Trap Or Die : Le Gangsta Rap Contemporain Du Sud Des États

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Trap Or Die : Le Gangsta Rap Contemporain Du Sud Des États UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL TRAPORDIE: LE GANGSTA RAP CONTEMPORAIN DU SUD DES ÉTATS-UNIS ET SES RAPPORTS À LA MENTALITÉ HÉGÉMONIQUE DU RÊVE AMÉRICAIN MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR GABRIEL MARTIN LABROSSE AVRIL 2019 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.10-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Tout d'abord pour son soutien de première ligne, je veux remercier Magali Delorme. J'espère humblement que c'est une manière de consacrer ma reconnaissance pour sa tendresse et sa patience, puis pour l'amour et l'assurance qu'elle m'a donnés. Grâce à elle, mon quotidien d'académique sobre a pu s'égayer. Mes parents m'ont aussi offert un soutien logistique et affectif sans pareil. Je dédie ce travail à Gilles et France, à leur générosité et leur amour. Ce mémoire est un modeste monument à la ténacité de mon père et le courage de ma mère. Je veux remercier Dan O'Meara, mon directeur de recherche. Ses commentaires et recommandations m'ont à plusieurs reprises recentré sur le plus important, et guidé vers une plus grande autonomie dans mon travail intellectuel. Je veux aussi remercier les autres membres du corps professoral et administratif qui m'ont aidé d'une manière ou d'une autre: Isabelle Gusse, Frédérick Gagnon, Lysa Brunet et Nina Escoute. Un remerciement à mes grands et vieux ami.e.s pour les moments où tous les soucis s'oublient: Sebastian, alias Socrate, alias l'un des petits monstres, avec qui partager un rien devient un tout sans limites cosmologiques, mais avec beaucoup de rires; Marie-Dominique, pour la tendresse et l'amour du théâtre; Julien, Justine, Jade, Ariel et Hugues, pour l'affection curative et les discussions politiques et amicales; Charles et Joël, pour les jams de feu, Hegetsch, pour la bouffe, Marc Rodrigue, Léo, L-F, Kevin ... 111 Mes ami.e.s académiques-consultant.e.s Samuel, Julie, Balint, Fanny, Flavio, Léandre, James, Hugo, François, Clara, Olivier, Abdoul, Naomie et toutes les autres qui ont flâné avec moi au A-3685, au chalet de l'UQAM et bien au-delà. La troupe de saltimbanques de Qui dit vain pour m'avoir permis de concevoir, en temps de disette créatrice, des choses magiques avec si peu - sauf pour l'amour. BQAM-E et ses bénévoles pour m'avoir permis de décontracter dans le cambouis. Sur une note un peu plus fantasmagorique, je veux remercier les rappeurs qui m'ont fait rire, danser et sacrer. Jouer avec la langue dans la musique c'est inspirant; j'y aspire, même si ma prose n'arrive pas à la cheville de celle d'Outkast. Merci à la musique et à sa plus grande force politique: l'effet sur le corps. Shout out à Zoé. DÉDICACE Pour France et Gilles, avec amour et reconnaissance AVANT-PROPOS Cette recherche a émergé d'une rencontre heuristique entre mon désir de poursuivre et d'approfondir une manière d'étudier les œuvres culturelles dans une perspective sociohistorique qui m'a été initialement présentée dans le cours Les relations internationales à travers le_ cinéma donné par Dan O'Meara, et mon amour de la musique. Ayant travaillé sur la présence des mythes dans le cinéma hollywoodien, j'ai décidé de poursuivre cette entreprise avec une culture musicale qui entretient des rapports intrigants avec les idées dominantes, nommément le hip-hop et le rap, particulièrement son versant gangsta. Si j'avais à expliquer mon choix du corpus précisément, mes premiers contacts avec le trap d'Atlanta se sont faits dans un entrepôt poussiéreux du Mile-End, peu avant que j'entreprenne mon parcours au second cycle universitaire. TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ii DÉDICACE ................................................................................................................. iv A V ANT-PROPOS ........................................................................................................ V TABLE DES MATIÈRES ........................................................................................... vi RÉSUMÉ ..................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE! SYNTHÈSE DE LA LITTÉRATURE .......................................................................... 6 1.1 Culture populaire : suivre la trajectoire théorique des cultural studies ................... 6 1.2 La musique populaire, le rap et les cultural studies .............................................. 10 1.3 Problématique et question de recherche ................................................................ 15 CHAPITRE II CADRE THÉORIQUE ............................................................................................... 18 2.1 Bagage théorique gramscien : idéologie, hégémonie et articulation ..................... 18 2.1.1 ldéologie ..................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Hégémonie et «mentalité hégémonique» ................................................... 21 2.1.3 Articulation ................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Contexte sociohistorique et théorique de la «mentalité hégémonique» du rêve américain ..................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Contexte sociohistorique: post-industrialisme, bloc historique reaganiste et mentalité hégémonique néolibérale et conservatrice .......................................... 28 2.2.2 Contexte théorique : principes et prescriptions hégémoniques .................. 31 Individualisme ................................................................................................. 32 Vll Américanisme ................................................................................................. 34 Morale civique ................................................................................................ 36 Succès comme fonction sociale ...................................................................... 39 Mobilité sociale ............................................................................................... 41 Foyer familial .................................................................................................. 42 Universalisme .................................................................................................. 43 2.3 Méthodologie ........................................................................................................ 45 CHAPITRE III CONTEXTE SOCIOHISTORIQUE D'UNE FORME CULTURELLE SPÉCIFIQUE .............................................................................................................. 49 3.1 Le Sud des États-Unis et le «New South» ............................................................ 50 3.2 Atlanta, les Jeux olympiques de 1996 et la «Mecque noire» ................................ 54 3.3 Post-industrialisation, l'industrie culturelle et le «black Hollywood» .................. 62 3.4 Le rap, le gangsta rap, la «troisième côte» et le trap ............................................. 65 CHAPITRE IV ANALYSE DE DISCOURS ....................................................................................... 75 4.1 Présentation du corpus .......................................................................................... 75 4.2 Gucci Mane ........................................................................................................... 7 6 4.2.1 Individualisme ............................................................................................ 78 4.2.2. Américanisme ........................................................................................... 82 4.2.3. Morale civique .......................................................................................... 83 4.2.4 Succès comme fonction sociale ................................................................. 86 4.2.5 Mobilité sociale .......................................................................................... 87 4.2.6 Foyer familial ............................................................................................. 88 4.2. 7 Universalisme ............................................................................................. 89 4.3 Migos
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