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Series 7 III.—On the Butterflies of the Genera Leptophobia

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Series 7 III.—On the Butterflies of the Genera Leptophobia This article was downloaded by: [130.132.123.28] On: 02 February 2015, At: 10:41 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 7 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ tnah13 III.—On the butterflies of the genera Leptophobia and Pieris Arthur G. Butler Ph.D. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Published online: 22 Sep 2009. To cite this article: Arthur G. Butler Ph.D. F.L.S. F.Z.S. (1898) III.—On the butterflies of the genera Leptophobia and Pieris, Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 7, 2:7, 13-24, DOI: 10.1080/00222939808678007 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939808678007 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Downloaded by [] at 10:41 02 February 2015 On the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 13 abnormally worn teeth. The squirrels of the eepapl group were also in an unsatisfactory stat% the East-African forms being confused with cepapi proper, a slightly larger animal with oven less hypsodont teeth; the tooth figured as b~- longing to F. cepapi in Dr. Major's paper belongs really to a squirrel from Kilimanjar% probably F. ganaaa, which is closely allied to F. Jacksonl. It is a curious and it might be said inconvenient fact, that in the pattern of their teeth and in the shape of the skull the harsher-furred squirrels approach Seiurus, while the softer-furred approach Xerus; with the exception of S. rufobracMatus, the rule would almost hold good that the harsher the fur the nearer to Sciurus, the softer the fur the nearer to Xerus. ] I I.-- On the Butterflies of the Genera Lepto phobia and Pieris. By ARTHUa G. BUTLER~ Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. ]~r spite of adverse criticism, I have seen no reason to change my decision either as to the distinctness of Leptophobia or as to what should be regarded as typical Pierls. Strictly speaking, perhaps, Parnassius apollo should be regarded as the type of Pier~'s, Schrank ; Scudder~ however, considers Ganoris rapce to be the type, regarding the closely related G. brassicce as generically distinct. I have clearly proved that the trivial characters upon which these two nearly allied "cabbage-butterflies " were separated are utterly unreliable, being inconstant in the extreme. If we were, on the other hand, to make 19arnassius apollo the type of Pieris, it would not only create hopeless confusion, but would necessitate Downloaded by [] at 10:41 02 February 2015 giving a fresh name to the subfamily Pierinm, a course not to be desired by any who keep in view the sole object of nomenclature. As before, therefore, I accept Boisduval's definition of t~ieris, taking P. amathonte (=P. demopMle ? ) as its type. In the ' Biologia Centrali-Americana ' the genus ]gieris is expanded to include S~/nchloe, M!/lothris, Leptophobia, and Glutophrissa; but personally I prefer to keep all groups having constant structural differences, whether of neuration or other details~ as separate genera. As regards the state- ment that P. 19rotodice (Synchloe) is sexually inconstant in nenration, I can only suggest that this state of things is indi- vidual and abnormal, inasmuch as nine out of our ten male examples show the apical furca in the primaries quite as Dr. A. G. Butler on the Butterflies of clearly as in our six females. Th~s~ I do not tbr a moment doubt, the authors of the ~ Biologia' will frankly admit when they have again investigated the point. The following is a list of the species so far as they are known to me :-- LEPTOPI:IOBIA~ Butler. 1. Leptophobia eleone. Pierls eleone, Hewitson, in Gem Diurn. Lep. pl. vi. fig. 6 (1847). l~'eris 8mithii, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 357 ; Rhop. Exot. i. pl. i. figs. 3, 4 (1888). Venezuela, Bogota~ Bolivia, Qulto, Ecuador. B.M. P. SmitMi is evidently a slight variation, differing only in the narrowness of the posterior portion of the outer border of the primaries ; the width of this border varies a good deal in L. eleone. 2. Leptophobla eleusis. 2~isrls eleusis, Lueas~ Rev. et Mag. de Zoo1. 1852, p. 331. t~'eris suadella, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsehr. v. p. 79 (1861). Venezuela. B.M. I think it very doubtful whether the following is distinct from this. 3. JLeptophobia helena. Pieris helena~ Lueas, Rev. et Mag. do Zool. 1852, p. 332. Quite. B.M. 4. LeTtophobia ar~Ta. Pieris aripa, Boisduval~ Sp. G~n. L~p. i. p. 528 (1836). Downloaded by [] at 10:41 02 February 2015 t~'erls balidia~ Boisduval, t. e. p. 529. lYeris elodia~ Boisduval, l. e. Rio Janeir% Bolivia~ Venezuela, Panama~ Costa Rica, Guatemala~ Mexico. B.M. Our examples of L. balidla (fi'om Rio Janeiro) have the under surface of the secondaries and apex of primaries more buff-eoloured than Central-American examples; bat the Bolivian example is somewhat intermediate. 5. Leptophobia pinara. 1)ie,'is Tinara~ Felder, Reise der Nov.~ Lep. ii. p. 179 (1865). Begot% Bolivi% and Ecuador. B.M. the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 15 6. Leptophobla erinna. Pieris erinna~ Hopffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 335. Peru. B.M. 7. Leptophobla nephtMs. Pierls nephthis~ Hopffer~Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874~p. 334. Bolivia and Ecuador. Coll. ttewitson. Nearly allied to the preceding species. 8. Leptophobia stamnata. Pierls stamnata~ Lueas, trey. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 830. Pieris euthemia, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 80 (1861). Venezuela. B.M. 9. Leptophobia penthica. .Leptalis ? penthica~ Kollar~ Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien~ math.-nat. C1. i. p. 360~ pl. xlv. figs. 11~ 12 (1850). Bogota and Ecuador. B.M. 10. Leptophobia subargente% sp. n. ~. Above very similar to the same sex of L. tenuicorni.% but the base of primaries blaeker~ the white markings more eream-coloured~ the large patch barely extending above the second median branch (so as to leave a much wider interval between it and the subapical bifid spot) ; secondaries much less blu% the inner bordering of the much larger creamy white patch being rather silver-grey. Primaries below with costa and fringe sulphur-yellow~ apical area silver crossed by Downloaded by [] at 10:41 02 February 2015 black veins ; white area rather more extended basally than above and pure whit% subapieal white spot slightly broader : secondaries silver, with black veins; basal lobe daffodil- yellow in front, saffron behind. Body normal. Expanse of wings 58 millim. Pueartamb% Peru (Whitely). Type B. M. Evidently related t% but distinct from~ the following. 11. Leptophobia semiccesia. Pierls semiecesia,Felder~ Reise tier Nov., Lep. ii. p. 176 (1865). Bogota. This species seems to approach L. 2enthic% but with no white on upper surface of secondaries; the secondaries and apex of primaries below silvery rather thau nacreous. The 16 Dr. A. O. Butler on the Butterflies of description almost agrees with L. philoma, bug Felder speaks of the subapieal fasciolc as tripartite. 12. Leptophobla olympia. 2~ieris olympia, Felder, Wien. ent. Honatsehr. v. p. 80 (1861). E. Peru (registered Nauru). B. liL In the Hewitson collection a specimen, from Bolivia, stands under L. tovaria, from which species I think L. olgmpia very doubtfully distinct; it was described from a Venezuelart example. 13. Leptophobla tovarla. _Pieris tovaria, Felder, Wien. ent. !~fonatsehr.v. p. 80 (1861). 9, Bogota. B.M. 14. Leptophobla subflaveseens. 1%'m.issubflaveseens, Kirby, Ann. & Hag. Nat. Hist. sot. 5, vol. xix. p. 369~(1887). New Grenada. Near to L. tovaria ; almost the same on upper surface. 15. Leptophobla philoma. Pieriephiloma, Howitson, Equat. Lep. p. 79 (1870). Ecuador. Type cell Hewitson. Should this prove to be Felder's L. semicoesia it will have to sink; but it is possible that the species of Bogota may prove distinct. 16. Leptophobla c~sla. Pieris o~esia, Lucas, Rev. et Hag. do Zoo1. 1852, p. 299 ; Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii., Pier. pl. vi. figs. 43, 44 (1861). Downloaded by [] at 10:41 02 February 2015 Quite and Ecuador. Coll. Hewitson and B. ]K. 17. LeptoThobia tenuicornls. £ejotophobia tenuieornis, Butler and Dmce, Cist. Eat. i. p. 110 (1879) ; Lep. Exot. p. 116, pl. xliii, fig. 4 (1872). Pieris tenuicornis, Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr.-&m., Lep. Rhop. vol. ii. p. 137, pl. lrdi. figs. 8-11 (1889). Colombia, Chiriqui, Costa Riea. B.M. 18. Leptophobia c{nerea. Pierls cinerea, Hewitson, Trans.
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  • Parasitoides De Leptophobia Aripa Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) En Repollo Y Brócoli En Honduras1
    Parasitoides de Leptophobia aripa Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) en repollo y brócoli en Honduras1 Ronald D. Cave y Roberto J. Cordero2 Resumen. Se efectuó un inventario de los parasitoides de la mariposa mejicana de la col,Leptophobia aripa Boisduval, de 1992 a 1994 en 12 zonas productoras de crucíferas en Honduras. De los huevos y larvas de L. aripa no emergió ningún parasitoide, por lo tanto parece haber un nicho abierto para la introducción de parasitoides ovífagos que complementarían los enemigos naturales indígenas. Las moscas parasíticas (ocho especies) representaron 6.8% de los parasitoides totales criados. Las avispas parasíticas primarias ( cuatro especies) representaron 91.5% de los parasitoides totales criados. Los hiperparasitoides ( dos especies) constituyeron 1.6% de los parasitoides totales criados. Palabras claves: Avispas parasíticas, crucíferas, hiperparasitoides, moscas parasíticas, parasitismo.· Abstract. An inventory of the parasitoids of the Mexican cabbage butterfly, Leptophobia aripa Boisduval, was carried out from 1992 to 1994 in 12 crucifer production zones in Honduras. No parasitoides emerged from eggs or larvae of L. aripa, thus there appears to be an open niche for introducing egg parasitoids that would complement the indigenous natural enemies. Parasitic flies ( eight species) represented 6.8% of all reared parasitoid individuals. Primary parasitic wasps (four species) represented 91.5% of all reared parasitoid individuals. Hyperparasitoids (two species) constituted 1.6% of all reared parasitoid individuals. Key words: Crucifers, hyperparasitoids, parasitic wasps, parasitic flies, parasitism. INIRODUCCION los parasitoides de L. aripa en Honduras, los estados del hospedero en que atacan y la abundancia relativa de cada El repollo y el brócoli se cultivan en aproximadamente especie basadas en la crianza de hospederos del campo.
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  • Insect Egg Size and Shape Evolve with Ecology but Not Developmental Rate Samuel H
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