile. galomyrmex and may not be truly separable The Chilean ant fauna is therefore a de- from it. paupérate derivative of the South American An endemic ant worthy of special mention is fauna and has obvious similarity to that of Tapinoma antarcticum. This is a common, Argentina. Several genera (Amblyopone, Hete- widely distributed species in Chile. In habitus roponera, Pseudomyrmex, Pheidole, Brachymyr- and behavior it is much like some of the smaller mex) are all well represented elsewhere in the species of Forelms. Unfortunately, the tax- Neotropics, and the one or two species of each onomy of the tapinomine genera is very confus- present in Chile are marginal representations. ed and the correct placement of this species is Solenopsis and Camponotus are large, world- uncertain. Its affinities, however, seem to lie wide genera Wfith numerous species in South with some of the Argentinian Forelius rather America. The Chilean species in both genera than with Tapinoma. have cióse affinities v^íith those of Argentina and, to some degree, with those of Perú. The arboreal genus Myrmelachista is wholly Neo- SPECIFIC COMPOSITION tropical, and the few Chilean species belong to a large assemblage of poorly known species The ant fauna of Chile as described herein centered in Brazil. consists of 62 recognized forms. This includes Pogonomyrmex is a températe zone genus species from a variety of origins and faunal of North and South America. The South Ame- groups. .

Snelling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 125

Eight of the species are imported. These are: vermiculatus, Araucomyrmex antarcticus, A. Monomorium flaneóla, M. pharaonis, Tetra- tener, Lasiophanes hoffmanni, L. picinus,

• morium caespitum, T. guiñéense, Anoplolepu Camponotus chilensis and C. distinguendus longipes, Paratrechina fulva, P. longicomts, Other, less common, species in this group are: and Paratrechina sp. Though these comprise Pogonomyrmex angustus, P. laevigatus, P. 12.9% of the total number of species, they are odoratus, Antichthonidris bidentatus, A. den- insignificant members of the fauna. In fact, ticulatus, Solenopsis patagonicus and Arau- the only one of these species seen during our comyrmex minutus. study was Paratrechina sp., which was represent- The remaining 34 species are endemic to

ed by only a single series. We conclude that it Chile. Though these species represent over

is doubtful that the imported species are half (54.8%) of the total ant fauna, only a few well established. They may, however, be locally are common: Pseudomyrmex lynceus, Solenop- established in urban áreas. sis gayí, S. germaini, "'Tapinoma'" antarcti-

Six of the species can be considered to have cum, Araucomyrmex goetschi and Brachymyr- Neotropical distributions. These are: Hypopo- mex laevis. nera opacior, Cylindromyrmex striatus, Pheidole Three additional species have been recorded from Chile, but are here excluded. (1) Neivamyr- chilensis, Solenopsis latastei, '''' Iridomyrmex" humilis and Myremelachista chilensis. Hypo- mex pertyi (Shuckard) was recorded from Santiago, under the synonymous fonsco- ponera opacior is widely distributed in the Neo- ñame surely tropical and Nearctic Realms. There are only lombii, by Forel (1907). The record was ants of a few records from Chile, and the status of the based on a mislabelled specimen. No the subfamily Dorylinae are known from Chile. species is uncertain. Its presence in Chile may record- be the result of accidental introduction within (2) Conomyrma pyrmica (Roger) was Andes, Chile, historie times. Cylindromyrmex striatus was ed from Santa Rosa de Los by described from Surinam and has been recorded Berg (1890) as Dorymyrmex pyramicus. There is no evidence of the presence oí pyramica from Perú. The single record for Chile is from in Chile, and this record is very likely a misiden- Arica. Pheidole chilensis is a poorly collected of the species of Araucomyrmex species known only from extreme northern tification of one Dorymyrmex planidens Mayr was report- Chile and Lima, Perú. Its affinities are with a (3) Santa de Andes, Chile, by large group of Neotropical species. Solenopsis ed from Rosa Los Berg (1890). The known distribution of latastei is included among the Neotropical planidens its occurrence in Chile un- species only with reservation. A variety has been makes likely. specimens seen by were most described from Argentina (Buenos Aires), but The Berg probably agallardoi. it may prove to be a sepárate species. If so, then latastei will have to be considered an endemia Chilean species. ^^ Iridomyrmex" humilis is DISTRIBtmON AND SPECIATION probably of Brazilian origin, though this species has been widely dispersed by commerce to many Continental Chile has been divided into five parts of the world. Myrmelachista chilensis has biographic regions by Goetsch (1931). These been collected in Misiones Province, Argentina, regions have subsequently been employed by and so must be included among the Neotropical various authors. We will refer to them here as species. The species is so poorly known that it the Atacaman (18-30°S), Espinal (30-37°S), is not possible to state where it originated. Thus Valdivian (37-45°S), Magellanic (45-56°S), these six species, representing 9.6% of the and Andean Regions. These biogeographic total species number, are also an insignificant regions have subsequently been partioned into element of the Chilean fauna. Only Solenopsis eighteen entomofaunal regions by Peña (1965, latastei is a common ant in natural habitats, and 1966). Peña's regions were somewhat modi- its distribution outside Chile is questionable. fied by O'Brien (1971). Distribution data on Hypoponera opacior and ''Iridomyrmex^' the ants of Chile as illustrated in maps 1-19 may humilis may be introduced. The other species be used to examine the suitability of the biogeo- are uncommon to rare. graphic and entomafaunal regions for interpret-

Fourteen species have Patagonian distri- ation of ant distribution and speciation patterns. butions and are found in southern Argentina as Inspection of maps 1-19 reveáis that the well as in Chile. This group represents 22.5% entomofaunal regions appear to be too fmely of the total ant fauna of Chile and includes such partitioned to be useful with reference to ants. very common species as; Pogonomyrmex Only a few specific points may be mentioned. '

126 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

Two of the regions, the Northern Desert and entered via the forested mountain passes of

Southern Pacific, appear to be devoid of ants. the south. Pogonomyrmex vermiculatus is a In the Northern Desert only urban áreas and species found in arid habitats that might have river valleys have ants; the Southern Pacific entered Chile via the Patagonian steppe. Cylin-} Región is probably too wet for any ants at all. dromyrmex striatus and Pheidole chilensis's Pena's Intermediate Desert and Coquimban may have dispersed south along the coast from Desert Regions together compromise O'Brien's Perú. Coquimban Región, and this región may be Speciation of ants in Chile, as refiected by characterized by the presence of Araucomyrmex their distributions, may have followed at least i goetschi. other ant species No seems restricted two major patterns. One important pattern to sp. or characteristic of a particular entomo- would involve isolation of Chilean immigrants faunal región. from populations that are centered outside of I biogeographic regions, on the other The Chile. Chilean species of genera such as Pseu- hand, are more general and henee more useful. domyrmex, Pheidole, Solenopsis, "Tapinoma", and Magellanic Regions have The Atacaman and Myrmelachista may represent this pattern. depaupérate ant faunas cannot be charac- and A second, more interesting pattern might in- terized by the ants present. The Espinal and Val- volve speciation among populations within divian regions, very however, have characteristic Chile itself. Nothidris bicolor and A^. cekalovici ant species assemblages. These assemblages may illustrate this pattern: speciation in áreas are as follows. Espinal Región: Pseudomyrmex of most forest habitat isolated from the contigu- lynceus, Pogonomyrmex bispinosus, P. vermi- ous Valdivian forests of the south. Isolated culatus, Solenopsis gayí, S. latastei, ^'Tapi- áreas of arid habitat on the slopes of the volcanoes noma" antarcticum, Araucomyrmex chilensis, in the south that are separated from the con- morosus, Myrmelachista Camponotus hojfman- tiguous arid habitats farther north may have giardií ni, Brachymyrmex Valdivian Región: offered the reverse situation for speciation, Heteroponera carinifrons, Amblyopone spp., though no species are clearly recognized to Pogonomyrmex angustus, P. odoralus, Anti- have followed that pattern. Araucomyrmex is chthonidris spp., Nothidris latastei, Soleno- a genus where there has clearly been extensive psis germaini, Lasiophanes spp. speciation within Chile, yet the pattern of At least two ant species to have appear An- that speciation is obscure. Lasiophanes and dean distribution patterns: Araucomyrmex Componotus are other genera that pose intrigu- tener and Camponotus hellmichi. Other ant ing problems as concerns speciation. species are either represented by very few records or by very wide distributions (Campo- FAUNAL RICHNESS notus chilensis, C. distinguendus) and are difficult to delimit distributionally. The fauna of Chile has been described as being The distribution patterns of Chilean ants as interesting for those elements lacking as give insight into their possible may some for those present. This is as true for Formicidae patterns of immigration and speciation. An in particular as for the fauna in general. The important consideration in this regard would army ants (Dorylinae) have already been noted be the possible routes of entry into Chile for to be absent. Since the females in this subfamily immigrant species. Goetsch cites (1931) four are always wingless it is understandable that routes that might be employed: in the north, they have been unable to disperse into Chile. across the Puna from Perú, Bolivia, and Argen- Equally conspicuous by their absence (but tina; in the south, through various mountain less explainably so) are the Attini and Cepha- passes that connect with Argentina; in the far lotini. The attines, those species that cultívate south, across the low Cordillera that connects fungí in their nests, are abundantly represented directly with Patagonian Argentina; and, along by genera and species in Argentina. The the northern coast, a desertic connection with cephalotines are arboreal; a rich fauna is found Perú. Each of these routes has probably been in tropical forests, and they are by no means exploited by ants. rare in températe áreas. Another conspicuously

For example, many species that are charac- absent form is Crematogaster, a varied and teristic of the Espinal Región fauna may have successful genus with many species in tropical entered Chile across the northern Andes from and températe South America yet none found Perú, Bolivia, or Argentina. Many of the charac- in Chile. Although Pheidole and Camponotus teristic species in the Valdivian Región probably are present in Chile, the low number of species Snclling y Hunt: The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formiadae) 127

\i these genera is surprising in view of the large CoLE, A. C, Jr. 1968. Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. A iumber present in the rest of South America. study of the genus in North America. Univ. Tenn. Press.

X -I- 222 pp. The depaupérate ant fauna of Chile is clearly Creighton, VV. S. 1930. The New World species of the genus in part to the difficulty of immigration. ue Solenopsis. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. Proc. 66:39-151. ioetsch (1931) recognized this and aptly Creighton, W. S. 1950. The ants of North America. Mus. lescribed Chile as an island. Boundaries that Comp. Zool. Bull. 104:1-585. Dalla Torre, C. G. de. 1893, Catalogus Hymenopterorum solate Chile are the deserts in the north, cordi- hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. lera in the east, ocean in the west, and cold 7:289 pp. orests in the south. Difficulties that confront Emery, C. 1894 (1895). Note sur les fourmis des Chili pecies in crossing these boundaries have serv- avec descriptions de deux especies nouvelles. Soc.

Sci. C/ü/i /leí. 4:213-216. id, at least in part, to limit the abundance of Emery, C. 1895a. Descriptions de* quelques fourmis pecies. nouvelles d'Australie. Soc. Entomol. Belg. Ann. 39: 345-358. CONCLUSIÓN Emery, C. 1895b. Deuxiéme note sur les fourmis de Chili. Soc. Sci. ChiliAct. 5:10-18. Emery, 1903. Intorno ad alcune specie di Camponotus ?uture studies of ants in Chile will unquestion- C. del'America Meridionale. Acad. Sci. Bologna /?en- ibly reveal additional species to be present. dia( 1902/03): 62-81. specialized coUecting methods such as Búrlese Emery, C. 1905. Studi Sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. lampling or careful survey of arboreal habitáis Soc. Entomol. ¡tal. Bull. 37:107-194. C. 1912. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderi- vill probably add species to the list. We feel, Emery, nae. In Wytsman, P., Gen. Insect., fase. 137:1-50. lowever, that the fundamental nature of the Emery, C. 1915. Noms de sous-genres et de genres proposés formicid fauna is clear: two major Dhilean la sous-famille des Myrmicinae. Modifications á

ipecies assemblages represen! the Espinal la classification de ce groupe. (Hymenoptera Formi-

and Valdivian Biogeographic Regions. Most cidae] . Bo«. Soc. Entomol. France, 1915:189-192. Emery, C. 1925. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Dther species are uncommon and locally dis- In Wytsman, P., Gen. Insect., fase. 183:1-302. [ributed; a few species are both very widespread Ettershank, G. 1965. A new species of Megalomyrmex and common. The fauna as a whole, consider- fromtheChilean Andes. Psyche 72:55-58. ing especially its depaupérate nature, offers Ettershank, G. 1966. A generic revisión of the world Myrmi- Pheidologeton. inumerous interesting opportunities for sistem- cinae related to Solenopsis and Austr. Jour. Zool. 14:73-171. atic, biogeographic, and ecological research. systematica eméndala Fabricius, J. C. 1793. Entomolgia eífluc/a 2:349-365. secundum Fabricius, J. C. 1804. Systema piezatorum LITERATURE CITED ordines, genera et species, pp. 395-428. Forel, a. 1886. Etudes myrmecologiques en 1886. Soc. Entomol. Belg. Ann. 30:131-215. Berg, C. 1890. Los formicidios argentinos, chilenos y uru- Forel, A. 1892. Critique: P. Cameron, Hym. Form. in: guayos. 5oc. Ctent. Argent. An. 29:5-43. Whymper, Travels amongst the great Andes of the BoRCMEiER, T. 1948. Einege Ameisen aus Argentinien Equator. Soc. Entomol. Belg. Ann. 36:255-256. (Hym. Formididae). Rev. de Entomol. 19:459-471. Forel, A. 1893. Formicides de e'Antille St. Vincent Brown, W. L., Jr. 1950. Morphological, taxonomic and recoltees par Mon. H. H. Smith. Entomol. Soc. London other notes on ants. Wasmann Jour. Bioí. 8:241-250. rraní.,pp. 333-418. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1973. A comparison of the Hylean and Forel, A. 1901. Formiciden des Naturhistonschen Mu-

Congo-West African Rain Forest Ant Faunas. In Tro- seums zu Hamburg. \. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg pical Jorest ecosystems in África and South America: 18:44-82.

A comparative revieiu. B. J. Messers, E. S. Ayensu Forel, A. 1903. Melanges entomologiques, biologiques et and W. D. Duckworth, eds. SmUhsonian Institution autres. Soc. Entomol. Belg. Ann. 47:249-268. Press, Washington, D. C, pp. 161-185. Forel, A. 1904a. In und mit Pflanzen lebende Ameisen Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958a. Contributions tovvard a recla- aus dem Amazonas-Gebett und aus Perú, gesmmelt von

ssification of the Formicidae ii. Tribe Ectatommini. Herrn E. Ule. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 20:679-707. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull. 118:175-362. Forel, A. 1904b. Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammel- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958b. A review of the ants of New reise. Formiciden, pp. 3-7. Zealand. i4c/a. Hymen. 1:1-50. Forel, A. 1907. Formiciden aus dem Naturhistorischen Brown, W. L., Jr. 1960. Contributions toward a recla- Museum in Hamburg. n. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Ham- ssirication of the Formicidae. iii. Tribe Amblyoponini. burg. 24:1-20. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull. 122:145-230. Forel, A. 1908. Ameisen aus Sao Paulo (Brasilien), Pa- Cameron, P. In E. Whymper. 1891. Trauels amongst etc., von v. Ihering, the great Andes oj the Equator. Suppl. Append. :89- raguay, gesameit Prof. Herm. Dr. 95. Lutz, Dr. Fiebrig, etc. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 58: 340-418. Cekalovic, K. T. 1964. Las hormigas chilenas del género Pogonomyrmex Mayr y su hallazgo en Magallanes Forel, A. 1909. Ameisen aus Guatemala usw, Paraguay (Chile). Mus. Nac. Hist. Nal. Santiago, Nat. Mens. und Argentinien. Deutsche Entomol. Zeitschr., pp. año 9, n° 100, s/p. 239-269. .

128 Rev. Chilena Ent. 9, 1975

FoREL, A. 1911. Ameisen des Herrn. Prof. v. Ihering aus Mayr. G. 1868. Formicidae novae Americanae a Prol Brasiüen (Sao Paulo usw) nebst einigen andereu P. deStrobel. Annuar. Soc. Nat. Modena 3:161-178. aus Sudamcrika und Afrika. Deutsche Enlomol. Mayr. G. 1870. Neue Formiciden. Verh. zool. -bol. ges Zeüschr., pp. 285-312. Wten 20:938-996. FoREL, A. 1912. Formicides Neotropiques. Part iv. Soc. Mayr. G. 1886. Notizen uber die Formiciden-Sammluní Entomol. Belg. Mem. 20:1-32. des British Museum in London. Verh. zooi-bot. gei FoREL, A. 1914. Formicides d'Afrique et d'Amerique Wien 36:355-368. nouveaux ou peu connus. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nal. Buli Mayr. G. 1887. Sudamerikanische Formiciden. Verh 50:211-288. zooi-bot. ges. Wen 37:511-632. FoREL, A. 1915. Formicides d'Afrique et d'Amerique Menozzi, C. 1935. Le formiche del elle. Zooi Jahrb. Syst nouveaux ou peu connus. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. Buli 67:319-336. 50:335-364. O'Brien, C. W. 1971. The biogeography of Chile througl Gallardo, A. 1916. Las hormigas de la República Argen- entomofaunal regions. Entomol. News 82: 197-207. tina: Subfamilia Dolichoderinae. Mus. Nat. Hist. Peña G., L. E. 1965. Ensayo preliminar para dividir Chili Nat. B. Aires Buli 28:1-130. en regiones entomofaunisticas, basadas especial Gallardo, A. 1932. Las hormigas de la República -A.rgen- mente en la familia Tenebrionidae (Col.). Revista Uni- tina: género Pogonomyrmex Mayr. Mus. Nac. Hist. versitaria, Univ. Católica de Chile. 50-51, fascículo ii A'a/. B. ^i7-Chiles. Santschi, F. 1916b. Rectifications a la nomenclature de Konowia 14:95-102. quelques formicides. Soc. Entomol. Frunce Buli Greco, R. E. 1953. Taxonomic notes on the ant, Camponotus pp. 242-243. cooperi Gregg. Psyche 60: 102-104. Santschi, F. 1919. Nouveaux Formicidae de la Republi- Ihering, H. von. 1894. Die Ameisen von Rio Grande do Sul. que Argentine. Soc. Cient. Argent. An. 87:37-57. Beri Entomol. Zeitschr. 39:321-446. Santschi, F. 1920. Formicides africains et americains T. Jerdon, C. 1851. A catalogue of the species of ants found nouveaux. Soc. Entomol. France Ann. 88:361-390. in Southern India. Madras Jour. Litt. Soc. 17: 103-125. Santschi, F. 1921. Ponerinae, Dorylinae et quelques autres Kempf, W, W. 1961. Estudos sobre Pseudomyrmex. ni. formicides neotropiques. Soc. Vaud. Sct. Nat. Buli 54: Síudia Entomol. 4:369-408. 81-103. Kempf, W. W. 1962a. Retoques a classificao das formigas Santschi, F. 1922. Descriptions nouvelles fourmis de l'Ar- neotropicais de genero Heteroponera Mayr. Dep. Zooi gentina et pays lihiitrophes. Soc. Cient. Argent. An. S. Paulo. Papéis Avulsos 15:29-47. 94:241-262. Kempf, W. W. .1962b. Miscellaneous studies on Neotropi- Santschi, F. 1923a. Solenopsis et autres fourmis neotro-

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North American ants of the genera ponera and Hypo- Wheeler, W. M. 1923b. Formicidae from Easter Island ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomol. News and Juan Fernández. In Skottsburg, Nat. Hist. Juan l'i-.b'i-db. Fernández C Easter Island i 3\7-i\9.

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