Optimizing Signal Settings Based on Advanced Vehicle Control System for Smart City

Puji Catur Siswipraptini1, Meilia Nur Indah Susanti1 , Rosida Nur Aziza2, Abdurrasyid2

1 Senior Lecturer, Sekolah Tinggi Teknik PLN 2Lecturer, Sekolah Tinggi Teknik PLN

Abstract The growth in number of vehicles in Indonesia reaches about 10 % every year, but the growth of roads is only 3,14 % in a year. This growth imbalance causes road congestions in big cities, not only in Indonesia but also in Asia, such as . Traffic lights that only rely on fixed time settings, not based on the length of the queue, also add to the congestion. Congestion causes some losses, including waste of fuel, loss of time and the delay of arrival of emergency vehicles, such as ambulances and fire trucks, at the scene of an accident.Jakarta needs to adopt the concept of smart city to solve problems, including traffic congestion. We design a prototype of system, which is called Advaced Vehicle Control System (AVCS). This system consists of five components, i.e. : sensing optimization, vehicle control processing, application, information system, and security. AVCS can be considered as a part of the concept of smart city.AVCS comes with sensors to detect the length of the queues on each lane. The information taken from the sensors are used to calculate the traffic light setting using Fuzzy Mamdani method. The method is expected to be able to find an optimal solution for the time delay for each traffic light at each lane.This research also aims to give priority for certain vehicles, such as ambulances and fire trucks,to go through the traffic due to emergency reasons. Data used in the research was collected by observation at the intersections in Jakarta.

Keywords: Signal, Fuzzy Mamdani, Advanced Vehicle Control System, Smart City

settings. The traffic light system requires changes to be able to perform more optimally. Especially when I. Introduction There were 129,281,079 vehicles in Indonesia there is an emergency vehicle that will go through during 2016. Compared to the year 2001 where there the crossroads. Sometimes when the emergency were only 20,922,235 vehicles, the increase in the vehicle passes through the intersection, the vehicle is number reached 617 % in a span of 15 years [1]. stuck in a traffic jam so that it can lead to delay in Referring to the statistics provided by Indonesian providing help. Central Agency on Statistics (BPS) [1], the current Ambulances and firefighters are included road transportation infrastructure and vehicle monitoring users who have the primary right to take precedence are insufficient in sustaining the increase of vehicles as provided for in Article 134 UULLAJ jo Article 65 and it can cause problems, such as traffic congestions paragraph (1) PP 43/1993. Under existing provision, and accidents. Based on BPS report in 2016 there it is clear that exceptions may be granted by police were about 106,129 cases of highway accidents [2]. officers by allowing road users to pass through red Various ways have been taken in the attempt to lights when there are emergency vehicles. Therefore overcome the traffic problems. Other than that, it is necessary to develop a device that can provide traffic also accounts for 26% of global CO2 emergency signals to smart traffic systems that emissions and car use is the principal contributor to accommodate Article 134 paragraphs a and b. The greenhouse gas emissions. Traffic jam is one of many emergency signalacts as an agent for asking causes of increased emissions. permission to get a wayfrom the traffic. In other In Jakarta, traffic congestions are often words, emergency vehicles can change the traffic encountered at the intersections, especially the light at its lane to change colour to green. intersections of 4 (four) or more lanes. One of the causes is the lack of optimization of the traffic light’s

Contact Author: Puji Catur Siswipraptini, Senior Lecturer, Sekolah Tinggi Teknik PLN, Jl. Lingkar Luar Barat Duri Kosambi . II. Related Works Tel: +62-21-5440344 Fax: +62-21-5440343 e-mail: [email protected] Table 1. Related Relevant Researches Authors Literature Result Debnath et A methodological Comparing the logic. Mamdani uses the structure of Min-Max al., framework for application of operation. In this method, fuzzy set solution is 2014 benchmarking smart transportation obtainedby implementing the maximum valuerules. SMART transport in 26 Then, the value is used for modifying the fuzzy area cities cities among the and applying it to the outputusing OR operator. If all world as the proportions have been well as providing evaluated, then the output will contain the fuzzy set that quality reflectscontribution from each proportion. measurement As the research on Vehicle Control System is a framework of part smart city, it is necessary to know the definition that smart of smart city. According to Hall (2000), Smart City transportation is referred as “the safe, secure environmentally systems [3] green, and efficient urban center of the future with Friesen Bluetooth in A basic Bluetooth advanced infrastructures such as sensors, electronics &McLed., Intelligent sensor and networks to stimulate sustainable economic 2015 Transportation system for traffic growth & a high quality of life”. Smart City, System : A monitoring consists according to Barcelona City Hall (2011), is a high- Survey of a Bluetooth tech intensive and advanced city that connects probe device (s) that people, information and city elements using new scans for other Bluetooth-enabled technologies in order to create sustainable greener device (s) within its city, competitive and innovative commerce and an radio proximity, and increase life quality with a straightforward then stores the administration and maintenance system of city. data for future Forrester (2011) stated that the use of Smart analysis and use [4] Computing technologies to make the critical PujiCatur New Smart Integrating infrastructure components and services of a city, et.al.,2016 Traffic Light an automatic system which include city administration, education, using Greedy that is implemented healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, Algorithm using Greedy and utilities, more intelligent, interconnected, and algorithm so it is efficient. According to Gartner (2011), the smart city expected to be is based on intelligent exchanges of information that able to find an flow between its many different subsystems. This optimal solution for flow of information is analyzed and translated into the time citizen and commercial services. The city will act on delayfor each traffic this information flow to make its wider ecosystem light. [5] more resource-efficient and sustainable. The Garg Traffic Lights the dynamic control information exchange is based on a smart governance &Hiteshi., Control System of traffic lights in an operating framework designed for cities sustainable 2017 For Indian Cities isolated intersection, [7]. Using WSN And i.e., an intersection Fuzzy Control whose incoming vehicle flows are not affected by the IV. Methodology effects of upstream traffic lights. [6] This research was conducted in the following procedures, as shown in figure 1: literature review, Some of recent relevant studies on intelligent resume analysis, synthesis, idea/design proposal, and technology have been proposed in the related conclusion. In literature review, several research literatures. Table I points out some of those relevant reports related to transportation system and vehicle researches. Review of those relevant studies reveals management were collected and reviewed. The result that there are some areas that have not been of the review was used to make resume analysis and explained, for example the comprehensive study that to formulate synthesis. After synthesizing suggestion explain the future transportation system. for Intelligent Transport System, proposed idea was produced. The final step was to generate conclusion of this research. III. Theoretical Background Mamdani method is one of the inference tech- niques in Fuzzy. The inference technique is a way of mapping an input to an aoutput space using Fuzzy the duration of the green light based on the length of the queue and the number of vehicles. Dissemination Information about the real condition on the road can be sent through the smart traffic application system smart traffic light via social media, such as Line and Literature Resume Proposed Implemen Conclusion Review Analysis Idea tation twitter. With the use of smart traffic system application then the traffic light arrangement for emergency vehicles can be controlled through the security menu in application by granting access rights on the system.

Fig.1. Research Methodology

A. Literature Review

Table 2. Smart City Technology [8]

Category Definition Sensing Monitor any external change of status and transmit collected data to process and respond to signals from Fig.2. Mindmap of 5 Components of Advanced sensors Vehicle Control System Processing Process data from sensors according to an analysis leading to a rational decision C. Proposed Idea Network Connect each device and user to support efficient communication Deploying a Smart City is a multi-disciplinary Interface Convert the information that flows task,that involves various stakeholders from different between devices or between users thematic. areas, like politics, finance, city and devices into a more intelligible management and organization, and information and form (Graphical, Textural) communication technologies(ICT). From the ICT Security Control illegal access to information perspective, the number of devices,technologies, and from users or facilities over the standards involved is huge, therefore, itis necessary entire smart environment and to have an overall view. In the next subsectionswe protect personal privacy summarize the main technology’s actors. Sensors represent an essential component of anyintelligent control system. Thanks to technology Process on information delivered to users through advancestoday a multitude of different sensors is smart networks in three stages:Awareness, Decision, available, enablingapplications that were and Action [7]. This conceptual classification further unimaginable in the past. From theperspective of the suggests a technical functions and rolesin sub- requirements for Smart Cities, wideavailability of categories of Sensing, Networks, Processing, these technologies translates to a largenumber of Interfaces, and Security, as shown in Table opportunities in terms of sensing, i.e., metersto 2[9][10][11][12]. At this stageindividual technologies determine gas, electricity, water etc. Sensor nodes are that fitted in each category were identified on the usually scattered in a sensor field;each of these basis of industrial data and existing literature. scattered sensor nodes has the capabilities tocollect data and route data back to a special node calledsink B. Resume Analysis by a multi-hop infrastructureless Based on the literature review, this research architecture.Currently, most of commercial Wireless formulate 5 categories of Advanced Vehicle Control Sensor Network(WSN) are based on the IEEE Systems (AVCS), as shown in fig.2. Signals issued 802:15:4 standard, whichdefines the physical and by the sensor will beused for the optimization of the MAC layers for low-power,low bit-rate traffic light’s setting. The vehicle management communications in wireless personal areanetworks process gives priorityfor special vehicles such as (WPAN). However, IEEE 802:15:4 does notinclude ambulances and fire engines. Signals that have been specifications on the higher layers of the optimized using Fuzzy Mamdanimethod can adjust protocolstack, which is necessary for the seamless integration ofsensor nodes into the Internet [13]. The role of SN in the IoTis crucial and well examined in, wherein authors point out on the relation between IoTand Sensors Networks (SN) : SN can exist without the IoT, however, the IoT cannot exist without SN. Smartphones represent another interesting sensingscenario. Indeed, the ever increasing number and thepresence of a mixture of sensors such as GPS, gyroscopes,accelerometers and compasses, enabling a variety of crowdsourcing applications, which will eventually be augmentedby the IoT. For instance, as users regularly updatetheir location status on social Fig.3. Green Light is On at Lane 2 in The Morning networks like Twitter andFacebook, based on this location information, it is possibleto aggregate this Fig.3 shows the comparison between green light data, enabling tasks to be dispatched to people in duration on line 2in the morning at 06.00 - 08.00 specific locations [14]. a.m. from observation data and green light duration of traffic optimization application using Fuzzy D. Implementation Mamdani logic method . This section will explain the implementation of the five components of the AVCS .

D.1. Sensing for Optimizing Signal Setting The design of smart traffic light that has an infrared sensor as a control system for the adjustment based on the density of vehicles the roads is required. It is expected that traffic control system will be well- adjusted with the density that is detected by the infrared sensor at every intersection. This smart traffic light system is not constant (real-time) and will be followed by changes of the density of the vehicles at the intersection. This sensor send traffic Fig.4. Green Light is On at Lane 3 at Noon density input to controlling unit, according to these input traffic pole timer works. [5] The principle of Fig.4 shows the comparison between green light the control system at traffic lights will be using duration on line 3 at12.00 – 14.00from observation infrared sensors as a vehicle density level control data and green light duration of traffic optimization system with media control utilizing AVR application using Fuzzy Mamdani logic method. microcontroller ATmega16, because this It can be shown, from the fig.3 and fig.4, that the microcontroller is able to access program and data duration of the green light using the Fuzzy Mamdani simultaneously . The algorithm used in this design of method changes based on the length of the queue at smart traffic light is a Fuzzy Mamdani algorithm that each lane. The duration from the calculation is is expected will be able to determine which path has shorter than the observation data. For example, at the longest time delay and which path has the lane 3, when the length of the queue is 100 meters, shortest and it will purposely prevent and decrease the time for the green light ON is only 15 secs. bottlenecks in order to increase the effectiveness of Compared with the obsevation data, which is 30 secs. the traffic lights. The design of smart traffic light system is going to reduce the number of D.2. Processing for Vehicle Control traffic/bottlenecks that usually happens at Android Input Android crossroads/intersection with the design that is very Databas Applicatio Buttons dynamic and real-time (duration of green light is e adjusted with density of vehicles on the roads).

Light Control Arduino Process Process

Fig 3. Diagram of Connection between Application and Traffic Light using in an Emergency Case The research also designs Android application steps.When the admin has entered the application program to display several information obtained menu, the admin will be served with a complete from the observed intersections. This app also crossroad view with realtime traffic lights and provides a button to obtain the green light on the lane buttons. Buttons are divided into four buttons. If the that is being traversed by an emergency vehicle so admin presses one of the path buttons, then the green that emergency vehicles can arrive at the destination light will illuminate according to the selected path. faster. After using this app, admins can logout from the app. When the user will pass one of the paths at the intersection Cengkareng and Matraman, the user will open this android app. Once the user selects the app D.3. Application menu, user will press a one-way button to turn on the green light. This android app is connected with The application built for AVCS is a web-based MySQL database. The database will forward application using PHP and mysql. The outline of this commands to the microcontroller for the process that application is designed to facilitate the road users to will produce a green light on. get traffic information and condition in Matraman 1 Flowchart application process is the initial process , so that road users can avoid traffic jams. stages up to the end of the whole application. Here is a flowchart of the application process:

Fig.5. Realtime Application

In this menu Matraman 1, users can view realtime information about the green light and red light.

D.4. Information System

Fig.4. Flowchart of Application

Permissions granted to admins to use this app. Login as admin will be given facility admin data admin, view realtime data and run application of green light flame. Admin entry into the application using the username and password that has been registered as admin. On the main admin menu page can select admin edit menu, realtime data, help, application menu, and logout. When you want to change the admin data, admin go to admin edit menu and fill the data you want to change then press the Fig.6. Shared Information System change profile button. Before the admin uses the application menu, Applications will be connected to social admins can view realtime data in the realtime menu. media,such as twitter, to provide information to If the admin does not yet know how to use the app users. Any smart device or computer that is able to menu, admins can see the help menu for help access the Twitter domain can enable a geo-coding facility that locates where the message is sent from and more e ective mobility and access to and there is considerable research into how social opportunities for urban population. So it can be networks as well as spatial networks might be concluded thatffthe AVCS can be one of dynamic fashioned from such data. Geo-locating the sources future things in Asia. of such messages is in fact the main application to date. [15] References

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