6. Art of Mauryan Period
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Material Culture and Asian Religions Text, Linage, Object
Material Culture and Asian Religions Text, linage, Object Edited by Benjamin J. Fleming and Richard D. Mann I~ ~~o~~~~n~~~p NEW YORK AND LONDON First published 2014 b) Routledge 711 Third Avenue, Ne" York, NY 10017 and b) Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Parl... Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN Routledge is an impri111 q(1he Taylor & Francis Group, a11 informa business C 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of the editors to be identified as the author of the editorial material. and of the: authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance 11 ith sections 77 and 78 of the Cop)-right, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book ma~ be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in an1 form or b1 am electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or he;eafter ime~ted: including photocop) ing and recording, or in an) information storage or retrieval S) stem, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark 1'otice: Product or corporate names ma) be trademarks or registered trademarl~. and are used onl) for identification and explanation "ithout intent to infringe. library ofCongress Ca1alogi11g-in-Publication Dala Material culture and Asian religions: te'l.t, image, object I edited by Benjamin J. Fleming and Richard D. Mann. - 1 [edition]. pages cm. - (Routledge research in religion, media and culture; 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Asia-Religion. 2. material culture- Asia. 3. Material culture-Religious aspects. I. Fleming, Benjamin J., 1967-, editor of compilation. RLI033.M38 2014 200.95-<lc23 2013041860 ISBr-i: 978-0-415-84378-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-75303-3 (ebk) T~ pcset in limes New Roman b) Apex CoVantage , LLC Contents List ofFigures xiii A bbnn.·iations XVII A cknoll'ledgments XIX Introduction: Material Culture and Religious Studies BE'\J,\ \'If'\' J. -
ANSWERED ON:25.11.2014 TOURIST SITES Singh Shri Rama Kishore
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TOURISM LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:403 ANSWERED ON:25.11.2014 TOURIST SITES Singh Shri Rama Kishore Will the Minister of TOURISM be pleased to state: (a) whether tourist sites have been categorised grade-wise in the country and if so, the details thereof; (b) the details of tourist sites covered under Buddhist circuit and developed as world heritage tourist sites during the last three years and the current year; (c) whether the Government has any tourism related proposals for Vaishali in Bihar including financial assistance; and (d) if so, the details thereof? Answer MINISTER OF STATE FOR TOURISM (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) (DR. MAHESH SHARMA) (a): Madam. At present there is no grade wise categorization of tourist sites. (b): The Ministry of Tourism has identified following three circuits to be developed as Buddhist Circuits in the country with the help of Central Government/State Government/Private stake holders: Circuit 1: The Dharmayatra or the Sacred Circuit - This will be a 5 to 7 days circuit and will include visits to Gaya (Bodhgaya), Varanasi (Sarnath), Kushinagar, Piparva (Kapilvastu) with a day trip to Lumbini in Nepal. Circuit 2: Extended Dharmayatra or Extended Sacred Circuit or Retracing Buddha's Footsteps - This will be a 10 to 15 day circuit and will include visits to Bodhgaya (Nalanda, Rajgir, Barabar caves, Pragbodhi Hill, Gaya), Patna (Vaishali, Lauriya Nandangarh, Lauriya Areraj, Kesariya, Patna Museum), Varanasi (Sarnath), Kushinagar, Piparva (Kapilvastu, Shravasti, Sankisa) with a day trip to Lumbini in Nepal. Circuit 3: Buddhist Heritage Trails (State Circuits). i. Jammu and Kashmir - Ladakh, Srinagar (Harwan, Parihaspora) and Jammu (Ambaran). -
Buddhist Pilgrimage
Published for free distribution Buddhist Pilgrimage ew Edition 2009 Chan Khoon San ii Sabbadanam dhammadanam jinati. The Gift of Dhamma excels all gifts. The printing of this book for free distribution is sponsored by the generous donations of Dhamma friends and supporters, whose names appear in the donation list at the end of this book. ISB: 983-40876-0-8 © Copyright 2001 Chan Khoon San First Printing, 2002 – 2000 copies Second Printing 2005 – 2000 copies New Edition 2009 − 7200 copies All commercial rights reserved. Any reproduction in whole or part, in any form, for sale, profit or material gain is strictly prohibited. However, permission to print this book, in its entirety , for free distribution as a gift of Dhamma , is allowed after prior notification to the author. ew Cover Design Inset photo shows the famous Reclining Buddha image at Kusinara. Its unique facial expression evokes the bliss of peace ( santisukha ) of the final liberation as the Buddha passes into Mahaparinibbana. Set in the background is the Great Stupa of Sanchi located near Bhopal, an important Buddhist shrine where relics of the Chief Disciples and the Arahants of the Third Buddhist Council were discovered. Printed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by: Majujaya Indah Sdn. Bhd., 68, Jalan 14E, Ampang New Village, 68000 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Tel: 03-42916001, 42916002, Fax: 03-42922053 iii DEDICATIO This book is dedicated to the spiritual advisors who accompanied the pilgrimage groups to India from 1991 to 2008. Their guidance and patience, in helping to create a better understanding and appreciation of the significance of the pilgrimage in Buddhism, have made those journeys of faith more meaningful and beneficial to all the pilgrims concerned. -
Depiction of Asoka Raja in the Buddhist Art of Gandhara
Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan Volume No. 54, Issue No. 2 (July - December, 2017) Mahmood-ul-Hasan * DEPICTION OF ASOKA RAJA IN THE BUDDHIST ART OF GANDHARA Abstract Asoka was the grandson of the Chndragupta Maurya, founder of one of the greatest empires of the ancient India (321-297 BC). The empire won by Chandragupta had passed to his son Bindusara, after his death, it was again transmitted to his son Asoka. During early years of his kingship he was a very harsh ruler. But after witnessing the miseries and suffering of people during the Kalinga War (260 BCE.) Ashoka converted to Buddhism and decided to substitute the reign of the peace and tranquility for that of violence. Due to his acts of piety and love for the Buddhist faith he become the most popular and personality after Buddha for the Buddhists. Many legends associated with him i.e. “a handful dust”, “redistribution of Relics”, “ his visit of underwater stupa at Ramagrama” are depicted in Gandhara Art. In the present article an effort has been made to identify and analyze the legends of Ashoka in the light of their historical background. Keywords: Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka, Kalanga war, Buddhism. Introduction The Buddhist Art of Gandhara came in to being in the last century before the Christian era, when the Sakas were ruling in the North-West (Marshall, 1973:17) and further developed during the Parthian period (1st century A.D.). Like the Sakas, the Parthians were confirmed philhellenes and proud of their Hellenistic culture, and not only had they large numbers of Greek subjects in their empire but they were in a position to maintain close commercial contacts with the Mediterranean coasts (Ibid: 6). -
A Contingency Theory of Leadership Based on the Worldviews of Five Religions
The Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 771–806 Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of five religions Mark Kriger a,T, Yvonne Seng b,1 a Norwegian School of Management BI, Nydalsveien 37, NO-0442 Oslo, Norway b American University, 140 13th Street SE, Washington, DC 20003, United States Abstract The purpose of this article is to create the foundation for a contingency theory of leadership based on the inner values and worldviews of five major religious traditions: Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism. The article identifies similarities and differences in the implicit leadership models among these five religious traditions. It further explores the implications of this model for organizational leadership in an increasingly uncertain and evolving global economy, where not only cultures but also religions, their belief systems and their values, are in increasing contact and interaction. We develop and describe a multiple-level ontological model of being to expand upon and enlarge the currently accepted behavior-based contingency theories of leadership. The article proposes and creates an integrative model of organizational leadership based on inner meaning, leader values, vision and moral examples at multiple levels of being as an extension to prior behavior-based contingency theories of organizational leadership. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Spiritual leadership; Contingency theory; Ontological levels; Nondual worldviews; Natural experiments 1. Introduction When one examines the implied leadership models embedded in the scriptural texts and traditions of the world’s major religious traditions there is evidence for a meta-contingency theory of leadership. It is T Corresponding author. -
The Teaching of Buddha”
THE TEACHING OF BUDDHA WHEEL OF DHARMA The Wheel of Dharma is the translation of the Sanskrit word, “Dharmacakra.” Similar to the wheel of a cart that keeps revolving, it symbolizes the Buddha’s teaching as it continues to be spread widely and endlessly. The eight spokes of the wheel represent the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism, the most important Way of Practice. The Noble Eightfold Path refers to right view, right thought, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditation. In the olden days before statues and other images of the Buddha were made, this Wheel of Dharma served as the object of worship. At the present time, the Wheel is used internationally as the common symbol of Buddhism. Copyright © 1962, 1972, 2005 by BUKKYO DENDO KYOKAI Any part of this book may be quoted without permission. We only ask that Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai, Tokyo, be credited and that a copy of the publication sent to us. Thank you. BUKKYO DENDO KYOKAI (Society for the Promotion of Buddhism) 3-14, Shiba 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 108-0014 Phone: (03) 3455-5851 Fax: (03) 3798-2758 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.bdk.or.jp Four hundred & seventy-second Printing, 2019 Free Distribution. NOT for sale Printed Only for India and Nepal. Printed by Kosaido Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan Buddha’s Wisdom is broad as the ocean and His Spirit is full of great Compassion. Buddha has no form but manifests Himself in Exquisiteness and leads us with His whole heart of Compassion. -
Reclaiming Buddhist Sites in Modern India: Pilgrimage and Tourism in Sarnath and Bodhgaya
RECLAIMING BUDDHIST SITES IN MODERN INDIA: PILGRIMAGE AND TOURISM IN SARNATH AND BODHGAYA RUTIKA GANDHI Bachelor of Arts, University of Lethbridge, 2014 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Religious Studies University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA ©Rutika Gandhi, 2018 RECLAIMING BUDDHIST SITES IN MODERN INDIA: PILGRIMAGE AND TOURISM IN SARNATH AND BODHGAYA RUTIKA GANDHI Date of Defence: August 23, 2018 Dr. John Harding Associate Professor Ph.D. Supervisor Dr. Hillary Rodrigues Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. James MacKenzie Associate Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. James Linville Associate Professor Ph.D. Chair, Thesis Examination Committee Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my beloved mummy and papa, I am grateful to my parents for being so understanding and supportive throughout this journey. iii Abstract The promotion of Buddhist pilgrimage sites by the Government of India and the Ministry of Tourism has accelerated since the launch of the Incredible India Campaign in 2002. This thesis focuses on two sites, Sarnath and Bodhgaya, which have been subject to contestations that precede the nation-state’s efforts at gaining economic revenue. The Hindu-Buddhist dispute over the Buddha’s image, the Saivite occupation of the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya, and Anagarika Dharmapala’s attempts at reclaiming several Buddhist sites in India have led to conflicting views, motivations, and interpretations. For the purpose of this thesis, I identify the primary national and transnational stakeholders who have contributed to differing views about the sacred geography of Buddhism in India. -
The Image of the Winged Celestial and Its Travels Along the Silk Road
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 225 June, 2012 The Image of the Winged Celestial and Its Travels along the Silk Road by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Discovering Buddhism at Home
Discovering Buddhism at home Awakening the limitless potential of your mind, achieving all peace and happiness Special Integration Experiences Required Reading Contents The Eight Places of Buddhist Pilgrimage, by Jeremy Russell 3 (Also available on Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive Website – www.lamayeshe.com) Further required reading includes the following texts: The Tantric Path of Purification, by Lama Thubten Yeshe Everlasting Rain of Nectar, by Geshe Jampa Gyatso © FPMT, Inc., 2001. All rights reserved. 1 2 The Eight Places of Buddhist Pilgrimage by Jeremy Russell Jeremy Russell was born in England and received his degree in English Literature from London University. He studied Buddhist philosophy at the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, for four years. Jeremy currently lives in Dharamsala, India, editing Cho-Yang, the Journal of Tibetan Culture, and translating other material from Tibetan. Lord Buddha said: Monks, after my passing away, if all the sons and daughters of good family and the faithful, so long as they live, go to the four holy places, they should go and remember: here at Lumbini the enlightened one was born; here at Bodhgaya he attained enlightenment; here at Sarnath he turned twelve wheels of Dharma; and here at Kushinagar he entered parinirvana. Monks, after my passing away there will be activities such as circumambulation of these places and prostration to them. Thus it should be told, for they who have faith in my deeds and awareness of their own will travel to higher states. After my passing away, the new monks who come and ask of the doctrine should be told of these four places and advised that a pilgrimage to them will help purify their previously accumulated negative karmas, even the five heinous actions. -
Asian Religions Chapter Ten
PART FOUR ASIAN RELIGIONS CHAPTER TEN ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHIST SACRED SPACE IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA: THE AMBEDKARITE BUDDHISM, DALIT CIVIL RELIGION AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST SOCIAL EXCLUSION Knut A. Jacobsen Introduction Although there were hardly any Buddhists in India at the time of inde- pendence in 1947, the two main symbols of the nation of India have strong Buddhist associations. The lion-capital of the Ashoka pillar from Sarnath is the national emblem of India and the Ashokan wheel from the base of the same Ashoka pillar from Sarnath is in the centre of the Indian flag. The main reason for the use of these symbols with strong Buddhist associations for the national emblem and the national flag is that it was suggested by the great leader of the Dalits, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891–1956), who was one of the six members of the flag committee constituted in June 1947.1 Ambedkar was already at that time an admirer of the Buddha and his teaching. Ambedkar lobbied for the adoption of several other Buddhist features to become part of the Indian state between 1947 and 1950, not only the wheel of dharma in the flag and the Ashoka lion as the emblem of the nation, but also the inscription of a Buddhist aphorism on the pediment of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the residence of the President of the Republic 1 Ambedkar proudly recalled that he got the lion capital and the Ashoka wheel adopted without anyone in the Constituent Assembly opposing it. That the Sarnath lion capital became the national emblem and the Ashoka wheel (chakra) as national symbol in the flag due to Ambedkar is a not often recognized fact. -
Role of Gandhara in Spread of Styles, Influence of Gandhara Art and Influences on Gandhara Art
2013 Hawaii University International Conferences Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences January 6th to January 8th Ala Moana Hotel Honolulu, Hawaii Role of gandhara in spread of styles, Influence of Gandhara Art and Influences on Gandhara Art SAMINA SALEEM Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Role of Gandhara in spread of styles (Its influences) 1 Samina Saleem Academic Qualification: Masters in Fine Arts from University of Punjab, Pakistan. Presently: student of M.Phil in Asian Studies, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Personal Position: Working as Assistant Professor in Fine Arts, in Government Post Graduate College for Women Satellite Town, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Date of Birth: 18th April, 1963 Nationality: Pakistani Address (Work): Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Title of Research: Role of Gandhara in spread of styles (Comparison of South Asian Civilization of Gandhara; and its influences on Later Eastern and Western Art) Role of Gandhara in spread of styles (Its influences) 2 ABSTRACT BY SAMINA SALEEM Role of gandhara in spread of styles, Influence of Gandhara Art and Influences on Gandhara Art Basic purpose of this paper is to provide the students and researcher a new dimension to look into the art of South Asian region. This art which is known as Gandhara art flourished here from 1st Millennium to the of the 11th century AD. First part of Paper is comprised of brief history of this area, that is a part of subcontinent specially Pakistan. This area has been a trade route from west to East, also been having a magnetic attraction for West since long, because it has versatility in its Geography, climate and also its inhabitants. -
The Stūpa of Bharhut
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Alexander B. Griswold FINE ARTS Cornell Univ.;rsily Library NA6008.B5C97 The stupa of Bharhut:a Buddhist monumen 3 1924 016 181 111 ivA Cornell University Library Al The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 6181111 ; THE STUPA OF BHARHUT: A BUDDHIST MONUMENT ORNAMENTED WITH NUMEROUS SCULPTURES ILLUSTRATIVE OF BTJDDHIST LEGEND AND HISTOEY IN THE THIRD CENTURY B.C. BY ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, C.S.I., CLE., ' ' ' ^ MAJOE GENERAL, EOYAL ENGINEERS (BENGAL, RETIRED). DIRECTOR GENERAL ARCHffiOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. " In the sculptures ancL insorvptions of Bharliut we shall have in future a real landmarh in the religious and literary history of India, and many theories hitherto held hy Sanskrit scholars will have to he modified accordingly."— Dr. Max Mullee. UlM(h hu Mw af i\( Mx(hx^ tii ^tate Ux %nVm in €mml LONDON: W^ H. ALLEN AND CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. TRUBNER AND CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL; EDWARD STANFORD, CHARING CROSS; W. S. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., 91, GRACECHURCH STREET; THACKER AND CO., 87, NEWGATE STREET. 1879. CONTENTS. page E.—SCULPTURED SCENES. PAGE PREFACE V 1. Jata^as, oe pebvious Bieths of Buddha - 48 2. HisTOEicAL Scenes - - - 82 3. Miscellaneous Scenes, insceibed - 93 I.—DESCRIPTION OF STUPA. 4. Miscellaneous Scenes, not insceibed - 98 1. Position of Bhakhut 1 5. HuMOEOUS Scenes - - - 104 2. Desckipiion of Stupa 4 F.— OF WORSHIP 3. Peobable Age of Stupa - 14 OBJECTS 1.