Overview of DNA Self-Assembling: Progresses in Biomedical Applications
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Bottom-Up Self-Assembly Based on DNA Nanotechnology
nanomaterials Review Bottom-Up Self-Assembly Based on DNA Nanotechnology 1, 1, 1 1 1,2,3, Xuehui Yan y, Shujing Huang y, Yong Wang , Yuanyuan Tang and Ye Tian * 1 College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (Y.T.) 2 Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China 3 Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 9 September 2020; Accepted: 12 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Manipulating materials at the atomic scale is one of the goals of the development of chemistry and materials science, as it provides the possibility to customize material properties; however, it still remains a huge challenge. Using DNA self-assembly, materials can be controlled at the nano scale to achieve atomic- or nano-scaled fabrication. The programmability and addressability of DNA molecules can be applied to realize the self-assembly of materials from the bottom-up, which is called DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology does not focus on the biological functions of DNA molecules, but combines them into motifs, and then assembles these motifs to form ordered two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) lattices. These lattices can serve as general templates to regulate the assembly of guest materials. In this review, we introduce three typical DNA self-assembly strategies in this field and highlight the significant progress of each. -
DNA Nanotechnology Meets Nanophotonics
DNA nanotechnology meets nanophotonics Na Liu 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Email: [email protected] Key words: DNA nanotechnology, nanophotonics, DNA origami, light matter interactions Call-out sentence: It will be very constructive, if more research funds become available to support young researchers with bold ideas and meanwhile allow for failures and contingent outcomes. The first time I heard the two terms ‘DNA nanotechnology’ and ‘nanophotonics’ mentioned together was from Paul Alivisatos, who delivered the Max Planck Lecture in Stuttgart, Germany, on a hot summer day in 2008. In his lecture, Paul showed how a plasmon ruler containing two metallic nanoparticles linked by a DNA strand could be used to monitor nanoscale distance changes and even the kinetics of single DNA hybridization events in real time, readily correlating nanoscale motion with optical feedback.1 Until this day, I still vividly remember my astonishment by the power and beauty of these two nanosciences, when rigorously combined together. In the past decades, DNA has been intensely studied and exploited in different research areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology. At first glance, DNA-based nanophotonics seems to deviate quite far from the original goal of Nadrian Seeman, the founder of DNA nanotechnology, who hoped to organize biological entities using DNA in high-resolution crystals. As a matter of fact, DNA-based nanophotonics does closely follow his central spirit. That is, apart from being a genetic material for inheritance, DNA is also an ideal material for building molecular devices. -
DNA-Based Artificial Nanostructures: Fabrication, Properties And
(Invited) Chapter V in “Handbook of Nanostructured Biomaterials and Their Applications in Nanobiotechnology,” Vols. 1-2 (ISBN: 1-58883-033-0), edited by Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers (2005). DNA-based Artificial Nanostructures: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications Young Sun and Ching-Hwa Kiang* Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University 6100 Main Street - MS61, Houston, TX 77005, USA Phone: (713) 348-4130, Fax: (713) 348-4150, E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: DNA; nanostructure; self-assembly; nanoparticle; carbon nanotube; biosensor. *To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]. 1 Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. DNA fundamentals 3. Attachment of DNA to surface 4. Fabrication of nanostructures using DNA 4.1 Nanostructures of pure DNA 4.2 DNA-based assembly of metal nanoparticles 4.3 Construction of semiconductor particle arrays using DNA 4.4 DNA-directed nanowires 4.5 DNA-functionalized carbon nanotubes 4.6 Field-transistor based on DNA 4.7 Nanofabrication using artificial DNA 5. DNA-based nanostructures as biosensors 6. Properties of DNA-linked gold nanoparticles 6.1 Aggregation of DNA-modified gold nanoparticles 6.2 Melting of DNA-linked gold nanoparticle aggregations 6.3 Effects of external variables on the melting properties 7. Conclusion 2 1. Introduction The integration of nanotechnology with biology and bioengineering is producing many advances. The essence of nanotechnology is to produce and manipulate well- defined structures on the nanometer scale with high accuracy. Conventional technologies based on the "top-down” approaches, such as the photolithographyic method, are difficult to continue to scale down due to real physical limitations including size of atoms, wavelengths of radiation used for lithography, and interconnect schemes. -
Gene Regulation Using Spherical Nucleic Acids to Treat Skin Disorders
pharmaceuticals Review Gene Regulation Using Spherical Nucleic Acids to Treat Skin Disorders Thomas R. Holmes and Amy S. Paller * Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-312-695-3721 Received: 19 September 2020; Accepted: 30 October 2020; Published: 2 November 2020 Abstract: Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are nanostructures consisting of nucleic acids in a spherical configuration, often around a nanoparticle core. SNAs are advantageous as gene-regulating agents compared to conventional gene therapy owing to their low toxicity, enhanced stability, uptake by virtually any cell, and ability to penetrate the epidermal barrier. In this review we: (i) describe the production, structure and properties of SNAs; (ii) detail the mechanism of SNA uptake in keratinocytes, regulated by scavenger receptors; and (iii) report how SNAs have been topically applied and intralesionally injected for skin disorders. Specialized SNAs called nanoflares can be topically applied for gene-based diagnosis (scar vs. normal tissue). Topical SNAs directed against TNFα and interleukin-17A receptor reversed psoriasis-like disease in mouse models and have been tested in Phase 1 human trials. Furthermore, SNAs targeting ganglioside GM3 synthase accelerate wound healing in diabetic mouse models. Most recently, SNAs targeting toll-like receptor 9 are being used in Phase 2 human trials via intratumoral injection to induce immune responses in Merkel cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, SNAs are a valuable tool in bench-top and clinical research, and their advantageous properties, including penetration into the epidermis after topical delivery, provide new opportunities for targeted therapies. -
The Business of DNA Nanotechnology: Commercialization of Origami and Other Technologies Katherine E
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The business of DNA nanotechnology: commercialization of origami and other technologies Katherine E. Dunn1,* 1 School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, Scotland, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Supplementary Data 1: Patent searches These tables contain the results of searches on patent database Espacenet. The search string used in each case is indicated. The title and abstract of the patent applications were searched. Note that many of these patent applications will not be granted. Some will be rejected on grounds of insufficiency, or lack of novelty or patentability. The decision to include or exclude a patent application was based on an examination of the title, abstract and any diagram supplied on the Espacenet page. The full text of the patents were not examined. Patent abstracts in an unknown language were automatically translated by Espacenet into English. The translation is imperfect. Titles are given here as provided in Espacenet, without correction of obvious language issues (such as ‘imagination’ in place of ‘imaging’). The definition of DNA nanotechnology is given in the body of the paper. Notation used for decisions: Excl – filtered out (off-topic) Dup – duplicate of another entry In – included in analysis N/A – after cut-off date of 31/12/17 Page 1 of 31 Search string = DNA nanotechnology TITLE OF PATENT (as it appears on Espacenet) Priority date Decision 1. GENERATING NUCLEATION CENTERS ON NUCLEIC 22/06/2001 excl ACID, USEFUL FOR SUBSEQUENT METALLIZATION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY, COMPRISES INCUBATION WITH A METAL SALT THEN REDUCTION 2. -
Stimuli Responsive, Programmable DNA Nanodevices for Biomedical Applications
REVIEW published: 30 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.704234 Stimuli Responsive, Programmable DNA Nanodevices for Biomedical Applications Udisha Singh 1†, Vinod Morya 1†, Bhaskar Datta 1,2, Chinmay Ghoroi 2,3 and Dhiraj Bhatia 1,2* 1Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, India, 2Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, India, 3Chemical Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, India Of the multiple areas of applications of DNA nanotechnology, stimuli-responsive nanodevices have emerged as an elite branch of research owing to the advantages of molecular programmability of DNA structures and stimuli-responsiveness of motifs and DNA itself. These classes of devices present multiples areas to explore for basic and applied science using dynamic DNA nanotechnology. Herein, we take the stake in the recent progress of this fast-growing sub-area of DNA nanotechnology. We discuss Edited by: different stimuli, motifs, scaffolds, and mechanisms of stimuli-responsive behaviours of Reji Varghese, DNA nanodevices with appropriate examples. Similarly, we present a multitude of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, biological applications that have been explored using DNA nanodevices, such as India biosensing, in vivo pH-mapping, drug delivery, and therapy. We conclude by Reviewed by: discussing the challenges and opportunities as well as future prospects of this Suchetan Pal, Indian Institute -
Advances in Oligonucleotide Drug Delivery
REVIEWS Advances in oligonucleotide drug delivery Thomas C. Roberts 1,2 ✉ , Robert Langer 3 and Matthew J. A. Wood 1,2 ✉ Abstract | Oligonucleotides can be used to modulate gene expression via a range of processes including RNAi, target degradation by RNase H-mediated cleavage, splicing modulation, non-coding RNA inhibition, gene activation and programmed gene editing. As such, these molecules have potential therapeutic applications for myriad indications, with several oligonucleotide drugs recently gaining approval. However, despite recent technological advances, achieving efficient oligonucleotide delivery, particularly to extrahepatic tissues, remains a major translational limitation. Here, we provide an overview of oligonucleotide-based drug platforms, focusing on key approaches — including chemical modification, bioconjugation and the use of nanocarriers — which aim to address the delivery challenge. Oligonucleotides are nucleic acid polymers with the In addition to their ability to recognize specific tar- potential to treat or manage a wide range of diseases. get sequences via complementary base pairing, nucleic Although the majority of oligonucleotide therapeutics acids can also interact with proteins through the for- have focused on gene silencing, other strategies are being mation of three-dimensional secondary structures — a pursued, including splice modulation and gene activa- property that is also being exploited therapeutically. For tion, expanding the range of possible targets beyond example, nucleic acid aptamers are structured -
Nanosheets and 2D-Nanonetworks by Mutually Assisted Self-Assembly of Fullerene Clusters and Cite This: Nanoscale Adv.,2019,1,4158 DNA Three-Way Junctions†
Nanoscale Advances PAPER View Article Online View Journal | View Issue Nanosheets and 2D-nanonetworks by mutually assisted self-assembly of fullerene clusters and Cite this: Nanoscale Adv.,2019,1,4158 DNA three-way junctions† Sandeepa Kulala Vittala, Sajena Kanangat Saraswathi, Anjali Bindu Ramesan and Joshy Joseph * Programmable construction of two dimensional (2D) nanoarchitectures using short DNA strands is of utmost interest in the context of DNA nanotechnology. Previously, we have demonstrated fullerene- cluster assisted self-assembly of short oligonucleotide duplexes into micrometer long, semiconducting nanowires. This report demonstrates the construction of micrometer-sized nanosheets and 2D- nanonetworks from the mutual self-assembly of fullerene nanoclusters with three way junction DNA (3WJ-DNA) and 3WJ-DNA with a 12-mer overhang (3WJ-OH), respectively. The interaction of unique sized fullerene clusters prepared from an aniline appended fullerene derivative, F-An, with two 3WJ- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. DNAs, namely, 3WJ-20 and 3WJ-30, having 20 and 30 nucleobases, respectively at each strand was characterized using UV-visible absorption, circular dichroism and fluorescence techniques. The morphological characterization of nanosheets embedded with F-An clusters was performed via AFM, TEM and DLS analyses. The programmability and structural tunability of the resultant nanostructures were further demonstrated using 3WJ-OH containing a cytosine rich, single stranded DNA 12-mer overhang, which -
SJ Rosenthal, D. Wright (Eds.)
S.J. Rosenthal, D. Wright (Eds.) NanoBiotechnology Protocols Series: Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 303 The combination of nanoscience and biotechnology promises to yield revolutionary biological insights, ranging from receptor function to drug discovery to personal medicine. In NanoBiotechnology Protocols, hands-on experts in nanomaterial synthesis and application describe in detail the key experimental techniques currently employed in novel materials synthesis, dynamic cellular imaging, and biological assays. The authors emphasize diverse strategies to synthesize and functionalize the use of nanoparticles for biological applications. Additional chapters focus on the use of biological components (peptides, antibodies, and DNA) to synthesize and organize nanoparticles to be used as a building block in larger assemblies. These new materials make it possible to image cellular processes for longer durations, leading to high throughput cellular-based screens for drug discovery, drug delivery, and diagnostic applications. Highlights include overview chapters on quantum dots and DNA nanotechnology, and cutting-edge techniques in 2005, XII, 230 p. With CD-ROM. the emerging nanobiotechnology arena. A value-added compact disk containing color figures is included. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ A product of Humana Press series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and Printed book tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Hardcover Illuminating and cross-disciplinary, NanoBiotechnology Protocols enables novice and ▶ 139,99 € | £119.99 | $169.99 experienced researchers alike to quickly come up to speed with both nanomaterials ▶ *149,79 € (D) | 153,99 € (A) | CHF 165.50 preparation and the use of nanomaterials in biological and medicinal applications. -
Nano Exposed: a Citizen’S Guide to Nanotechnology
Nano Exposed: A Citizen’s Guide to Nanotechnology December 2010 SECTION I: It’s a Nano World After All Nano 101 ........................................................................................ 1 SECTION II: Nano Today Nano Commercialization: The Future is Now .................................... 3 Nano and Food ................................................................................ 5 Nano and Public Health ................................................................... 6 Nano and the Environment: A New Form of Pollution ........................ 7 Nano Regulation: Big Hype, Little Oversight .................................... 9 SECTION III: Issues and Concerns The Tiny Arms Race: Nano in the Military ...................................... 11 Nano and Climate Change ............................................................. 13 Nano in the Future: The case for health, democracy and environmental justice ............................................ 15 Resource Guide ............................................................................. 16 References .................................................................................... 16 A Report by NanoAction, a project of the International Center for Technology Assessment December 2010 Report by Colin O’Neil and Sophia Kruszewski Report Design by Kutztown Publishing, Inc. Special Thanks to the CS Fund, Andrew Kimbrell, Jaydee Hanson, George Kimbrell and all our reviewers. Report © International Center for Technology Assessment, 2010 Nano Exposed: A Citizen’s -
Today's Overview
Today’s Overview – Introduction to nanoscience and technology – How does light interact with matter on the nanoscale? – Emergent properties: Transition from the bulk to the nanoscale – Colloids – Interfacing nanomaterials with DNA – Design rules for new materials – Applications of spherical nucleic acids Image Courtesy of Bawendi and Coworkers. Chad A. Mirkin There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom “I am not afraid to consider the final question as to whether, ultimately —in the great future — we can arrange the atoms the way we want; the very atoms, all the way down!“ -- Richard Feynman December 26, 1959 California Institute of Technology Feynman, R. Engineering and Science 1960, 23(5), 22–36. Chad A. Mirkin Historical Significance of Nanomaterials 300 1500 1857 1947 1974 1985 1990s 2000s Early Understanding Rational Design and Observation of of the Nanoscale/ Manipulation of Nanoscale Phenomena Era of Miniaturization Nanoscale Objects Chad A. Mirkin Tools for Studying Nanoparticles JEOL FEI Courtesy Hersam and Coworkers Scanning Electron Transmission Electron Scanning Tunneling Microscope (SEM) Microscope (TEM) Microscope (STM) Qin, L.; Mirkin, C. et al. Science 2005, 309(5731), 113. Jin, R.; Mirkin, C. et al. Nature 2003, 425, 487. Hossain, Hersam, et al. JACS 2010, 132, 43, 15399. Chad A. Mirkin Defining Nanotechnology 1. Developing tools for making, characterizing, and manipulating materials on the nanometer (nm) length scale 2. Determining the chemical and physical consequences of miniaturization. Chad A. Mirkin Size, Shape, and Composition Matter Rayleigh Light Scattering of Nanoparticles Ag Nanoprisms Au Spheres Au Spheres Ag Spheres Ag Spheres Ag Spheres ~100 nm ~100 nm ~50 nm ~100 nm ~80 nm ~40 nm 200 nm 200 nm (the same for all the images) Small 2005, 1, 14. -
1 Using DNA to Program the Self-Assembly of Colloidal Nanoparticles and Microparticles Preface Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Accepted version of article first published as Rogers, Shih, Manoharan, Nature Reviews Materials, 1: 16008, 2016. Using DNA to program the self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles and microparticles W. Benjamin Rogers1,2, William M. Shih3,4,5, Vinothan N. Manoharan1,6 1Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 2Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453 3Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 4Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 5Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 6Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Preface Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is not just the stuff of our genetic code; it is also a means to design self-assembling materials. Grafting DNA onto nano- and microparticles can, in principle, “program” them with information telling them exactly how to self-assemble. Although fully programmable assembly has not yet been realized, the groundwork has been laid: with an understanding of how specific interparticle attractions arise from DNA hybridization, we can now make systems that reliably assemble in and out of equilibrium. We discuss these advances and design rules that will allow us to control—and ultimately program—the assembly of new materials. Box 1: Self-assembly is a process by which a system of disordered components spontaneously assembles into an ordered pattern or structure without human intervention. In programmable self-assembly, information is added to the system in order to direct assembly toward a prescribed structure or behavior.