The Foreign Service Journal, November 2010

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TOURING THE CAUCASUS ■ A DISTINGUISHED SERVICE RECORD ■ MEETING MANDELA

$4.50 / NOVEMBER 2010 OREIGN ERVICE FJ O U R N A L STHE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS

IN THEIR OWN WRITE Books by Foreign Service Authors 1 C-C 4_FSJ_11_10_COV:proof 10/14/10 11:11 AM Page C2 01-14_FSJ_11_10_FRO:first 10/14/10 11:13 AM Page 1 01-14_FSJ_11_10_FRO:first 10/14/10 11:13 AM Page 2 01-14_FSJ_11_10_FRO:first 10/14/10 11:13 AM Page 3

OREIGN ERVICE FJ O U R N A L S CONTENTS November 2010 Volume 87, No. 11

C OVER S TORY

IN THEIR OWN WRITE: BOOKS BY FOREIGN SERVICE AUTHORS / 15 Once again we are pleased to feature our compilation of recently published books by Foreign Service-affiliated authors. By Susan Maitra

F EATURE

FROM MOUNT ELBRUS TO ARARAT / 50 An overland courier trip from Tbilisi to Yerevan passes through centuries of history, where Greek, Roman, Persian and Arab cultures meet. By James B. Angell Cover illustration by Tim Lee FS HERITAGE

JOHN S. SERVICE: A COLD WAR LIGHTNING ROD / 56 The lessons of John Service’s life and career still resonate PRESIDENT’S VIEWS / 5 more than 60 years after his work in China. Professional Ethics and Codes By Hannah Gurman of Conduct for Diplomats By Susan R. Johnson AFSA NEWS

SPEAKING OUT / 12 CALL FOR NOMINATIONS: Making Provincial Reconstruction 2011-2013 AFSA GOVERNING BOARD / 61 Teams More Effective By Patricia Thomson NOMINATE RISK-TAKING COLLEAGUES FOR AFSA’S DISSENT AWARDS / 61 REFLECTIONS / 76 Nelson Mandela and Me NEWS BRIEFS/AGGELER / 62 By Shira Glassman VP STATE: HONEY, I’M HOME! / 63

VP RETIREE: MAKING THE MOST OF RETIREE TALENT / 64 LETTERS / 7 CYBERNOTES / 8 VP FCS: GOOD NEWS FOR THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE / 65 MARKETPLACE / 59 INDEX TO AMB. J. STAPLETON ROY GIVES ADAIR LECTURE / 68 ADVERTISERS / 74 BOOK NOTES AUTHOR CALLS FOR “GUERRILLA DIPLOMACY” / 69

EVENT CALENDAR/CLASSIFIED ADS / 70

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OREIGN ERVICE FJ O U R N A L S

Editor STEVEN ALAN HONLEY Senior Editor SUSAN B. MAITRA Associate Editor SHAWN DORMAN AFSA News Editor AMY MCKEEVER Ad & Circulation Manager ED MILTENBERGER Art Director CARYN SUKO SMITH Editorial Intern MOHAMMAD ALHINNAWI Advertising Intern LARISSA FALK

EDITORIAL BOARD TED WILKINSON Chairman KELLY ADAMS-SMITH MAY BAPTISTA JOSEPH BRUNS STEPHEN W. B UCK JULIE GIANELLONI CONNOR MARY E. GLANTZ GEORGE JONES KATE WIEHAGEN LEONARD LYNN ROCHE RACHEL SCHNELLER

THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS Foreign Service Journal (ISSN 0146-3543), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990 is published monthly with a combined July-August issue by the American Foreign Service Associa- tion (AFSA), a private, nonprofit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of the Journal, the Editorial Board or AFSA. Writer queries and submissions are invited, preferably by e-mail. Journal sub- scription: AFSA members – $13 included in annual dues; others – $40. For foreign surface mail, add $18 per year; foreign airmail, $36 per year. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional mailing offices. Indexed by Public Affairs Information Services (PAIS). The Journal is not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts, photos or illustrations. Advertising inquiries are invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. TELEPHONE: (202) 338-4045 FAX: (202) 338-8244 or (202) 338-6820 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.afsa.org; www.fsjournal.org © American Foreign Service Association, 2010. Printed in the U.S.A. Send address changes to: AFSA Attn: Address Change 2101 E Street N.W. Washington DC 20037-2990 Printed on 50-percent recycled paper, of which 10 percent is post-consumer waste.

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PRESIDENT’S VIEWS Professional Ethics and Codes of Conduct for Diplomats BY SUSAN R. JOHNSON

Do the Department of federal government employ- exhibit the highest standards of charac- State and its fellow foreign af- ees to put loyalty to moral ter, integrity and conduct…” (In addi- fairs agencies have clearly ar- principles and country above tion, many Foreign Service employees ticulated professional ethics loyalty to person, party or de- may have taken online “ethics” training, and a related code of profes- partment, to uphold the Con- but this focuses on conveying general sional conduct for diplomacy stitution, never to discrimin- federal regulations.) and development? If so, are ate unfairly by dispensing These standards are a good start, but these standards conveyed to special favors or privileges, still far from a developed code such as employees at all levels? And how can never to make private promises of any many professional associations apply to these guidelines be further developed kind binding on the duties of office, and ensure that their members understand and made an integral part of profes- never to use information coming confi- their mission and the importance of sional education and training? dentially in the performance of govern- conducting themselves ethically. An ef- Let me propose some definitions at mental duties as a means of private fective code of conduct requires a range the outset to frame this discussion. A profit, among other provisions. (You of stakeholders at all levels to take it se- professional is a member of a vocation can find the entire text at www.USgov riously and be involved in its formula- founded on specialized educational info.about.com.) In addition, the U.S. tion, after which the code should be training. (For traditionalists, Webster armed forces have well-defined codes disseminated broadly to convey what is defines “professional” (adjective) as of conduct. valued by a particular organization. “characterized by or conforming to the As for the Foreign Service, the For- For elaboration, I suggest checking out technical or ethical standards of a pro- eign Affairs Manual addresses ethics www.humanresources.about.com, fession.”) and conduct in 3 FAM, the section on where you can read Google’s or Apple’s Professional ethics concerns the personnel policy. 3 FAM 1332 says that codes of conduct, among others. moral issues that arise from the special- it is “the policy of the [State] Depart- Lawyers, doctors and teachers have ized, in-depth knowledge that members ment that our employees must treat all established their professions as well- of a particular occupation attain and each other as well as our external cus- defined fields with certifiable standards how the use of this knowledge should tomers with proper respect and cour- of conduct and professional ethics and be governed when providing a public tesy at all times.” 3 FAM 1210 says that codes of conduct that are specific to service. Codes of conduct are usually the personnel programs of the foreign each, though they share many common established by a cohort of members of a affairs agencies shall be administered ethical principles. Is it not past time for given field of endeavor to govern ethical without discrimination on the basis of diplomacy and development profes- behavior in that profession. race, color, religion, sex, national origin, sionals to do the same? In 1958 Congress passed a resolu- age, handicapping condition, marital I believe AFSA can and should play tion outlining a “Code of Ethics for U.S. status, geographic or educational affili- a role in facilitating this process, bring- Government Service.” It calls on all ation, or political affiliation…” And 3 ing together members from all agen- FAM 1216 is a short paragraph titled cies, all cones, all specializations and all Susan R. Johnson is the president of the “Ethical Standards,” which says that levels. Please let me know what you American Foreign Service Association. “employees at all levels are expected to think at [email protected]. ■

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LETTERS

Know the Mission and offices. And how about going a ing the run-up to the election. The mission statement for any or- step further and installing a framed Traveling with Gauck around the ganization is the single most important copy of the document in the main U.S. for a month was a rich experience. document it produces, one that should lobby of each and every United States I still recall how much the throngs of stand at the very heart of its existence. consulate and embassy worldwide? Americans who visit our capital every It is a constant reminder to employees Krishna Das day impressed him. During a visit to of why the entity exists and what its Foreign Service Specialist Capitol Hill, he asked former Senator founders envisioned. U.S. Embassy Manama Bill Bradley, D-N.J., what could explain As such, the statement must be vis- such an outpouring of obvious patriot- ible and regularly consulted by the en- A Visit to Remember ism, a phenomenon unparalleled in tity’s employees to remind them why I’d like to share a prime example of Germany, east or west. Bradley’s an- they are working for the organization in the value and effectiveness of the State swer: “It all comes down to one simple the first place and where they are head- Department’s International Visitor Pro- thing: an idea.” ing. gram (formerly run by the United I closely followed the election cam- Here is the State Department’s mis- States Information Agency). I was the paign in the German press and it was sion statement: “Advance freedom for escort-interpreter for Joachim Gauck clear to me that had the population as a the benefit of the American people and during his 1991 visit to the United whole voted, rather than a special as- the international community by help- States as an IV grantee. This past June, sembly of delegates bound by party dis- ing to build and sustain a more demo- Gauck — the standard-bearer of the cipline, Joachim Gauck would be cratic, secure and prosperous world Social Democrats and the Green Party Germany’s president today. In that composed of well-governed states that — lost the election for president of the case, imagine the value of the connec- respond to the needs of their people, Federal Republic of Germany to Chris- tion forged nearly 20 years ago by a sin- reduce widespread poverty and act re- tian Wulff, minister-president of Lower gle International Visitor Program grant! sponsibly within the international sys- Saxony, who had been selected by Dean Claussen tem.” Chancellor Angela Merkel as the nom- FSO (USIA), retired Strangely, this important document inee of the Christian Democrats and Bellevue, Wash. ■ is virtually hidden among the many Christian Socialists. other links on the main State page A former East German pastor, (www.state.gov) under the tab “About Gauck made his name following Ger- CORRECTION The September FS Heritage col- State.” And on the intranet site (http:// man reunification as head of a special umn by Frank Brecher (“America’s intranet.state.gov/), it is not visible at all. office to investigate the old files of the First Ambassador to Israel: James G. To ensure that all employees are Stasi, East Germany’s secret police McDonald”) should have specified mindful of the department’s mission, it agency. A charismatic speaker, he that William Phillips was a former would be wise to display the mission gained wide popularity as a nonpartisan under secretary of State when he statement more clearly online — and national conciliator, and was praised as wrote to Ambassador McDonald in not just on the department’s homepage, such across the entire political spec- the 1950s. The Journal regrets the error. but on the Web pages of all its bureaus trum of the German print media dur-

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CYBERNOTES

Has the Moment Passed? and the media” (http://secretary hat does the current law say Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Wabout marches? You must clinton.wordpress.com/). But in the Clinton declared in a Sept. 8 speech to receive permission from local Sept. 13 edition of The New Republic, the Council on Foreign Relations that authorities. If you received it, Andrew Bacevich was harshly dismis- “a new American moment” has arrived go and demonstrate. If not, you sive: “Hillary Clinton’s ‘American Mo- in international relations — “a moment don’t have the right. If you come ment’ Was Nothing but American when our global leadership is essential, out without the right, you will be Blather.” In his view: “It came. It went. even if we must lead in new ways” beaten on your skull with a It vanished without a trace.” (www.cfr.org/). truncheon. And that’s that. Bacevich continues: “The tempta- Energetically defending the Obama — Russian Prime Minister tion to pass quietly over Clinton’s per- administration’s foreign policy record, Vladimir Putin, commenting in formance and move on is strong — but Sec. Clinton employed a sturdy meta- an Aug. 31 interview with the should be resisted. To read the speech phor: “Architecture is the art and sci- newspaper Kommersant on carefully is to confront the central ence of designing structures that serve the arrests in Moscow of hun- problem bedeviling American diplo- our common purposes, built to last and dreds of human rights demon- macy: Infested with people who (like to withstand stress. And that is what we strators; http://politicom. Clinton) are infatuated with power, seek to build: a network of alliances and moldova.org/news/ Washington has increasingly become a partnerships, regional organizations city devoid of people who actually and global institutions, that is durable and exhausted from two wars — can understand power” (www.tnr.com/ and dynamic enough to help us meet still aspire to lead” (www.afp.com/ blog/foreign-policy). today's challenges and adapt to threats afpcom/en). that we cannot even conceive of, just as An uncredited Asian News Interna- “Game On!” our parents never dreamt of melting tional journalist offered a much more In its Aug. 6 edition, Newsweek pro- glaciers or dirty bombs.” upbeat analysis of Sec. Clinton’s mes- files 26-year-old California software Foreign reaction to the speech was sage in an article headlined “U.S. ready designer Austin Heap, who may have curiously muted. Reporting for AFP to take lead in facing global challenges: found a silver bullet for combating (formerly known as Agence France- Clinton” (http://news.oneindia). But censorship around the world (www. Presse), State Department correspon- it is perhaps noteworthy that two newsweek.com/). dent Lachlan Carmic was positive, but weeks after the story was posted, not a Heap does not consider himself ended his story with these cautionary single reader had commented online. particularly political. As he tells News- words from Council on Foreign Rela- Back in the U.S., Freedom’s Chal- week, “I am for human rights [and] the tions analyst Stewart Patrick: “It re- lenge, which bills itself as “A Private Internet, and I check out from there.” mains unclear whether a diminished Blog Devoted to Foreign Policy and But when he logged on to his Twitter U.S. superpower — widely perceived the Secretary of State,” was wildly en- account on June 14, 2009, Heap read to be in relative decline, its global thusiastic: “It is clear that the speech about the growing number of Iranians brand tarnished, its fiscal situation per- has been lauded and given high marks protesting against President Mahmoud ilous, its body politic internally divided by commentators, foreign policy wonks Ahmadinejad’s regime for censoring

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CYBERNOTES

their cries of fraud and election rig- Heap first posted advice on his blog Aided by a disaffected Iranian offi- ging. At that moment, he remembers about how people could run proxy cial who provided him with a copy of saying, “OK, game on.” servers from home to mask their iden- the internal operating procedures for Heap left a lucrative job to found the tity as they surf the Internet. He soon Iran’s filtering software, Heap then Censorship Research Center (www. had nearly 10,000 people following his created Haystack, an anti-censorship censorshipresearch.org), a nonpro- instructions, but quickly discovered software built on a sophisticated math- fit dedicated to providing “anti-censor- that the Islamic Republic’s censors ematical formula that conceals some- ship education, outreach and tech- read his blog, too, and simply trailed one’s real online destinations inside a nologies for free to those who need it behind him, closing proxies as soon as stream of innocuous traffic. most.” he pronounced them ready to use. As Newsweek reporter William J. Dobson explains, a Haystack user may Site of the Month: www.stimson.org be browsing an opposition Web site, Many Journal readers are doubtless already familiar with the work of the Henry but to the censors it will appear she is L. Stimson Center, a nonprofit, nonpartisan institution devoted to strengthening in- visiting, say, weather.com. Moreover, stitutions for international peace and security, building regional security, and reduc- Heap tends to hide users in content ing weapons of mass destruction and transnational threats. A 2008 report it and the that is popular in Tehran, sometimes American Academy of Diplomacy produced on the 150 Account helped pave the way the regime’s own government mouth- for the current Foreign Service hiring surge at the State Department and the U.S. pieces. Agency for International Development. Like AFSA, the center is also a key supporter While other anti-censorship proof AAD’s current study of diplomatic professional education and training. grams — such as Tor, Psiphon or Free- Stimson, as the center breezily refers to itself on the new and improved homepage, gate — can successfully hide some- has just launched a redesigned Web site. The page centers on a rotating carousel with one’s identity, censors are able to de- four screens of “Spotlights,” all of which highlight the center’s research and activi- tect that these programs are being run ties. These items include teasers for various policy papers, profiles of upcoming and then work to disable them. But guests for the Chairman’s Forum, current publications, video clips and information with Haystack, the censors aren’t even graphics. There is also an increased capability for users to connect with Stimson aware the software is in use. using social networking tools, such as RSS feeds, Facebook and Twitter. But as Cecilia Kang reports in her Even those with just a cursory knowledge of the Stimson Center’s work can eas- Sept. 14 “Post Tech” column (www. ily find the information they’re looking for through new “topics” pages. These pages voices.washingtonpost.com/post aggregate and display research from all of Stimson’s experts and programs, as well tech), whether the technology will be as provide alternative categories and regions for the user to explore. Currently, there widely adapted remains to be seen. are about 30 topics listed as related to the center’s research, ranging from border security to river basins. About two dozen Iranians have At the same time, the site has retained the previous organizational structure. Stim- been testing the program for the past son programs, experts and their corresponding work are all still accessible from the year, but some critics have expressed homepage, through a dropdown menu. Research, books and reports dating back to concern that lax security could expose 1989 will also be archived on the new site. users’ identities to government authorities. In response, Haystack has halted

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C YBERNOTES

50 Years Ago... merica’s reservoir of good will has undoubtedly been drawn down needlessly by our mistakes and insensitivity, yet most Apeople throughout the world are still anxious to think well of us. Indeed, if we give them any excuse, they will. The American ambassador who conducts himself today in a foreign capital with simplicity and sympathy will almost inevitably, I believe, receive a warm response. Where can such articulate, down-to-earth men be found? Most of them, I believe, will be found right in our existing Foreign Service. Once we establish a clear standard of what we want our ambassadors to be, there will be no dearth of qualified professionals ready and waiting to tackle the most demanding assignments with skill and understanding. — Chester Bowles, “Shirt Sleeves and Striped Pants,” FSJ, November 1960.

human testing and is relying on ma- hackers. Indeed, South Korea’s spy chine testing until a third party com- agency has accused the North of pletes a security review. launching cyberattacks last year that For now, the company’s Web site briefly paralyzed the Web sites of some bears the following warning in several South Korean and U.S. government languages: “We have halted ongoing agencies and commercial firms. testing of Haystack in Iran pending a se- In its latest propaganda coup, re- curity review. If you have a copy of the ports the Telegraph (www.telegraph. test program, please refrain from using co.uk/), the Hermit Kingdom opened it” (www.haystacknetwork.com/). a Twitter account on Aug. 12. Called Commenting on the larger issue of uriminzok — roughly translated, “our resistance to governmental crack- nation”— the account (http://twitter. downs on freedom of information, com/uriminzok) has already attract- Patrick Meier, director of crisis map- ed more than 10,000 followers and is ping for Ushahidi, a group of digital ac- currently on 727 Twitter lists (a way tivists doing cutting-edge work in users highlight and organize their fa- open-source interactive mapping, ob- vorite members). serves that “The technology variable Blogging for Forbes magazine, Eliz- doesn’t matter the most. It is the or- abeth Woyke comments that those are ganizational structure that will matter impressive statistics given the fact that the most. Rigid structures are unable every uriminzok tweet (392 as of Sept. to adapt as quickly to a rapidly chang- 23) is written in Korean, and links to ing environment as a decentralized longer statements or videos, also in system. Ultimately, it is a battle of or- Korean. The postings address topics ganizational theory” (www.ushahidi. ranging from boasts about North com/). Korea’s economy to condemnation of the joint Seoul/Washington military ex- All A-Twitter in Pyongyang ercises that were held recently in Only the most privileged North Ko- South Korea. reans have access to the Internet, but Woyke also reports on a parody that elite group is believed to include a North Korean Twitter account (http:// group of master programmers and blogs.forbes.com/elizabethwoy

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C YBERNOTES

ke/). Established on Aug. 17, the joke overpaid, earning more than twice the account is appropriately named Fake salaries of their private industry coun- Uriminzok (http://twitter.com/Fake terparts. He maintains that such _Uriminzok). Its photo depicts claims are based on “a flawed reading North Korean leader Kim Jong-il in of statistical data” (http://fcw.com). sunglasses with the tagline “We be In a Sept. 15 speech, Sen. Kaufman illin’.” dissected an Aug. 10 USA Today article The prankster responsible for the (www.usatoday.com) by Dennis Cau- account, who continues to remain chon, which drew on Bureau of Eco- anonymous, at least for now, has sent nomic Analysis data to conclude that, out 21 satirical tweets so far, including: in 2009, federal employees received an • Please believe our propaganda — average total compensation in pay and it’s all we have left. That, and ginseng. benefits of $123,049, while private sec- • Say “dear leader, great leader” ten tor workers made $61,051. times fast. … See? I told you that you As the senator noted, the newspa- couldn’t. per’s analysis did not include military • blah blah blah blah US devil mon- pay in its calculation of federal com- keys blah blah blah blah pensation. Nor did it compare similar • The dear leader sees a kindred jobs across all categories. Sen. Kauf- spirit in brett favre: he’s a dictator at man added that it’s unfair to compare heart — blackmailing parties for his the small, 1.9 million-strong federal own selfish design. work force with the 101.3 million peo- •The dear leader invites Pakistani ple employed in the private sector — flood victims to seek refuge in his work- particularly given the fact that the civil- ers’ paradise — preferably refugee nu- ian federal work force mainly consists clear scientists. of highly skilled, highly educated em- • It seems like @fake_uriminzok is ployees who tend to earn higher getting media attention: And we didn’t salaries. need to sink a south korean ship to do This is far from the first time the it! Delaware senator has defended feds. Each week since May 2009, as part of Feds Have at Least his “Great Federal Employees Initia- One Friend in Washington tive,” he has taken the floor of the Sen- There is, alas, no documentation for ate to thank exemplary individuals for a quote frequently attributed to Presi- their hard work and unsung dedication dent Harry Truman: “If you want a to serving the American people. friend in Washington, get a dog.” But Himself a veteran public servant, many a federal worker can identify Sen. Kaufman hopes these stories will with the sentiment these days, in light inspire Americans to consider careers of growing calls for Uncle Sam to get as federal employees, and he plans to rid of employees and slash the pay and continue sharing examples of their im- benefits of those who remain. portant accomplishments throughout Fortunately, Federal Computer his term (http://kaufman.senate. Week reports in its Sept. 20 edition, gov/great_feds/). ■ Senator Ted Kaufman, D-Del., is vigorously pushing back against allega- This edition of Cybernotes was com- tions that federal employees are grossly piled by Editor Steven Alan Honley.

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SPEAKING OUT Making Provincial Reconstruction Teams More Effective

BY PATRICIA THOMSON

ver the next decade, our gically important places in the world. country’s most important na- State must Put simply, the job requires a deep and Otional security missions will recruit the “best and diverse set of skills, yet the current re- continue to include helping countries brightest” for PRTs, cruitment process is not consistently like Iraq and Afghanistan create effec- attracting the requisite talent. tive democratic institutions. Other- prepare them for the First of all, the process is largely wise, these countries are likely to revert job, and provide the passive. There is little or no head- to authoritarian rule, or even worse, leadership they hunting or proactive outreach, so ap- become failed states — breeding need to succeed. plicants hear about the jobs primarily grounds and base camps for Islamist through word of mouth and Web extremism and the terrorism it gener- searches. ates. There is also insufficient screening This critical mission is the responsi- of applicants. They complete a ques- bility of the State Department, which the U.S. Agency for International De- tionnaire detailing their credentials as carries it out in Iraq and Afghanistan velopment and the State Department’s part of an application process con- through Provincial Reconstruction Office of the Coordinator for Recon- ducted via www.usajobs.gov, but there Teams. Modest in size, and staffed by struction and Stabilization, including are few in-person interviews to verify military personnel alongside civilians the nascent Civilian Response Corps. their experience and gauge interper- largely hired from outside the depart- The main lesson is that we have sonal, cross-cultural and diplomatic ment, these teams have had mixed suc- failed far too often to staff these teams skills, or to explore their motivations. cess. with qualified and effective personnel. (It was clear to me and many of my col- The future of the PRT program is To rectify this shortcoming, we must leagues in Iraq that money was the uncertain: while they will continue to recruit the “best and brightest,” pre- principal driver for many applicants.) operate throughout Afghanistan, all pare them for the job, and provide the Recommendations are required, but PRTs in Iraq will be closed by the end leadership they need to succeed. the candidates select individuals to of 2011, and key functions will be submit them. transferred to two embassy branch of- Proactive Recruitment Needed Once candidates make it through fices and two consulates. Regardless Nationbuilding requires a wide the process, they are assigned to a PRT of whether they continue to be a sig- range of specific technical expertise with only limited prior engagement nificant part of our diplomatic and de- (e.g., public management, business de- with that team’s leadership — even velopment arsenal, there are many velopment, engineering, the rule of though work in such incredibly de- lessons to be drawn from these exper- law). It also calls for consulting, cross- manding environments calls for strong iments in nationbuilding. These in- cultural and diplomatic skills. More- team chemistry and cohesion. sights are relevant not just to those over, those who engage in this work Employing regionally based teams involved with Provincial Reconstruc- represent our country in direct and of recruiters, who proactively recruit, tion Teams, but also to employees of lasting ways in some of the most strate- screen and interview candidates via a

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S PEAKING O UT

competitive process, would go a long least five “tracks” should be offered: way to improve the quality of the indi- • Introduction to Governance and viduals hired. Even given the dangers Consequently, Public Administration in Fragile States of deployment to places like Iraq and • Introduction to Infrastructure Afghanistan, there are large pools of each team did its own Development in Fragile States untapped candidates who would be • Introduction to the Rule of Law willing, indeed enthusiastic, about the thing, and wheels were in Fragile States work if they knew about it and were ac- • Introduction to Economic Devel- tively approached. Aggressively seek- reinvented all over opment in Fragile States ing these individuals via consulting and • Introduction to Education, Health law firms, corporations, state and local the country. Care and Social Development in Frag- government and the traditional devel- ile States opment community will allow the State Department to be much more selec- Practical Tools tive in the people it hires. Nationbuilding should be as well- Once candidates complete the hir- the history of the host country (for developed a profession as warfighting. ing process, they should be placed on depth, students should be required to We invest millions of dollars a year to an “available roster” that is accessible complete a reading list before class). craft and perfect military doctrine. We to field leadership. Through consulta- Days two and three should cover cul- need a comparable investment in nations and bidding processes (enabled ture and norms, as well as tribes and tionbuilding. by a user-friendly Web site), in-coun- religions. And days four and five A number of existing frameworks try managers could work together on should be dedicated to learning key provide good starting points (e.g., the succession planning and filling vacan- words and phrases and working with U.S. Institute of Peace’s “Strategic cies. linguists, a crucial skill that can mean Framework for Fragile States and So- Investing in a robust recruiting pro- the difference between success and cieties Emerging from Conflict”). But cess leads to hiring the right people, failure. (Of course, each day of the more practical tools are needed, as which is the most important element course could cover several topics con- well. Drawing on decades of develop- of success. And for the fiscally minded, currently.) ment work, as well as our recent expe- it is less expensive than hiring the Week 3: The Basics of Advising. rience in Iraq and Afghanistan, we now wrong people. The principal role of Provincial Re- have the intellectual capital to more construction Teams is to advise and systematically develop and catalog Meaningful Preparation support, to build local capacity — to “how to” guides that advisers can use Once hired, PRT members need to teach, not to do. In addition to pos- in the field. be given more thorough training and sessing specialized technical expertise, Take, for example, those officials orientation. The current pre-deploy- PRT members must also be skilled ad- working with provincial councils in ment curriculum should provide more visers, educators and mentors. They Iraq. When first established, every one practical and more specialized training need to be able to build relationships of these councils needed to learn how along the following lines: and obtain buy-in for reform, design to conduct plenary meetings, run com- Week 1: The Players. This module and conduct training programs, en- mittees, review budgets and fulfill their should focus on the structure and com- courage changes in attitudes, and un- oversight responsibilities. But there position of the host-county govern- derstand and manage expectations. were few toolkits available to the PRTs ment (national, provincial and local), as Weeks 4, 5 and 6: Specialized Train- to enable them to assist Iraqis to ac- well as U.S. players (Department of ing. New hires should receive at least quire these skills. State, USAID and the military). three weeks of specialized instruction Consequently, each team did its Week 2: Local Culture. Similar to based on their prospective position. own thing, and wheels were reinvented the current training program, this Nationbuilding literature and the com- all over the country. It’s time to de- mini-course should provide a day on position of the PRTs indicate that at velop a canon of resources, tools and

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techniques to support our nation- don’t have the right kind of experience, ers should not be viewed negatively if building efforts. While these toolkits particularly in terms of leading an they remove underperformers, who will need to be customized to local eclectic group of people from different are a drain on morale as well as tax- circumstances, there is no need (and professions and organizations. Making payer dollars. In fact, some midtour never enough time) for our advisers to matters worse, many PRT members attrition should be expected. start from scratch on each mission. have more relevant technical experi- Finally, leaders must establish and In addition, PRT members working ence than the team leader, and little work toward realistic, measurable goals in fragile states like Iraq and Afghani- loyalty to the State Department for with corresponding action plans — stan would greatly benefit from regular which they are now working. goals and plans that are not ad hoc in in-country gatherings to discuss shared In order to attract the most talented nature, but derived from research problems and workable solutions, as leaders, State needs to make clear that about fragile states — as well as a good well as to share resources and lessons PRT leader assignments are career-en- understanding of the situation on the learned. During my tour in Iraq, I at- hancing. Indeed, the leader position ground. Many of these goals will be tended only one such gathering, an ex- must be viewed as a very selective job, (and should be) similar across PRTs: cellent meeting sponsored by the as well as a box to be checked for pro- e.g., help the governor create a capital Department of Treasury contingent in motion. Individuals with strong man- budget and gain stakeholder buy-in; Baghdad to discuss effective ways to agement experience at State and help establish a functioning provincial provide budget support to our Iraqi USAID should be actively recruited, investment commission; help conduct clients. while PRT leaders who are not up to legal training via local attorney associ- Finally, one of the best ways to pre- the task should be removed. ations; help the provincial council con- pare people for the job is to ensure that To build a new generation of lead- duct an investigation, hold hearings there is at least a month overlap be- ers experienced in nationbuilding, jun- and craft solutions for the problems tween new staff and their predeces- ior officers should also be encouraged identified. sors. Perhaps the most common to join PRTs (and be rewarded for There are many outstanding people complaint I heard from both American doing so). Nationbuilding is a critical working on our PRTs, but we need to and Iraqi counterparts was the heavy foreign policy mission and, like the mil- do better. Development is the best toll turnover takes on our nationbuild- itary, the State Department should be vaccine to prevent extremism but, to ing projects. fielding its best and brightest leaders be effective, our nationbuilding efforts to carry it out. must be conducted by teams of tal- Strong Leadership Part of effective leadership is build- ented, well-prepared and well-led ex- Leadership failures are one of the ing commitment. To that end, the perts. Making the above changes will primary reasons Provincial Recon- State Department should consider require a real investment. Can we af- struction Teams fall short of achieving lengthening the current one-year as- ford it? their missions. PRTs are generally led signment to two. A single year is hardly Given the stakes, the more appro- by career Foreign Service officers, and enough time to adjust to a challenging priate question is: Can we afford not there is often a mismatch between environment, learn the lay of the land to? ■ their skills and the job requirements. and build relationships with local coun- I had the good fortune of working terparts. Patricia Thomson was a Section 3161 with a number of outstanding FSOs As an incentive, State should con- Provincial Reconstruction Team mem- and came to realize just how instru- tinue to offer very generous salaries, ber in Iraq from December 2008 to mental they are to our success abroad. but a portion should take the form of January 2010, serving as an adviser to But recent research, corroborated by performance-based bonuses, given at the Diyala province’s government. conversations with dozens of my col- the end of each year. Current rest- Before that, she was executive vice leagues, indicates that many of these and-recreation benefits (also very gen- president of the United States Insti- individuals do not have the project erous) should continue. In turn, PRT tute of Peace and an associate partner management and operational experi- members should be held to a high with PricewaterhouseCooper Con- ence a PRT requires. Quite a few standard of performance. Team lead- sulting.

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F OCUS ON FS AUTHORS

IN THEIR OWN WRITE Tim Lee Tim

HERE IS OUR 2010 COMPILATION OF RECENTLY PUBLISHED BOOKS BY FOREIGN SERVICE-AFFILIATED AUTHORS.

he Foreign Service Journal is pleased to present our annual Foreign Service authors roundup, in plenty of time for holiday orders. Whether you read the listings in print or online, we urge you to visit our online bookstore when a title strikes your fancy. There you will find all the books in this edition, as well as those featured in previousT years — and more (www.afsa.org/ads/books/). Below is the annotated list of some of the volumes written or edited by Foreign Service personnel and family mem-

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bers in 2009 and 2010. The roundup was assembled It may be hard to imagine, but less than 35 years ago, with the vital assistance of editorial interns Laura Caton before the revolution, Washington and Tehran were and Mohammad Alhinnawi. close allies and President Jimmy Carter called Iran “an This year’s selection contains very strong history and oasis of stability in a sea of uncertainty.” Stempel details memoir sections, a weighty and wide-ranging policy and exchanges among U.S. and Iranian officials and chron- issues section, six works of fiction and poetry, three dif- icles American missteps that undermined the shah’s le- ferent reference works and a volume of photography. gitimacy at a time of mass protests and violence in the As in the past several years, many of the titles are self- streets. A sizable chunk of the book deals with the published. hostage crisis at the U.S. embassy in Tehran — which, Our primary purpose in compiling this list is to cel- fortunately for Stempel, happened after he left the ebrate the wealth of literary talent within the Foreign country. Service community, and to give our readers the oppor- A career FSO from 1965 to 1988, John Stempel tunity to support colleagues by sampling their wares. served as a political officer in Tehran for four years Each entry contains full publication data along with a (1975-1979). Today he is a senior professor of interna- short commentary. tional relations at the University of Kentucky, where he As has become our custom, we also include a list of has served as director of the Patterson School of Diplo- books “of related interest” that were not written by FS macy and International Commerce. authors. Although many of these books are available else- Czechoslovakia: where, we encourage our readers to use the AFSA Web The State that Failed site’s online bookstore to place your orders. (See the Mary Heimann, Yale University box on p. 47.) The AFSA Bookstore has links to Ama- Press, 2009, $45, hardcover, zon and, at no extra cost to you, each book sold there 432 pages. generates a small royalty for AFSA. For the few books Following its declaration of in- that cannot be ordered through Amazon, we have pro- dependence in October 1918, the vided alternative links or, when the book is not available state of Czechoslovakia lasted for online, the necessary contact information. only 74 years, shorter than the av- But enough crass commercialism. On to the books! erage American’s lifetime. In Czechoslovakia: The State — Susan Maitra, Senior Editor that Failed, Mary Heimann creates a “definitive political history” of the country. She begins by chronicling the disparate groups living HISTORY in the five former Habsburg territories — Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Subcarpathian Ruthenia and Slovakia Inside the Iranian Revolution — which ultimately coalesced into Czechoslovakia. John D. Stempel, The Clark What follows is an absorbing account of three-quarters Group, 2009, $32.95, paperback, of a century. Heimann overturns the conventional view 392 pages. of Czechoslovakia as “a plucky little country” that was Inside the Iranian Revolution unfortunate enough to feel the brunt of Hitler and gives a Foreign Service officer’s Stalin’s machinations; instead, she argues that the coun- perspective on a turning point in try was “not just the victim but also a perpetrator of in- Middle East history. John Stem- tolerant nationalism.” pel spent four years in Iran, from Whether readers agree with Heimann or not, her 1975 to 1979, and saw the changes and unrest that book provides an engaging and original perspective on sparked the uprising. In this work, originally published Czechoslovakian history and serves as a warning “as to in 1981, he gives a general overview of Iranian history in how easily a nationalist outlook … can lead perfectly or- addition to his personal recollections of the revolution. dinary, decent people from liberal democracy to the po- Stemple covers Iran’s 20th-century history — including lice state.” relations with the U.S. — leading up to the revolution Mary Heimann is the daughter of the late FSO John and the overthrow of the shah, as well as the country’s P. Heimann. She attended Vassar College and the Uni- trajectory following these political changes. versity of Oxford and is currently a senior lecturer in

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history at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. A Service officer Hendrix, a self-described “field type,” widely published writer, she spent two years living in headed out to respond to the emerging challenge in Prague to research and write Czechoslovakia. Nicaragua. The issues involved corrupt government, undemocratic elections and conniving political leaders. Regime Change in the Yugoslav Hendrix arrived just as Daniel Ortega returned to the Successor States: Divergent Nicaraguan presidency and U.S. policy shifted, in Hen- Paths toward a New Europe drix’s words, “from right versus left to right versus Mieczyslaw P. Boduszynski, wrong.” The John Hopkins University As Hendrix describes it, his time in Nicaragua pre- Press, 2010, $60, hardcover, sented a mixed bag of solutions. Though less overtly 360 pages. antagonistic than Ortega had been 25 years earlier, his The dissolution of the Social- administration still lacked transparency, and corruption ist Federal Republic of Yugo- was still a problem. But The New Nicaragua also offers slavia into seven states in the early 1990s is a compli- a happier lesson. Hendrix says that he “hopes any cated and intriguing topic. In his new book, FSO reader of this work will see that we did have a major im- Mieczyslaw Boduszynski explores four of the successor pact in Nicaragua in promoting democracy.” And in dif- states — Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and the Federal ficult circumstances, such as those described in this Republic of Yugoslavia — and how they developed po- book, that’s certainly a promising outcome. litically in the tumultuous years after their creation. An FSO since 1967, Steven Hendrix is a crisis, sta- Boduszynski first analyzes the region as a whole, pro- bilization and governance officer with USAID, whose viding an excellent overview. He then explores Croatia’s postings include Nicaragua, Iraq and Guatemala. He “simulated democracy,” Slovenia’s “substantive democ- graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School racy,” Macedonia’s “illegitimate democracy,” and the and is a licensed attorney in the United States, Bolivia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’s “populist authoritari- and Guatemala. He lives in Arlington, Va., with his wife anism” during the transitional period of the 1990s. and three children. Helpful graphs and tables highlight the text, as Bo- duszynski describes the internal and external circum- Edwin O. Reischauer and the stances that shaped the different forms of democracy American Discovery of Japan in the Yugoslav successor states. George R. Packard, Columbia He concludes by noting that all of these states are University Press, 2010, $32.50, already on track to become members in the European hardcover, 368 pages. Union, “a fact that offers great hope for democracy, sta- In the preface, George Packard bility and security in the region.” explains his intent to supplement Mieczyslaw P. Boduszynski has served in Tirana, Edwin O. Reischauer’s autobiogra- Pristina and Tokyo. A veteran teacher, he holds a Ph.D. phy by adding details of his life and describing his con- in political science from the University of California at tinuing influence since his death in 1990. The result is Berkeley. an excellent chronicle of the life and times of this extraordinary man, whose ultimate goal was to “cure The New Nicaragua: Lessons America’s ignorance of East Asia.” in Development, Democracy In April 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed and Nation-Building for Edwin O. Reischauer as ambassador to Japan. Already the United States influential as an author and professor, Reischauer Steven E. Hendrix, Praeger, 2009, served for more than five years, forever altering the way $59.95, hardcover, 286 pages. most Americans viewed East Asia. Born to American The New Nicaragua is an in- missionary parents in Japan, Reischauer lived there triguing blend of history, political until he was 16, ultimately studying in the United States analysis and autobiography covering a turbulent two- and establishing the East Asian studies department at year period in modern Nicaraguan history, from June Harvard before returning to Tokyo as ambassador. 2005 to June 2007. Through Packard’s well-crafted prose, Reischauer After three years in Washington, USAID Foreign emerges as a dynamic but flawed man who sacrificed

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his health for the sake of enhancing the relationship be- fairs. A graduate of Bowdoin College and the Senior tween America and Japan. An eternal optimist, Reis- Seminar, he also studied at Princeton and the Armed chauer believed in the potential of the Japanese people, Forces Staff College. He previously co-edited Letters and his open-minded attitude continues to exert influ- (1694-1700) of François de Callières to the Marquise ence today. d’Huxelles (Mellen, 2004). George R. Packard served as a military intelligence officer and Foreign Service officer. The founder of the Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Reischauer Center for East Asian Studies at John Hop- W.R. Smyser, Rowman & kins University, he currently serves as president of the Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2010, United States-Japan Foundation. He and his wife live $17.95, paperback, 256 pages. in Washington, D.C. Kennedy and the Berlin Wall tells the full story of the Berlin Cri- François de Callières: sis that riveted international atten- A Political Life tion and brought the world to the Laurence E. Pope, brink of nuclear warfare, as Soviet and American tanks ADST-DACOR Diplomats opposed each other on the streets of Berlin. Posted and Diplomacy Series, there as special assistant to U.S. Army General Lucius Republic of Letters Press D. Clay, W.R. Smyser had a unique vantage point on (The Netherlands), 2010, the 33-month confrontation. $49, paperback, 280 pages. Drawing on his own experience, as well as on recently François de Callières (1645- opened archives, Smyser frames his account in terms of 1717) rose from modest provincial origins to a position both the contest between President John F. Kennedy and of power and influence at the court of Louis XIV. Best Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and the foreign policy known as the author of On Negotiating with Sovereigns, education of the new U.S. president. (See the review by a work that has rarely been out of print in English since Aurelius Fernandez in the February FSJ.) its publication in 1716, Callières was a skillful, wily ne- W.R. (Dick) Smyser, a retired FSO, is an adjunct gotiator and politician. professor in the BMW Center for German and Euro- In this critical biography, the 41st volume in the pean Studies at Georgetown University and also teaches ADST-DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Series, at the Foreign Service Institute. Smyser, who joined Laurence Pope contrasts the practice of the historical the Foreign Service in 1955, served as a political officer Callières with the high-minded theorist of On Negoti- in Bonn and in Saigon. He was an adviser to the U.S. ating. Drawing on newly discovered archival materi- delegation to the Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam in 1969, als, he traces Callières’ long political career, from his and was detailed to the National Security Council in maiden clandestine mission to Poland in 1670 to his 1970. He has written 10 books. The most recent are advocacy of the failed Franco-Jacobite invasion of The Humanitarian Conscience: Caring for Others in the Scotland in 1708. Age of Terror (Palgrave-MacMillan, 2003) and How British diplomatic scholar G.R. Berridge says of this Germans Negotiate: Logical Goals, Practical Solutions book: “François de Callières is one of the most impor- (U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2003). tant figures in the history of diplomatic thought, and Laurence Pope, who is in the first rank of scholar-diplo- Sotterley, Her People and mats, has produced a biography worth of him. It is im- Their Worlds: Three Hundred peccably researched, rich in absorbing detail, compre- Years of a Maryland Plantation hensive in its account of his subject’s activities (literary David G. Brown, Publishing as well as diplomatic), shrewd in its judgments, and Concepts, 2010, $17, paperback, written with considerable verve. I enjoyed it immense- 116 pages. ly.” This succinct chronicle of a his- Former U.S. ambassador and FSO Laurence E. toric Maryland plantation sounds Pope served as political adviser to U.S. Central Com- initially as though it would appeal mand General Anthony Zinni in 2000, before which he to only a very limited audience. The book, however, did stints in counterterrorism and Middle Eastern af- describes not only the specific plantation and its peo-

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ple, but covers hundreds of years of American history Tokaji Wine: through the lens of this single locale. Fame, Fate, Tradition The book begins in 1700, describing the various In- Miles Lambert-Gócs, dian tribes living in villages around Sotterley’s current Ambeli Press, 2010, $27.95, location. Following James Bowles’ purchase of the hardcover, 269 pages. land, the estate gradually became a tobacco plantation. In Tokaji Wine, Miles Lam- Over the centuries, Sotterley evolved and changed to bert-Gócs offers a detailed his- keep up with the course of American history, from the tory of the eponymous wine’s War of 1812 to the Civil War and beyond. origins and the people who Ultimately, the estate belonged to the Satterlee fam- helped spread it across the world. In 1989, oenophiles ily; Mabel Satterlee Ingalls, the last owner of Sotterley, heralded Tokaji’s re-emergence after four decades in founded the Sotterley Mansion Foundation. The au- relative obscurity under a communist regime. This thor clearly feels a deep connection to Sotterley, de- book, a labor of love for the author, whose family has scribing it as “attractive to the eye and soothing to the roots in the region, is meant to supplant the sketchy ac- soul.” And his passion is certainly catching. counts available to date on Tokaji’s history. David Brown served as an FSO for more than 30 The book is encyclopedic, with A-Z entries on four years, focusing mostly on Asian affairs. Currently an major topics: the people and clans who ruled over Hun- adjunct professor of Chinese and Asian studies at Johns gary and brought Tokaji to prominence, the places that Hopkins University, Brown has published many articles are important in the vintage’s history, Tokaji wine-grow- on foreign policy and colonial Maryland. He and his ing areas in Hungary and a detailed look at the qualities wife, Erna, have three children. Brown is a trustee of and varieties of the wine. Historic Sotterley, and all proceeds from this book will We also learn the history of the Tokaj-Hegyalja re- be donated to the organization. gion in the former Kingdom of Hungary, where the

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wine got its name. A general essay at the end of each détente era. He returned to Moscow in 1974 and, major section helps tie together the many entries. This again, in 1981, before being appointed ambassador to meticulously researched volume, which includes new the Soviet Union in 1987. He attended all but one of information and novel interpretations, will appeal to se- the U.S.-Soviet summits between 1972 and 1991. Since rious wine aficionados who have a taste for historical then, he has held several academic posts, serving as the detail. George F. Kennan Professor at the Institute for Ad- Miles Lambert-Gócs is a retired Foreign Agriculture vanced Study from 1996 to 2001. Service FSO. An avid historian and chronicler, he spent 30 years researching wine in his native Hungary. He is also the author of Desert Island Wine (Ambeli Press, MEMOIRS 2007), Greek Salad: a Dionysian Travelogue (The Wine Appreciation Guild, 2004) and The Wines of Greece China Boys: How U.S. Relations (Faber and Faber, 1990). He lives in Williamsburg, Va. with the PRC Began and Grew — A Personal Memoir Superpower Illusions: Nicholas Platt, ADST-DACOR How Myths and False Ideologies Diplomats and Diplomacy Led America Astray — and Series, New Academia How to Return to Reality Publishing/Vellum, 2010, Jack F. Matlock Jr., Yale University $28, hardcover, 366 pages. Press, 2010, $30, hardcover, “How should the West deal 368 pages. with a China that has risen? Before you decide, you’ll Part of America’s popular wis- want to read Nick Platt’s fascinating account of Ameri- dom concerning the Cold War is that it was American can efforts to understand and cooperate with Beijing economic and military pressure that brought down the since the mid-1960s,” says Jerome A. Cohen, co-direc- Soviet Union. In Superpower Illusions, Jack Matlock tor of the U.S.-Asia Law Institute at New York Univer- shows that it just wasn’t so, and that this fundamental sity. “Platt sheds light on important events that have misunderstanding of the Cold War has been detrimen- been forgotten or misunderstood, and lets us see how tal to subsequent policymaking. the U.S. government processes China policy.” In a book that Library Journal cites as “refreshingly FSO Nicholas Platt was with President Richard Nixon free of partisanship,” Matlock traces the history of the and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger on their late U.S.-Soviet rivalry, re-examining Soviet-American visit to Beijing in 1972 and has been involved in various diplomacy during the 1980s, and demonstrating that aspects of the U.S.-China relationship ever since. In Premier Mikhail Gorbachev’s efforts to reform the So- China Boys, the 38th volume in the ADST-DACOR viet Union and undermine communist rule were the pri- Diplomats and Diplomacy Series, he presents the U.S. mary reasons for the end of the Cold War. Washington’s opening to China, including the forging of the first links failure to appreciate this, Matlock contends, accounts between the Pentagon and the People’s Liberation Army for the erroneous overestimation of U.S. power that, in during 1979 and 1980, from an insider’s point of view. turn, led to a belief that America did not need allies and “Ambassador Platt provides valuable perspective and international institutions, but could rule the world context for today’s debate, as his engaging storytelling, through the exercise of unilateral military power. keen insights, and wicked wit carry the reader through This is “a truly remarkable book,” says Dimitri four decades of U.S.-China friendship, friction and frus- Simes, a Soviet expert and president of the Nixon Cen- tration,” says former Wall Street Journal China bureau ter, “both wise and provocative, telling a sad yet in- chief James McGregor. structive story of how the United States failed to exploit An Asia hand and China specialist, Nicholas Platt a triumph in the Cold War to build a new international served in Hong Kong, Beijing and Tokyo, among many order reflecting U.S. interests and principles.” other assignments during a 34-year diplomatic career Jack F. Matlock is a retired FSO who served as am- that culminated in service as U.S. ambassador to the bassador to the Soviet Union from 1987 to 1991. First Philippines (1987-1991) and Pakistan (1991-1992). He posted to Moscow in 1961, he was director of Soviet af- served as president of the Asia Society from 1992 to fairs at the State Department at the beginning of the 2004.

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Cold War Saga State’s congressional affairs office, retiring in 1980 to Kempton Jenkins, ADST- join the Commerce Department as head of the bu- DACOR Diplomats and reau of East-West trade. Diplomacy Series, Nimble Books, Jenkins “tells it like it was,” says Jack F. Matlock Jr., 2010, $20.94, paperback, U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1987 to 452 pages. 1991. “Cold War Saga is an absorbing read. If you Cold War Saga is a lively, first- fought with ‘Jenks’ in the political trenches, it will stir hand account of the global con- fond memories. If you didn’t, it will take you there — frontation between the Soviet and you won’t forget where you’ve been or what was Union and the United States. The author, veteran at stake.” This well-written book is the 40th volume in diplomat Kempton Jenkins, was directly involved in this the ADST-DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Series. epic struggle from 1950 to 1980 and has remained in- Retired FSO Kempton Jenkins is a consultant in volved in Russian and East European affairs to the international public affairs. He is the former presi- present. dent of the Ukraine-U.S. Business Council and the Following postings in Germany, Jenkins was as- U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade and Economic Council, and vice signed to Moscow in 1960, where he accompanied chairman of the U.S.-Yugoslav Business Council. He then-Ambassador Llewellyn E. Thompson Jr. in ne- also served as an adjunct professor on East-West trade gotiations with Soviet foreign Minister Andrei policy at Georgetown University. Gromyko on a plan to reduce Soviet-Allied tensions in Germany. Returning to the Soviet desk at the State Crossing Mandelbaum Gate: Coming of Age Department, he then moved to USIA in 1968, where Between the Arabs and Israelis, 1956-1978 he was in charge of programs in the Soviet Union and Kai Bird, Scribner, 2010, $30, hardcover, 424 pages. Warsaw Pact countries. In 1973, he was assigned to In this memoir, Kai Bird takes the reader on a

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gripping journey through both follow-up question: How can we fix it? his own life and the history of Interspersed with practical examples from his ac- the 20th century. Born in 1951 tion-packed career are insightful suggestions about the to FSO Eugene Bird and his future of U.S.-Middle Eastern relations. Echoing his wife, Jerri, the author grew up 1992 speech at the Meridian House in Washington, in the Middle East, returning to Djerejian asserts that the U.S. must accept that many the United States intermittently Middle Eastern countries will never have completely for home leave and, ultimately, secularized governments and that encouragement of for college. the moderate Muslim majority is the best prospect for The memoir covers events with which most readers stability and peace. will already be familiar from history books or nightly From his experiences in Beirut, Syria, Israel and news broadcasts. But Bird adds a new dimension by Iraq, Djerejian provides a firsthand perspective on U.S. skillfully blending biography and history. From Saudi interaction with the Middle East and argues that the Arabian King Faisal’s ascendency to Bird’s experience U.S. “can help marginalize radicals and champion a racing horses at the Aramco camp, from the siege of democratic way of life in conformity with the region’s Mecca to his family’s acquaintance with Saudi busi- own mainstream values and ideals.” nessman Salem bin Laden — cousin of the infamous A graduate of Georgetown University, Edward P. terrorist and patriarch of the elite bin Laden family for Djerejian served in the Foreign Service for more than 20 years until his death in 1988 — the author weaves to- 30 years. He is the founding director of Rice Univer- gether the objective and subjective. sity’s James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Bird is uniquely qualified to offer insight into the progression of the entrenched problems of the Middle Encounters: A Lifetime Spent East. The book ends on a cautiously optimistic note, as Crossing Cultural Frontiers Bird observes that, though the Mandelbaum Gate he Nancy Keeney Forster, once crossed is no longer there physically, its presence Wind Shadow Press, 2009, remains. He speculates that perhaps it serves as “a sym- $15.95, paperback, 380 pages. bol of hope, a place of reunion — and a reminder that This unique and engaging these divisions cannot last forever.” memoir — drawn from a combi- Kai Bird is the author of American Prometheus nation of the author’s own experi- (Knopf, 2005), the Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of ences and those of her late J. Robert Oppenheimer. A prolific journalist, he often husband, FSO Clifton Forster — has received critical writes for the Washington Post and The Nation, and is acclaim and was the winner of the Eric Hoffer Award a member of the Society of American Historians. He for excellence in independent publishing. In Encoun- lives in Kathmandu with his wife and son. ters, Nancy Keeney Forster presents the intertwined narrative of two fascinating people who shared a life- Danger and Opportunity: time of diplomatic adventures. (See David Hitchcock’s An American Ambassador’s review in the July-August FSJ.) Journey through the Middle East Several years after her husband’s unexpected death Edward P. Djerejian, in 2006, Nancy Forster delved into the chests of papers Threshold Editions, 2009, and manuscripts he had left behind. In addition to $16, paperback, 301 pages. drafts of several books, she found written reminis- Veteran diplomat Edward cences, and it is with these that Encounters opens. The Djerejian presents not only a son of American expatriates, Cliff had spent the first 18 chronicle of his diplomatic experi- years of his life in Japan, initially as a carefree child and, ence in the Middle East, but also dispenses savvy polit- ultimately, in an internment camp. Forster chronicles ical advice in Danger and Opportunity. his journey from prisoner to diplomat. A former ambassador to Syria and Israel, Djerejian Their marriage occurs about halfway through the attempts to answer a complicated question: What went memoir and, from there, Forster recounts their shared wrong with America’s foreign policy in the Arab and adventures, from Japan to Israel to Washington. Part Muslim world? He then asks an even more pointed biography and part memoir, Encounters portrays the

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power of diplomacy in positively affecting both indi- In October 1990, Hacker was given the responsibil- viduals and the world. ity of reopening the consulate, which had been closed Nancy Keeney Forster was married to the late FSO for 40 years during the Cold War. Slovakia describes Clifton Forster for almost 60 years. They lived in Cal- the country’s fascinating three-year journey to inde- ifornia, the Philippines, Japan, Burma, Israel, Hawaii pendence in 1993, at which point the U.S. consulate in and Washington, D.C. In addition to managing these Bratislava became the U.S. embassy. adventures, Forster became a career educator and di- Hacker, who has years of experience in Eastern Eu- rector for the International Baccalaureate program. ropean affairs, recounts anecdotes of personal and po- She currently resides in Tiburon, Calif. litical interest, including his interactions with Ambas- sador Shirley Temple Black, who headed Embassy Slovakia on the Road Prague at the time (1989-1992). The book’s postscript to Independence: provides a summary of the 17 years since Slovakia’s in- An American Diplomat’s dependence, offering a new perspective on the issues of Eyewitness Account the early 1990s. This succinct volume expertly com- Paul Hacker, The Penn State bines autobiographical and historical information to University Press, 2010, $65, create the captivating story of a nation on the verge of hardcover, 240 pages. sovereignty and a diplomat who experienced the jour- Veteran FSO Paul Hacker ney firsthand. combines personal memories and Dr. Paul Hacker had a 30-year career in the Foreign political history in this engaging memoir, in which he Service, during which he served as principal officer in chronicles his years as head of the U.S. consulate in the U.S. consulate in Bratislava from 1990 to 1992 and Bratislava, set against the backdrop of the Slovakian as chargé d’affaires of the U.S. embassy there in 1993. struggle for independence. He and his family currently live in Florida.

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Simple Gestures: A Cultural brances of life as an FSO will interest fellow career Journey into the Middle East diplomats, who can identify with his experience, while Andrea B. Rugh, Potomac Books his simple description of Foreign Service life will de- Inc., 2009, $29.95, hardcover, light those less familiar with the hierarchies of em- 368 pages. bassies and other insider knowledge. Readers will have Although the Middle East as much fun reading this memoir as Kalla clearly did in often features prominently in the writing it. headlines of morning newspapers The memoir contains 14 “slices of life” detailing and nightly broadcasts across the memorable experiences at each of Kalla’s 12 posts (from United States, few Americans understand the region’s Copenhagen to Caracas). Kalla relays a variety of an- inhabitants. In Simple Gestures, Andrea Rugh chroni- ecdotes — everything from the story of his “coinciden- cles her progression from puzzled foreigner to cultural tal” encounters with the titular KGB agent (who guru. As mother, wife and, ultimately, anthropologist, attempted to seduce him into becoming an informant Rugh explores the traditions of the eight Middle East- for the Soviet Union) to a short description of Tawny, ern countries in which she lived, from Lebanon in 1964 the Great Dane adopted by the Kalla family while they to Afghanistan in the aftermath of 9/11. lived in the Dominican Republic. The book concludes Rugh presents her remembrances chronologically, with a succinct editorial on the potentially detrimental from her childhood exposure to foreign culture in her effects of American xenophobia. grandparents’ copies of National Geographic to her Richard L. Kalla served as an FSO with the U.S. In- work at schools in Afghanistan in 2001. Along the way, formation Agency for 33 years, and has written many she discovers the differences not only between Ameri- articles about his career experience. Now retired, he can and Middle Eastern cultures, but also among the and his wife, Pat, live in Washington state and are, as various countries themselves. Rugh narrates dozens of he concludes his memoir, “looking forward to many ad- highly readable anecdotes about every aspect of life, ventures down the road.” from social visits to weddings to education. Rugh’s hon- est and respectful insights culminate in a chapter of Not to the Manner Born conclusions, describing the overall lessons of her life in Helen Lyman, ADST Memoirs a region often misrepresented in the West. and Occasional Papers Series, The wife of an FSO, Andrea Rugh has been involved New Academia/Scarith Books, in projects with USAID, the Harvard Institute of In- 2010, $20.00, hardcover, ternational Development, Save the Children and 172 pages. UNICEF. She attended Swarthmore College and In 2001, Helen Lyman, wife of Oberlin College before receiving her Ph.D. in anthro- retired FSO and former Ambassa- pology from American University. The author of sev- dor Princeton Lyman, began writ- eral other books about the region, she is currently an ing about the more humorous incidents of her life adjunct scholar at the Middle East Institute and lives overseas. As one who never thought of herself as being in Maryland and Massachusetts. born to the trappings of diplomatic life, she brings a wry perspective to her observations. Not to the Manner Russian Spies, Qadhafi Born, published posthumously as a title in the ADST- and Other Memories DACOR Memoirs and Occasional Papers Series, con- Dick Kalla, CreateSpace, tains a foreword by her husband. 2008, $16.95, paperback, The essays recount incidents with the famous — 384 pages. Nelson Mandela, Al and Tipper Gore, Hillary Clinton In his foreword to Russian — and the not-so-famous, such as her first-grade stu- Spies, Qadhafi, and Other Memo- dents in Nigeria. Lyman’s account of her first meeting ries, Dick Kalla explains that he with Nelson Mandela, during her husband’s posting as wrote the memoir primarily to U.S. ambassador to South Africa (1992-1995), was pub- satisfy the curiosity of family and friends about his For- lished in the Foreign Service Journal (May 2004). eign Service career. But readers unacquainted with the From housewife to family counselor, to teacher, to author will also appreciate his book: Kalla’s remem- computer trainer for the State Department, Lyman

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records the human touches of each of these roles and, an FSO, but of world his- in the process, her own development. Just as she was tory. My Life, My Coun- looking forward to a rich retirement life, illness struck: try, My World begins she was diagnosed with cancer in 1987. Lyman contin- with the author’s birth on ued writing throughout, turning to poetry toward the his family’s farm in 1916. end. As her husband observes, “The final work is thus In a light, conversational not a traditional memoir, but a rich journey.” tone, Mack chronicles his Helen Carolyn Lyman died on July 6, 2008. Trained education, travels and ca- as a family counselor, she developed a career as a reer as an FSO, travers- teacher and computer instructor while overseas. She ing most of the globe and drawing memorable taught English in South Korea and kindergarten and experiences from each country. first grade in both Ethiopia and Nigeria. In 1990, she Additionally, the chapter titled “Departing Thoughts” joined the State Department as an instructor in com- details Mack’s advice and predictions for the future of puter applications. In that capacity she traveled to American foreign policy. An appendix provides photos China, Turkey, El Salvador, Swaziland, Switzerland, to accompany many of the anecdotes, as well as several South Korea, Namibia, Israel and South Africa to train examples of his poetry. staff. James Leonard Mack is a retired FSO who first served as cultural attaché in Khartoum. He has re- My Life, My Country, My World ceived several meritorious honor awards, including a James Leonard Mack, Dorrance Publishing Co. Inc., service award from the Department of State in 1964. 2008, $15, paperback, 150 pages. A graduate of New York, George Washington and Har- The memoirs of James Leonard Mack span almost vard universities, Mack is also a veteran teacher and an 60 years and provide not just a glimpse into the life of accomplished poet.

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Finding My Father: icles his own experiences in the Foreign Service. The Lifelong Quest by an Particularly moving is Pace’s adult rediscovery of the Iwo Jima Marine’s Son to Know letters he first read as a preteen. Once Pace sees his fa- the Man Who Was His Father ther in a realistic light, he is able to come to terms with Robert Sidney Pace, both the flawed and admirable aspects of his father’s iUniverse.com, 2009, $23.95, character. paperback, 340 pages. Robert Sidney Pace served as an FSO for 30 years, Almost every history textbook from 1966 to 1996. For almost a decade, he worked ex- includes basic facts about the bat- clusively on U.S.-Turkish relations, and served twice in tle of Iwo Jima, but with this memoir, Robert Sidney Ankara. After retiring from the Foreign Service, Pace Pace puts a human face on the event and its aftermath. served as executive director of the American-Uzbek- Born in 1944, Pace grew up knowing only scant de- istan Chamber of Commerce in Washington, D.C. He tails about his father, who died at Iwo Jima six months and his wife live in Northern Virginia. after his son’s birth. One day, 12-year-old Robert ex- plored his grandparents’ attic and discovered a box of Arabian Nights and Daze: his father’s letters to his mother. He became deter- Living Yemen with the mined to discover the man behind his shadowy con- Foreign Service ception of his father. Susan Clough Wyatt, ADST Although it revolves around Pace’s journey to un- Memoirs and Occasional derstand his father, Finding My Father concerns more Papers Series, New than this posthumous relationship. Pace describes the Academia/Scarith Books, lives of many of his ancestors and relatives — including 2010, $26, hardcover, his great-grandmother, mother and aunt — and chron- 302 pages.

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Arabian Nights and Daze follows a U.S. Foreign identifying the major challenges the present govern- Service couple as they renew an official presence in ment faces as it attempts to maintain stability in the face Yemen at a time when neither country was interested of a global terrorist threat that continues to penetrate its in having full diplomatic relations. Arriving in Sanaa borders. Part of ADST’s Memoirs and Occasional Pa- three years after the closing of the U.S. embassy, they pers Series, the book is richly illustrated. opened and managed the U.S. interests section within Susan Wyatt is a former FS spouse and career coun- the Italian embassy. Author Susan Clough Wyatt’s selor. She and her present husband, Richard Williams, husband, David William McKlintock, served as divide their time between Albuquerque, N.M., and Eu- principal officer, and she was the mission’s secretary — gene, Ore. She is the author of Thirty Acres More or at a time when FS wives were referred to as Less: Restoring a Farm in Virginia (Warm Snow Pub- “dependents” and evaluated in their husband’s yearly lishers, 2003). personnel reports. Wyatt describes the challenges they faced with can- Present at the Footnote: dor. She also recounts Yemen’s struggles to become a Personal Commentary on modern, viable state just eight years after the Republi- American Diplomacy can Revolution had ousted a thousand-year-old dynasty Henry E. Mattox, of Shiite (Zaydi) Muslim imams. The portrait Wyatt ADST Memoirs and paints of the Yemeni people as she knew them in the Occasional Papers Series, 1970s — proud, respectful, loyal, friendly, hospitable Xlibris, 2010, $19.99, and inexperienced in Western ways — contrasts sharply paperback, 204 pages. with the terrorists described in the media after the USS In 1996, a small group of retired Cole attack in 2000. FSOs in the Raleigh-Durham area of North Carolina The last two chapters compare Yemen then and now, founded an Internet journal, American Diplomacy

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(www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/). Under the editorial makers about helping to alleviate poverty and increas- direction of Henry Mattox, the journal — which is ing security worldwide. hosted by the University of North Carolina — evolved One major challenge for the field of international from a quarterly to a dynamic e-zine, offering lively development is figuring out which approaches work and commentary and analysis on international affairs and how to tweak them to fit the needs of different coun- Foreign Service life, as well as book reviews, an exten- tries. The analysis contributes to our understanding of sive archive and other resources for those interested in how to take a more comprehensive approach to pro- foreign relations. moting international development. Ultimately, poverty In Present at the Footnote, Mattox presents a sam- and conflict, even in distant parts of the world, can have pling of his own writings, first posted on American a harmful impact on U.S. national security. Diplomacy between 1996 and 2008. Drawing on his Susan Rice, who served as assistant secretary of State experiences during a 23-year Foreign Service career for Africa during the Clinton administration, was a sen- and, later, as a senior lecturer in American and diplo- ior fellow at the Brookings Institution until 2009, when matic history, Mattox addresses such issues as diplo- she left to become U.S. ambassador to the United Na- macy as a profession, the Iraq War, civil-military affairs, tions. Crone Graff was a Brookings fellow. and country and regional policies. This wide-ranging Career Senior FSO and former ambassador Carlos set of highly readable essays is part of the ADST Mem- Pascual served as the State Department’s Coordinator oirs and Occasional Papers Series. for Stabilization and Reconstruction (2004-2006). Fol- Henry E. Mattox served in the U.S. Foreign Service lowing retirement in 2006, he served as vice president from 1957 to 1980, with postings to Paris, Ponta Del- and director at the Brookings Institution. In 2009, gada, Sao Paulo, Kathmandu, Port-au-Prince, London President Barack Obama appointed him U.S. ambassa- and Cairo. After retirement, he spent a year in Nigeria dor to Mexico. as a Fulbright senior lecturer and taught for 15 years at North Carolina State University. He was editor of Flawed Diplomacy: American Diplomacy from 1996 to 2007. The United Nations & the War on Terrorism Victor Comras, Potomac Books, POLICIES & ISSUES Inc., 2010, $29.95, hardcover, 256 pages. Confronting Poverty: Few would dispute that the Weak States and U.S. United Nations is an indispensi- National Security ble organization in today’s global- Susan E. Rice, Corinne Graff ized world; why, then, has it been so difficult for the and Carlos Pascual, editors, U.N. to coordinate responses to terrorism? Flawed Brookings Institution Press, Diplomacy explores the history and political implica- 2010, $26.95, paperback, tions of terrorism and analyzes the U.N.’s responses. 256 pages. The crux of Comras’ argument is that the U.N., Taking a new look at the old, while it has made some gains against terrorism in the afflicting problem of global poverty, Susan Rice, Cora- past, needs to implement a more effective response for line Graff and Carlos Pascual summarize much of the today’s increased threat. Part of the problem with coun- recent research done on international development in terterrorism actions, he argues, is that the international weak states. As the authors remind us, “poverty is a na- community cannot readily agree on what constitutes a tional-security challenge for all, including the United terrorist action; the line between “terrorism” and “free- States.” dom fighting” is often narrow. Underlying poverty and other challenges is the Comras underscores the inherent difficulty of any strength of the state and its ability to provide adequate U.N.-orchestrated counterterrorism actions: with so services for its citizens. The editors’ own pieces, as well many member countries, consensus on such a hot issue as contributions from other experts, examine the inter- is nearly impossible. Still, he remains a cautious opti- section of poverty and conflict throughout the world. mist, acknowledging small steps taken in the past and What emerges is a set of recommendations for policy- providing recommendations for stronger action in the

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future. Flawed Diplomacy provides readers with a de- tance. Yet the country’s history and politics are not very tailed look at a crucial issue — one which affects, and widely known. will continue to affect, politics the world over. Robert Pringle aims to remedy this problem with his Career FSO Victor Comras is an expert on interna- new book, Understanding Islam in Indonesia: Politics tional sanctions and efforts to counter terrorism. He and Diversity. With a focus on the development of served as one of five monitors, chosen by U.N. Secre- Islam, Pringle explores Indonesia’s colonial past, its re- tary-General Kofi Annan, overseeing the enforcement cent history and the newest developments taking place of Security Council antiterrorism measures. A prolific in the country. writer and radio and television commentator, he cur- Indonesian Islam developed in its own unique cir- rently lives in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. cumstances, with the first confirmed arrival of the religion in the 13th century. (The country would later be Understanding ruled by the Dutch and the Japanese before gaining in- Islamin Indonesia: dependence.) Politics and Diversity Pringle weaves a narrative thread that traces these Robert Pringle, University developments and their impact on Islam in the country. of Hawaii Press, 2010, $22, Most valuably, he elucidates modern Indonesia’s reli- paperback, 220 pages. gious diversity, religion’s connection with politics and It often comes as a surprise to its role in society and politics. Understanding Islam in people that Indonesia — a coun- Indonesia helps the reader to do exactly what its title try located in East Asia, not the promises. Middle East — has the largest Muslim population in A historian and author, retired FSO Robert Pringle the world (more than 230 million). As a rising power served in Jakarta in the 1970s. He specializes in Islamic and a democracy, Indonesia is set to grow in impor- issues.

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Justice at Work: It also examines the causes of these problems and Globalization and the chronicles some attempts to rectify them (including, Human Rights of Workers for example, the successful 1998 crusade of a group of Robert Senser, Xlibris students at Duke University to stop the licensing of Corporation, 2009, $19.99, Duke’s logo on sweatshop-produced merchandise and paperback, 232 pages. the beginnings of the anti-sweatshop movement). In Justice at Work, Robert Senser believes that in the 21st century there can be Senser provides an unflinching no more excuses for such problems: these outrages are look at the often-violated rights of not a necessary phase in a country’s industrialization and workers the world over. The book contains some of should not be ignored under the assumption that they the author’s articles written between 1991 and 2008 ex- will ultimately go away. amining labor practices in much of the world, particu- By confronting these issues and putting a human face larly in Bangladesh, India and China. on cheap labor, he wants to make his readers think twice Senser spotlights how the Western world condones before purchasing an inexpensive garment or a toy horrific working conditions — however unwittingly — “made in China.” and argues that personal responsibility is necessary to Retired FSO Robert Senser served as a labor attaché improve these conditions. He graphically describes for 21 years. He earned a B.S. at Loyola University in scenes of employees treated as machines: children as Chicago and conducted postgraduate studies at the Uni- young as 7 taken from their mothers to work 12 hours versity of Chicago. He has had more than 50 years of ex- a day, seven days a week; young women trapped in perience in human rights issues, and serves as editor of burning factories; workers subjected to polluted air full Human Rights for Workers, an online newsletter devoted of toxic chemicals. to wide-ranging coverage of labor, trade and economic But the book does more than describe the abuses. issues (http://humanrightsforworkers.blogspot.com/).

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U.S. Peacefare: the U.S. Institute for Peace. Smith focuses on agency Organizing American interaction because the success of peacemaking efforts Peace-Building Operations — such as in the post-conflict Balkans, for example — Dane F. Smith Jr., Praeger, is dependent on each agency’s precise understanding of 2010, $44.95, its role and cooperation to coordinate their actions to- hardcover, 301 pages. ward a common goal. While conducting peace at- Considering the high stakes of international conflict tracts only a fraction of the re- — lost lives, political instability and huge sums of sources committed to conduct- money — Smith is passionate about providing the rec- ing war, it is no doubt the pre- ommendations needed to strengthen and expand ferable (and more cost-effective) means of dealing with American ‘peacefare’ abroad. While the book’s tech- international conflict. In U.S. Peacefare, author Dane nical jargon and meticulous detail may not be for the Smith examines America’s peacebuilding infrastructure. general reader, it fills a critical gap in understanding (The neologism “peacefare,” the author explains, is the different agency players. synonymous with “peacebuilding,” which is an um- Retired career FSO Dane Smith, who served as brella term covering a range of activities to reduce con- U.S. ambassador to Senegal and to Guinea and as spe- flict generally or end specific conflicts.) cial presidential envoy for Liberia, is a senior associate Beginning with an historical overview of official at the Center for Strategic and International Studies peacebuilding, Smith then examines the organization and an adjunct professor at American University in and interaction of five key bureaucratic entities in- Washington, D.C. Drawing on 17 years of residence volved in this work: the National Security Council, the and travel in 32 African countries, he lectures on State Department, the U.S. Agency for International African history and culture, and trains expatriate teams Development and the Defense Department, as well as to work effectively on the continent.

Help AFSA Go Green and Save Some Green t Please make sure we have your e-mail address!

As AFSA prepares to institute more environmentally friendly practices, significantly reducing our consumption of paper, we are asking our members to please ensure that we have their valid e-mail addresses on file. This will allow us to contact you by e-mail rather than cluttering up your home with paper mail, and it also leads to significant savings in postage.

We ask our active-duty members to give us their “.gov” e-mail addresses, as those are unlikely to change throughout your career. For all others, any valid e-mail address works! American Foreign Thanks for helping us go green — and save some green! Service Association You can submit your e-mail address either by sending it to [email protected] or visiting www.afsa.org www.afsa.org/addresschange.cfm. Art: iStockphoto.com

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Iraq: The Moral Reckoning — Within a certain stretch of territory governments and Applying Just War Theory to aid organizations establish a presence and provide hu- the 2003 War Decision manitarian assistance and security to the local popula- Craig M. White, Lexington tion. But what about those civilians living far from Books, 2010, $26.95, paperback, secured areas and relief operations? This book is de- 290 pages. signed to help governments and nongovernmental or- In Iraq: The Moral Reckoning, ganizations navigate this unfamiliar terrain. author Craig White “not only sets The authors divide the book into three parts, cover- a new standard for evaluating the ing the ethos of humanitarian efforts, operational re- 2003 Iraq War, but also shows how present and future quirements and the lessons learned from previous wars can be better evaluated in moral and practical humanitarian interventions. Especially important is the terms.” The book details the stipulations of “just war” delicate subject of civilian-military relations. Van Ars- theory and systematically analyzes whether or not each dale and Smith supply ample guidelines and recom- criterion was met by the Bush administration in 2003. mendations for how NGOs and governments should White’s conclusion — that the decision met only one play their respective roles and work together toward a of six “just war” criteria — is supported by his meticu- common goal. lous research. The book begins with an overview of the- By and large, this is a detailed guide to cutting-edge ories on warfare, from Aristotle to Thomas Aquinas, and humanitarian work based on years of experience and presents the qualifications of a just war: sovereign au- case studies, especially the U.S. experience in Iraq, and thority, just cause, right intention, proportionality of is recommended reading for Foreign Service person- ends, last resort and reasonable chance of success. In nel and NGOs operating in “hostile territory.” subsequent chapters, White explores speeches, news Derrin Smith is a political officer in Beirut, special- articles, editorials and other sources of publically avail- izing in terrorism finance and sanctions, human traf- able information about the Iraq war decision. ficking, Iraqi refugees and internally displaced persons. White anticipates counterarguments and rebuffs Peter Van Arsdale is a senior lecturer at the Josef Kor- them; his book successfully juggles the complex com- bel School of International Studies at the University of ponents of a war decision. Whether they agree with Denver, as well as director of African initiatives. He has White’s argument, readers will appreciate this look at conducted fieldwork in Romania, Bosnia, Indonesia the problems confronting a government as it prepares and Ethiopia, among other places, and is the author of for war. Forced to Flee: Human Rights and Human Wrongs in Craig M. White joined the Foreign Service in 1991, Refugee Homelands (Lexington Books, 2006). after living in the Middle East for nearly 10 years. He wrote Iraq: The Moral Reckoning in his free time as a The Politico-Military Function citizen, not as an official, believing that “if any theory is and the Department of State: to be useful, it must be applied to the dense texture of The Future of Foreign Policy the existing world.” He currently serves as the public Advisers (POLADS) in the affairs officer in Port Louis, Mauritius. 21st Century David T. Jones, Una Chapman Humanitarians in Hostile Cox Foundation, 2010, Territory: Expeditionary paperback, 124 pages. Diplomacy & Aid Outside Writing on a special class of the Green Zone Foreign Service officers known as POLADS (foreign Peter W. Van Ardsdale policy advisers to military commanders), David Jones and Derrin R. Smith, examines the cooperation between the State and De- Left Coast Press, 2010, fense Departments integrating the expertise of FSOs $34.95, paperback, 352 pages. with on-the-ground military officials. Demand for qual- Humanitarians in Hostile Ter- ified and knowledgeable diplomatic advisers has been ritory is Peter Van Arsdale and Derrin Smith’s guide to on the rise ever since 9/11, and Jones is concerned with the moral and practical aspects of helping civilians out- mapping out how this expansion of the POLAD pro- side the safety of the U.S.-secured “green zones.” gram should proceed.

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In addition to a brief history of State-Defense rela- Hunter examines the security tions and the POLAD program, Jones takes a step-by- dynamics of the Persian Gulf, step approach to identifying the precise roles of these and the Middle East more gen- political advisers, how they should be selected, and erally. As a geostrategic area and what kind of training is needed to help them do their hub of the world’s oil resources, job well. This report on the POLAD program is de- the region has repeatedly at- tailed and intricate, and is targeted at State and Defense tracted intervention by outside officials thinking about using the program to improve powers. The cumulative effect U.S. foreign policy operations. of this history has left a frag- David Jones is a retired career FSO and frequent mented, insecure grouping of states mired in conflict contributor to the Journal. During a diplomatic career and burdensomely high defense spending. of more than 30 years, Jones concentrated on politico- Hunter emphasizes the world’s common interest in military issues and served as a POLAD for the Army ensuring the security of the Middle East. In each chap- Chief of Staff. He is also coauthor of Uneasy Neigh- ter he discusses different elements underlying regional bo(u)rs (Wiley, 2007), a book on U.S.-Canada relations. stability, including conflict resolution, the role of exter- The monograph is available at no cost to qualified nal actors and arms control. Each chapter also contains requesters through the State Department’s Bureau of recommendations for how U.S. policy should be di- Political-Military Affairs. rected. The end goal of U.S. engagement with the Middle Building Security in the Persian Gulf East, according to Hunter, is establishment of a collec- Robert E. Hunter, RAND Corporation, 2010, tive security system that can help Washington “achieve $24, paperback, 202 pages. its goals in the region at less material and human risk In this valuable book, retired Ambassador Robert and cost than at present.” While the challenges the U.S.

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faces in the Middle East are daunting, Hunter ably ex- The Twisted Sisterhood: plains how to deal with them. Unraveling the Dark Legacy of Retired FSO Robert Hunter is a senior adviser at Female Friendships the RAND Corporation in Washington, D.C. He Kelly Valen, Ballantine Books, served as U.S. ambassador to NATO and U.S. repre- 2010, $25, hardcover, 256 pages. sentative to the Western European Union under Pres- When FS spouse and writer ident Bill Clinton. He has also served as a foreign policy Kelly Valen’s essay, “My Sorority adviser to many government officials, including Presi- Pledge? I Swore Off Sisterhood,” dent Jimmy Carter and Defense Secretary William was published in the New York Cohen. Times’ Modern Love column in December 2007, she was overwhelmed by the volume and intensity of the re- Working the Night Shift: sponse. The piece about an ugly encounter with soror- Women in India’s Call ity sisters struck a chord with thousands of women who Center Industry carried powerful impressions and memories about fe- Reena Patel, Stanford University male-inflicted wounds, and also prompted protest from Press, 2010, $21.95, paperback, women who felt such an airing of “dirty laundry” was 208 pages. somehow anti-woman. Almost every American has Inspired, Valen embarked on a program of research called an 800 number for assis- and writing, including interviews with more than 3,000 tance with electronics, credit women. In this book, she presents the results of her in- cards or airline ticketing. In Working the Night Shift, vestigations, exposing the hidden and enduring fallout of Reena Patel explores the lives of the women at the seminal female relationships. “But while the survey re- other end of those calls. Patel’s book — the result of sults have more than confirmed that there is widespread months of research at call centers in and around Mum- social anxiety, wariness and doubts about the emotional bai — analyzes how call center jobs affect employees. safety of women — among women of all ages, back- The author draws on interviews with dozens of work- grounds and perspectives,” says Valen, “my intent was for ers to explain the cultural and familial pressures dis- The Twisted Sisterhood to fill a void by not only opening couraging many Indian women from working at call this deeply emotional topic for discussion, but by raising centers. Due to the time difference between the cen- consciousness and calling for a more mindful civility.” ters and the primarily American customers they serve, Kelly Valen earned her J.D. from the University of these women (many of whom have never before held California at Davis, where she was executive editor of the jobs or even been outside of their homes past 8 p.m.) UC Davis Law Review. Since leaving the legal profes- must work night shifts — or, as detractors call it, the sion in 2004, she has published essays and commentaries “hooker shift.” in The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, San Fran- Through the personal stories of a variety of women cisco Chronicle Magazine, Chicago Tribune and other — from a single mother working to afford her rent to a publications. She lives with her FSO husband and their middle-class daughter earning spending money — four children in Bangkok and San Francisco. Patel creates an intimate picture of a liberating but frequently dangerous profession, one which “brings with it Grand Strategies: Literature, new challenges and new opportunities for women Statecraft and World Order workers.” This well-written book will certainly give Charles Hill, Yale University readers something to think about the next time they call Press, 2010, $27.50, hardcover, to reserve a plane ticket or pay a bill. 384 pages. The first-generation American daughter of an Indian Grand Strategies: Literature, family, Reena Patel is a feminist scholar and Foreign Statecraft, and World Order ex- Service officer. After graduating with a degree in busi- amines statecraft through litera- ness from the University of Massachusetts at Boston, ture, a relatively unique perspect- she served as a Peace Corps Volunteer. She joined the ive in international relations. Charles Hill reviews many Foreign Service this year and currently serves as a po- of the world’s great works to provide a view of interna- litical officer in Madrid. tional relations through a humanities-focused lens rather

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than the traditional viewpoint of political science. Up Close and Personal The book explores several themes connecting the hu- with the Urantia Book manities and politics. The first is that the history of in- Expanded Edition ternational statecraft can be traced through works of J.J. Johnson, 2010, $19.99, literature, including ancient Greek works by Homer and paperback, 450 pages. modern works by Kipling and Proust. Hill wants to show Up Close and Personal with that the building blocks of the international system, in- the Urantia Book is a study cluding “diplomacy, justice and lawful governance” arise guide for students of the spiri- from parts of human nature. tual and philosophical work first A second theme is the significance of a broad hu- published by the Urantia Foundation in 1955 as The manities education for those working in international pol- Urantia Book. Though its origin remains a matter of itics. Great works by authors like Sun Tzu help diplomats debate, the work consists of a series of papers on the and statesmen to understand eternal political ideas and genesis, history and destiny of humanity and our rela- their origins in human nature and interaction. Hill has tionship with God, including a unique portrayal of the written a book aiming to distill the wisdom of human ex- life and teachings of Jesus. The papers propound the perience for the benefit of diplomats and widen their un- integration of science, philosophy and religion. derstanding of international politics. Johnson’s guide contains short essays on his own ex- Retired FSO Charles Hill was an adviser to many im- periences with The Urantia Book, as well as references portant political figures, including Ronald Reagan, to particular topics in the different papers of the book George Shultz and Henry Kissinger. Today he is diplo- organized by subject. A devoted student of Urantia, mat-in-residence and a lecturer in international studies at Johnson was a founding member and past president Yale University, as well as a research fellow at the Hoover of the Grand Canyon Society for Readers of the Uran- Institute. tia Book. This new edition features a chapter, “The

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COSAR Principle: A Revelatory Proposition,” which glected in favor of military options. With unclear goals, addresses the relationship between scientific discov- the latter has cost us good will and prestige around the eries and revelatory information. world. Some will find Freeman’s indictment of our drift J.J. Johnson joined the Foreign Service in 2001 as from our values too sweeping; all will find Freeman’s an information management specialist and has served book thought-provoking and well-articulated.” in Islamabad, Rangoon and Moscow. He has also In this collection, the author presents two dozen of served on the Executive Secretariat’s Special Com- his essays, many of them never before published, span- munications team in Washington, D.C., and with the ning the two decades from 1990 to 2010. In 1990, as Multinational Force and Observers’ Civilian Observer U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Freeman helped plan Unit in the Sinai. He is currently posted in Beijing. and implement the massive, U.S.-led effort to liberate Kuwait from occupation by Saddam Hussein’s Iraq; by America’s Misadventures 2010, he had developed many thoughtful and well-in- in the Middle East formed criticisms of the policies Washington had pur- Chas W. Freeman Jr., Just World sued toward the region. The book includes consider- Books, 2010, $22.95, paperback, able new material on Operations Desert Shield and 232 pages. Desert Storm, as well as valuable information about the “He has given us a wake-up structure and politics of Saudi Arabia. call. Let’s hope we hear it,” says “Insight leaps from every page of this remarkable Frank Carlucci, former ambassa- volume,” says Jessica Matthews, president of the Carne- dor to Portugal and Secretary of gie Endowment for International Peace. “No diplomat Defense, of America’s Misadventures in the Middle of his generation has a finer intelligence, a better ear to East. “Chas Freeman is one of our country’s best prac- listen, as great a willingness to pierce self-deception or titioners of diplomacy, an art he argues we have ne- as gifted a pen as Chas Freeman.”

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2010 15-49_FSJ_11_10_ITOW:firstlook 10/14/10 11:30 AM Page 37

Chas W. Freeman Jr. is chairman of Projects Inter- Burma just before the start of World War II and fol- national, Inc., a Washington-based firm that helps lows the Japanese invasion and the disasters that befall American and foreign clients arrange business transac- the British Army. Young journalist Harry Ross has tions internationally. A retired FSO and former am- been sent to Rangoon by “Wild Bill” Donovan to es- bassador to Saudi Arabia, Freeman has had a tablish an espionage network and monitor the effec- distinguished three-decade-long career in government tiveness of Claire Chennault’s American Volunteer and foreign relations. A China expert and fluent Man- Group, the “Flying Tigers,” who joined in the defense darin speaker, he was the principal American inter- of Rangoon. When Rangoon falls, the action moves preter during President Nixon’s historic 1972 visit to to China. Beijing. An adventure novel, Spies in the Garden is packed with historical characters and data. “It is detailed and authentic when it comes to the OSS [Office of Strate- FICTION gic Services] in Burma, China (particularly Chunking and Kunming) and Thailand,” says Alice Booher in Spies in the Garden The OSS Society Journal. “A vivid picture of what the Bob Bergin, Impact very beginning of America’s espionage effort in Asia Publications, 2010, $14.95, must have been like, Spies is rich in detail of the era paperback, 365 pages. and the craft of spying,” says Charles Pinck, president This engaging work of histor- of the OSS Society. ical fiction centers on the Amer- Bob Bergin is a retired FSO who served in Viet- ican espionage effort in Asia that nam, Thailand, Indonesia, South Africa, Kenya and became the Office of Strategic Japan. He is the author of two other historical novels Services. The story begins in set in Asia, Stone Gods, Wooden Elephants (Impact

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Publications, 2001) and When Tigers Fly (Impact Pub- ies series, William S. Shepard lications, 2005), as well as numerous articles based on presents a tale in the tradition of his extensive research into the history of aviation and Dashiell Hammett and Dan OSS operations in Southeast Asia and China. When Brown. Shepard tells an interna- not writing, he and his wife, Monique, deal in the art tional story that spans six Euro- and antiques of Southeast Asia at their shop, Banana pean capitals and 400 years of Tree, in Alexandria, Va. history. Robbie Cutler, the special assistant to a new Secretary Forty Wolves of State, plans to accompany the Mark Jacobs, Talisman Secretary on his travels overseas. What Cutler does House, Publishers, not plan on is a string of mysteries, including an al- 2010, $19.95, Qaida assassination conspiracy and an enigmatic desk paperback, 256 pages. that once belonged to the playwright Christopher Mark Jacobs’ novel Marlowe. Forty Wolves begins sim- The author’s experience as a career diplomat in- ply enough: middle-aged vests the novel with an impressive realism, while his American Cris Alessi trav- authorial skills spin a gripping mystery. els to Turkey to find the woman he believes is his bio- William Shepard is a retired FSO. With his first logical mother. But the plot quickly thickens, as each Robbie Cutler thriller, Vintage Murder (iUniverse, chapter shows a new perspective on the inhabitants 2002), Shepard created the genre of the diplomatic — and intrigue — of the Village of Forty Wolves. Ja- mystery. Currently a resident of eastern Maryland, he cobs’ experience as a short-story writer shines through is the author of Murder on the Danube (Writers Club, in this novel, which expertly juggles everything from 2001) and Murder In Dordogne (iUniverse, 2005), accusations of espionage to emotional farewells and Diplomatic Tales: Your Invitation to the Embassy (iU- subsequent reunions. niverse, 2006) and Shepard’s Guide to Mastering Perhaps the most intriguing part of the novel is its French Wines (iUniverse, 2003). eponymous town. The setting weaves together the lives of Cris and a host of other characters, including City of Strangers a Turkish woman attempting to uphold her family’s Ian Mackenzie, Penguin Books, heritage, a blacksmith coming to terms with his reli- 2009, $14, paperback, 224 pages. gion, and a ruthless businessman seeking to control City of Strangers, Ian Macken- Forty Wolves and its citizens. This vivid novel, set zie’s first novel, deals with a man against the backdrop of modern Turkey, presents the who sets out to confront the twists and turns of a thriller alongside the more subtle demons of his past. Paul Metzger drama of literary fiction — and readers will be equally is a lonely writer who has prob- satisfied with both aspects. lematic relations with all the im- Retired FSO Mark Jacobs served in Spain, Turkey portant people in his life. His ex-Nazi father is dying; and Latin America. He is the author of two collections he is deeply estranged from his older half-brother; and of short stories, A Cast of Spaniards (Talisman House he has lingering feelings for his ex-wife. The backdrop Publishers, 1994) and The Liberation of Little Heaven to Paul’s complicated life is a larger-than-life structure, (Soho Press, 1998), and two novels, Stone Cowboy the modern city. (Soho Press, 2003) and A Handful of Kings (Simon and In the book’s opening, Mackenzie takes a quote Schuster, 2007). A native of New York, he lives with his from The Death and Life of Great American Cities in wife in Virginia. which strangers are said to be, “common not just in places of public assembly, but more common at a The Saladin Affair: A Robbie Cutler man’s own doorstep.” This quote encapsulates an im- Diplomatic Mystery portant theme of the book: modern alienation. William S. Shepard, iUniverse, 2009, $20.95, FSO Ian Mackenzie is currently on his first post- paperback, 360 pages. ing, to Addis Ababa. After graduating from Harvard, In this fourth installment of his diplomatic myster- he was a teacher in Brooklyn, N.Y.

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Authenticity: A Novel of Art, — is currently the press attaché in Moscow. He has Crime, Love and Diplomacy served previously in Brussels, Yerevan, Sofia, Paris, St. David Siefkin, XPat Fiction, 2009, Petersburg and Washington, D.C. $12.50, paperback, 262 pages. For U.S. consul general in St. A Modest Silence Petersburg, a visiting art exhibit is Sheila Coral Grimes, Dog Ear the perfect, if rather routine, Publishing, LLC, 2009, $12.95, diplomatic mission. But on the paperback, 176 pages. eve of the opening, Peter May dis- In A Modest Silence, Sheila covers a masterpiece of crime whose clues lead him to Coral Grimes draws on her child- the secrets of the Hermitage Museum, backstage at the hood in Alexandria, Egypt, and a ballet, and into the world of spies and counterspies, bal- lifetime of experience as the wife of lerinas, art forgers, and Russian billionaires. an FSO to weave “an exotic tale With romance, intrigue, humor and snappy dia- with conflict, suspense, innocence, budding love, and logue, Authenticity tells the story of a man and woman determination amid chaos.” separated by their political and social cultures but com- Gaby is a feisty and musically talented young woman pletely connected in the love they share for art and life. living with her Sephardic Jewish parents in Egypt dur- How far must they travel to restore a set of authentic ing the turbulent reign and abdication of King Farouk. paintings to their rightful owner? And who is the right- As she copes with the country’s political upheaval and ful owner? her father’s unjust incarceration, she must make a diffi- David Siefkin — who wrote the original script for cult and life-altering decision: choosing among three po- the popular computer game Where in the World Is tential suitors for her hand in marriage. The author’s Carmen Sandiego? before joining the Foreign Service Continued on page 45

NOVEMBER 2010/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 15-49_FSJ_11_10_ITOW:firstlook 10/14/10 11:30 AM Page 40

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Leading Them to the of the latter, guiding prospective delegates in everything Promised Land: Woodrow from conference preparation to committee etiquette. Wilson, Covenant Theology The book concludes with two helpful appendices — a and the Mexican Revolution, list of U.N. members and permanent observers, and the 1913-1915 text of the preamble to the U.N. Charter — and a glos- Mark Benbow, Kent State sary of common acronyms and terms. University Press, 2010, Kerem Turunç served as secretary-general of the Yale $49, hardcover, 204 pages. Model U.N. While still in high school at the American Woodrow Wilson, the son of Collegiate Institute in Turkey, he co-founded and led his a Presbyterian minister and school’s team. A graduate of Yale University, Turunç seminary professor, was influenced throughout his life currently lives in London. by “a basic orthodox view of covenant theology as the foundation of his beliefs.” Leading Them to the Prom- The Perils of Proximity: ised Land explores the way this influenced his politics; China-Japan Security Relations specifically his handling of the Mexican Revolution from Richard C. Bush, Brookings 1913 to 1915. Institution Press, 2010, $32.95, Benbow presents Wilson as a methodical, careful hardcover, 360 pages. leader who followed covenant theology almost to a fault: This year observers marked a when faced with leaders who did not necessarily agree new milestone in China-Japan re- with him — such as Venustiano Carranza and Pancho lations as China overtook Japan to Villa — Wilson’s political decisions became even more become the world’s second-largest difficult to make. The book succinctly analyzes a short economy. Modern China’s rise is the background to but intriguing period in American history and explores Richard Bush’s The Perils of Proximity, an examination the often-tenuous link between church and state in of tensions between China and Japan as they have American politics. played out in the East China Sea. A former resident historian at Washington, D.C.’s Bush is concerned with a “significant challenge” that Woodrow Wilson House, Mark Benbow currently will confront Washington, involving “groups of countries teaches American history at Marymount University in with which the U.S. seeks to maintain good relations but Arlington, Va. that cannot get along with one another.” Most of the book is dedicated to an examination of Chinese and The Winning Delegate: Japanese military capacities and each country’s internal An Insider’s Guide to Model decision-making and national psychology. United Nations (Second Edition) Richard Bush has spent more than two decades Kerem Turunç, iUniverse, working in Congress, the National Intelligence Council 2009, $16.95, paperback, and the State Department on East Asia issues. He is 188 pages. now a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and di- Kerem Turunç’s The Winning rector of its Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies. Delegate delivers exactly what its subtitle promises: an expert The Cold War and the United States guide to the Model United Nations experience. Draw- Information Agency: American Propaganda ing from years of Model U.N. experience, Turunç pro- and Public Diplomacy, 1945-1989 vides advice that will be helpful to any participant, from Nicolas J. Cull, Cambridge University Press, a newcomer to a veteran delegate. 2009, $36.99, paperback, 580 pages. This well-organized book begins with an introduction In telling the story of American public diplomacy to the history of the United Nations and Model U.N. during the Cold War, Nicholas Cull offers a strong affir- Subsequent chapters detail the structure and protocol mation of the critical importance of soft power in ad-

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2010 15-49_FSJ_11_10_ITOW:firstlook 10/14/10 11:30 AM Page 41

vancing U.S. interests. The Heather Gregg is an assistant professor at the Naval book hearkens back to the Postgraduate School’s Department of Defense Analysis. early 1950s, when the U.S. Hy Rothstein is a senior lecturer at the Department of Information Agency was es- Defense Analysis at NPS and previously served in the tablished to “tell America’s U.S. Army Special Forces. John Arquilla is a professor story to the world.” of defense analysis at NPS and the author of Worst Cull takes the reader Enemy: the Reluctant Transformation of the American through a half-century of Military (Ivan R. Dee, 2008). diplomatic history framed by each presidential administra- Atatürk’s Diplomats & tion’s continuations and changes to American propa- Their Brief Biographies ganda efforts abroad. He shows how domestic politics George S. Harris, and conflicting personalities in USIA, the White House The Isis Press, 2010, $50, and Congress all played a role in shaping how the U.S. paperback, 424 pages. presented itself and what effect this had, particularly in Atatürk’s Diplomats opens the Third World. (See Allen Hansen’s review in the July- with a 100-page essay, “The August issue of the FSJ.) Foreign Service under Atatürk,” Nicholas Cull is professor of public diplomacy at the in which Harris explores the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School history of the Ottoman Foreign for Communication. He is the author of Selling War: Service and the formation of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s The British Propaganda Campaign against American government, including descriptions of the new Turkish “Neutrality” in World War II (Oxford University Press, republic’s relationships with other countries. Then 1996) and a co-author of Propaganda and Mass Persua- come some 600 biographies, ranging in length from sev- sion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present eral sentences to several pages, in which Harris de- (ABC-CLIO, 2003). scribes the men and women who served in Atatürk’s Foreign Service. The Three Circles of War: George Harris received a Ph.D. in history of the Mid- Understanding the Dynamics dle East from Harvard in 1957, after which he served at of Conflict in Iraq Embassy Ankara until 1962. From 1979 to 1995 he was Edited by Heather S. director of analysis for Near East and South Asia. His Gregg, Hy S. Rothstein previous books include The Origins of Communism in and John Arquilla, Potomac Turkey (Hoover Institution, 1967) and The Communists Books, Inc., 2010, $60, and the Kadro Movement: Shaping Ideology in Atatürk’s hardcover, 224 pages. Turkey (Isis Press, 2002). Much of the analysis focus- The book can be purchased from the publisher ing on Iraq does not go past the (www.theisispress.org). well-known conflict between the country’s three main groups, the Sunnis, Shia and Kurds. Heather Gregg, Hy Working World: Careers in International Education, Rothstein and John Arquilla aim to give a more sophis- Exchange and Development ticated explanation of events. Sherry L. Mueller and Mark Overmann, The authors describe the three types of war that have Georgetown University Press, 2008, $24.95, taken place since the March 2003 U.S. invasion of the paperback, 246 pages. country: interstate conflict (that led to the successful de- A young professional’s journey from school to work- posing of Saddam Hussein); insurgency (that targeted ing life is almost universally anxiety-provoking and chal- U.S.-led occupying forces); and civil war (sparked by the lenging. In this book, Sherry Mueller and Mark Over- al-Qaida bombing of a Shiite holy site in 2006). mann make the new job-seeker’s task a bit easier.

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OF RELATED INTEREST

Concentrating on careers in sions. In Negotiating Environ- international education, busi- ment and Science, Richard J. ness, government and foreign Smith draws from years of first- policy, the authors relay advice hand experience to chronicle on how to learn what their inter- eight important environmental ests and needs in a career are. debates, ranging from driftnets The appendix has an annotated to caribou to the Bering Sea listing of organizations — NGOs, “donut hole.” government agencies, compa- Each chapter opens with a nies — that offer careers, volun- brief background on the issue. teer opportunities and internships. Smith then explains the U.S. approach to the negotia- Sherry Mueller is president of the National Council tion, the proceedings, reactions to the result in the U.S., for International Visitors in Washington, D.C. Mark and the impact of the decision. Smith’s knowledge of Overmann is the director of college communications at the issues provides an expert road map for the general Georgetown University, where he works on international reader. (See Ted Wilkinson’s review in the May FSJ.) exchange programs. Richard J. Smith served from 1985 to 1994 as principal deputy assistant secretary in the U.S. Department of The Global Nomad’s Guide State’s Bureau of Oceans and International Environ- to University Transition mental and Scientific Affairs. He has had extensive ex- Tina L. Quick, Summertime perience in negotiations, including service as special Publishing, 2010, $18, negotiator for George H.W. Bush on an air quality paperback, 300 pages. agreement with Canada. In The Global Nomad’s Guide to University Transition, Tina American Negotiating Behavior: Quick is writing to Third Culture Wheeler-Dealers, Legal Eagles, Kids, also known by the acronym Bullies and Preachers TCKs, who spend significant Richard H. Solomon and amounts of their lives growing up in a foreign country. Nigel Quinney, United States Eventually these children grow up and return to their Institute of Peace, 2010, “home” country, but often feel isolated. Similarly, many $22.50, paperback, 376 pages. students go abroad to attend a university, but find the The purpose of American transition to another culture overwhelming. Negotiating Behavior is summa- Tina Quick is an adult TCK, cross-cultural trainer, rized in its epigraph, a quote writer and international speaker. She is on the board of from Sun Tzu: “Know your adversary, know yourself; in directors of Families in Global Transition and is a mem- a hundred battles, a hundred victories.” In this book, ber of the Overseas Association of College Admissions Solomon and Quinney describe American behavior, Counseling. She has three TCK daughters of her own. hoping to provide both domestic and foreign diplomats with increased insight — and, ultimately, to encourage Negotiating Environment and Science: success in negotiations. An Insider’s View of International Agreements, For this study, dozens of seasoned foreign diplomats From Driftnets to the Space Station contributed their opinions on American negotiating be- Richard J. Smith, RFF Press, 2009, $27.50, havior, which the authors present and analyze. In addi- hardcover, 200 pages. tion, the authors explore the uniquely American trait of In the past 20 years, many international negotiations domestic negotiations, which must take place among in- have shifted from the security-heavy diplomacy of the stitutions at home before agreements can be made Cold War to environmental and technological discus- abroad.

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Richard H. Solomon is president of the United States from 1960 to 1975. In his new book, Richard J. Walter Institute of Peace; he formerly served on the National chronicles these diplomatic minefields and the ambas- Security Council staff and was ambassador to the Philip- sadors who navigated them. pines. Nigel Quinney, who has more than 20 years of Utilizing newly released material from the U.S. experience as an editor, writer and researcher, is the State Department and records from Peru’s Foreign president of The Editorial Group and a consultant to Ministry archives, Walter paints a picture of some- many corporations. times-turbulent foreign relations. He profiles the American and Peruvian ambassadors — among oth- Great Negotiations: Agreements ers, Berckemeyer, Pastor and Jones — who worked to that Changed the Modern World maintain relations between their respective countries Fredrik Stanton, Westholme during this anomalous decade and a half in U.S.- Publishing, 2010, $26, hardcover, Peruvian interaction. 304 pages. Richard J. Walter holds a Ph.D. from Stanford Uni- Great Negotiations begins with versity and is currently Professor Emeritus of History at a rephrasing of the idea that the Washington University in St. Louis. He has written ex- pen is mightier than the sword: tensively on South American history and is also the au- “Words, as much as weapons, shape history.” In the sub- thor of Politics and Urban Growth in Santiago, Chile, sequent text, Fredrik Stanton explores eight negotiations 1891-1941 (Stanford University Press, 2005). in history, stretching from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War, and explains that “the better we understand The Atlantic Century: what has worked in the past and which mistakes to avoid, Four Generations of the less often states may find the need to resort to vio- Extraordinary Diplomats lence to settle differences.” Who Forged America’s Stanton expertly establishes the context and impor- Vital Alliance with Europe tance of each entry, giving readers an idea of exactly why Kenneth Weisbrode, the outcomes of the negotiations were influential. (See Da Capo Press, 2009, $30, Patricia Kushlis’ review in the June FSJ.) hardcover, 496 pages. Fredrik Stanton was born in New York City and re- In the June Foreign Service ceived a B.A. in political science from Columbia Uni- Journal’s review of The Atlantic versity. He is the former president and publisher of the Century, Edwina Campbell described the book as “quite Columbia Daily Spectator and has written for numerous simply, the finest, most balanced work of diplomatic his- publications, including the Boston Herald. He has also tory that [she has] read in many years.” served as an election monitor in Bosnia, Azerbaijan and Kenneth Weisbrode takes readers through the his- three other countries. tory of modern American-European ties and the critical agencies and people that solidified an alliance, Peru and the United States, including the State Department’s Bureau of Euro- 1960-1975: How Their pean Affairs and prominent statesmen like Dean Ambassadors Managed Foreign Acheson. In addition to featuring specific profiles of Relations in a Turbulent Era important figures, the author reminds us that assid- Richard J. Walter, uous work is the key to building and maintaining Pennsylvania State University these relations. Press, 2010, $75, hardcover, Kenneth Weisbrode is the founder and managing ed- 333 pages. itor of the journal New Global Studies and a history fel- Despite a historically friendly low at the Center for Advanced Studies of the European relationship between Peru and University Institute. He has also worked as a defense the United States, some notable exceptions occurred analyst.

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OF RELATED INTEREST

Western Sahara: (1998-2003), whose bloodiness and involvement of eight War, Nationalism, and countries prompted observers to name it “Africa’s World Conflict Irresolution War.” African Wars is also an account of Thom’s work Stephen Zunes and Jacob with various U.S. agencies and his field experience. Mundy, Syracuse University A retired professional intelligence officer, William Press, 2010, $49.95, Thom served for 35 years with the Defense Intelligence hardcover, 424 pages. Agency. He was the senior Africanist at DIA from 1987 Stephen Zunes and Jacob to 2002 and now works as an educator, consultant and Mundy bring the Western Sa- public speaker on African affairs. hara into focus in this dense primer, the first book-length treatment of the protracted Dealings: A Political and Financial Life conflict that has been simmering in this corner of Africa Felix Rohatyn, Simon and Schuster, for more than two decades. Rather than a strict chrono- 2010, $27, hardcover, 275 pages. logical approach, the authors divide the book into three “Dealings is no ordinary memoir, as thematic parts: war, chronicling the three decades of befits its author, Felix Rohatyn,” says conflict over the region; nationalism, a broad historical Henry Kissinger. “Looking back on his analysis of the most important factor in the conflict; and extraordinary life, from a chance reprieve from a Nazi irresolution, an analysis of the history of failed efforts to death camp to the heights of finance, politics and diplo- resolve the conflict. macy, his story is an American saga, well-written and Stephen Zunes is chair of the Middle Eastern Stud- thoughtful.” ies program and professor of politics and international For decades, Lazard Freres investment banker Felix studies at the University of San Francisco. He is the au- Rohatyn was a prominent figure at the intersection be- thor of Tinderbox: U.S. Middle East Policy and the Roots tween high finance and American politics. Dealings is a of Terrorism (Common Courage, 2003). Jacob Mundy personal account of his working life, from high-stakes ne- is a doctoral candidate at the University of Exeter’s In- gotiations on Wall Street to his tenure as U.S. ambassa- stitute of Arab and Islamic Studies, where he specializes dor to France from 1997 to 2000. in the North African region. Rohatyn also discusses his role in preventing New York City’s bankruptcy in the 1970s in the face of Presi- African Wars: A Defense dent Gerald Ford’s refusal to help bailout the city (the Intelligence Perspective headline of the New York Daily News read “Ford to City: William G. Thom, ADST- Drop Dead”). The book concludes with the author’s DACOR Diplomats and perspective on the 2008 financial crisis and the hubris Diplomacy Series, University of a new generation of financiers that caused the worst of Calgary Press, $34.95, downturn since the Great Depression. paperback, 276 pages. “He has matched wits with a legion of high-flying en- A timely look at the history of trepreneurs, earned a reputation as a financial miracle recent wars in sub-Saharan Africa, worker, and gained the respect of presidents and the African Wars by William Thom is also the 42nd volume public alike for his outstanding service to our country,” in the ADST-DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Se- says former Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright. ries. Even though Africa south of the Sahara is the most “In Dealings, Rohatyn shows that he is also a master sto- conflict-prone region of the world, it has a notably lower ryteller.” profile in media coverage of international conflict, per- Felix Rohatyn recently returned to Lazard Ltd. as a haps because of its complicated post-colonial history and special adviser to the chairman and CEO. During his interlinking conflicts across the continent. lengthy career he served as managing director of Lazard William Thom analyzes sub-Saharan Africa’s conflicts and chairman of the Municipal Assistance Corporation and their legacies, including the Second Congo War of New York (1973-1992).

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2010 15-49_FSJ_11_10_ITOW:firstlook 10/14/10 11:30 AM Page 45

Continued from page 39 Karachi comes alive with a height- autobiographical influences shine in this passionate tale ened awareness of its natural flow, of intertwining revolution and romance. its smells and sounds, its color and Sheila Coral Grimes lives in Arlington, Va. She light, and she renders them palpa- speaks seven languages and has served as a diplomatic ble, all these aspects of the city interpreter and French teacher. In addition to her roles where we lived, that we love and as writer, grandmother and great-grandmother, she is have quarreled with.” an accomplished concert pianist and continues to give In Coming and Going Love solo concerts in the Washington, D.C., area. All pro- Poems, the author casts a lively and ceeds from A Modest Silence will be donated to the discerning eye on the realities of charity Fisher House. love relationships. A different type of “love poem,” says editor Leah Indus Suite Maines, these verses are fast-paced Coming and Going Love Poems and sure to startle. Patricia Lee Sharpe, Finishing Line Press, 2009 and Patricia Sharpe, a retired FSO 2010, each $14, paperback, 30 pages. with the U.S. Information Agency, These two handbound volumes of poetry are full of served in India, Pakistan, Sri life. Indus Suite, written while Pat Sharpe was serving Lanka, Indonesia, Tanzania, Nige- as public affairs officer at the American consulate in ria, Sierra Leone and the Dominican Republic. She is Karachi, captures the aura of Pakistan in poetic form. the author of The Deadmen and Other Poems (Writer’s Sharpe also manages to get at the realities behind the Workshop, Calcutta) and is the principal translator for veils of culture and gender. Four Walls and a Black Veil by Fahmida Riaz (Oxford Says Pakistani poet Fahmida Riaz, “In these poems University Press, 2005). Now living in New Mexico,

NOVEMBER 2010/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 45 15-49_FSJ_11_10_ITOW:firstlook 10/14/10 11:30 AM Page 46

she contributes to Whirledview, an e-zine devoted to connection is not immediately obvious (such as “words,” diplomacy and foreign policy, and is working to publish about which Winston Churchill said “To jaw-jaw is al- two collections of short stories. ways better than to war-war”). The Diplomat’s Dictionary provides utility beyond simply looking up the meaning of a word and is popu- REFERENCE lar with candidates preparing for the FS exams. Through quotations, summaries and straightforward The Diplomat’s Dictionary definitions or translations of foreign phrases, Freeman Chas W. Freeman Jr., helps readers learn new terms and explore different United States Institute of Peace sides of terms with which they are already familiar. Press, 2010, $19.95, paperback, The book concludes with short biographies of those 362 pages. quoted therein, as well as a bibliography and extensive With The Diplomat’s Diction- index. Diplomats and casual readers alike will appreci- ary, Chas W. Freeman adds lexi- ate the wit and charm of this unconventional dictionary. cographer to his already impress- Chas W. Freeman Jr. has extensive influence in diplo- ive list of accomplishments. In matic affairs, having served in India, Taiwan, China, this new, second edition, the book provides “practical Thailand and Saudi Arabia. He was the principal Amer- information, witty insights, and words of wisdom on the ican interpreter on President Richard Nixon’s visit to art and practice of diplomacy,” as well as more than 475 China in 1972 and served as ambassador to Saudi Ara- new entries, from “abruptness” to “zealots.” bia during the Persian Gulf War. He was a United States Readers will appreciate this collection of humorous, Institute of Peace senior fellow from 1994 to 1995 and poignant and helpful definitions of terms clearly related has also authored Arts of Power: Statecraft and Diplo- to diplomacy (such as “diplomats”) and others whose macy (U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1997).

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Dari Practical Dictionary: Moscow, Budapest and Kabul. He currently serves in Dari-English/English-Dari Washington, D.C., where he is a member of the AFSA Carleton Bulkin, Hippocrene Governing Board. Books, 2010, $24.95, paperback, 571 pages. Middle East Patterns: With President Obama’s com- Places, Peoples and Politics mitment to redouble U.S. efforts Colbert Held and John in Afghanistan, language skills and Cummings, Westview Press, expertise are in high demand. 2010, $52, paperback, 688 pages. Dari, a relative of Persian and the main spoken lan- Middle East Patterns: Places, guage in Afghanistan, is especially important. This two- Peoples and Politics is the fifth way Dari-English dictionary is one of the few edition of Colbert Held and John up-to-date works of its type available. Cummings’ seminal reference While the dictionary is quite detailed and covers a work on the region. It joins a large selection of works lot of vocabulary, it remains portable and easy to read. on the region available today, but what distinguishes The author also includes a guide to pronunciation, in- Middle East Patterns is its level of detail, accessibility formation about Afghanistan and even some Dari and comprehensiveness. proverbs. At a time when the U.S. is trying to commu- Held and Cummings cover the Middle East from al- nicate with Afghans and win their hearts and minds, a most every angle: geography, regional history, land use practical resource such as this is a necessity. and economics, in addition to the many well-known po- FSO Carleton Bulkin, a translator and linguist with litical conflicts of the region, including Israel and Pales- a master’s degree in Slavic languages and literature from tine. Of particular interest is the set of country profiles Indiana University, has served in Prague, Havana, featured in the latter half of the book that explore each

Ordering Books through afsa.org Here’s how it works: 1. Go to the AFSA Web site, www.afsa.org. 2. Click on the Marketplace tab (second brown tab from the right). 3. Click on the “AFSA and Amazon Books” icon in the lefthand navigation. 4. Click on desired subject listings — books by FSauthors are noted. 5. Shop away!

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NOVEMBER 2010/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 47 15-49_FSJ_11_10_ITOW:firstlook 10/14/10 11:30 AM Page 48

state’s internal politics and its relations with others. This unusual book, self-pub- Maps, pictures and charts enliven the book’s pages lished online and available to pre- and attest to the authors’ meticulous attention to detail. view there in full, is a record of the For students and scholars of the Middle East, this con- author’s journeys and work among cise volume provides both a broad overview of regional Tibetan-speaking nomads in the trends and a wealth of useful detail that is difficult to Himalaya in Nepal and Bhutan and find in a single volume. throughout the Tibetan Plateau re- A former diplomat-in-residence at Baylor University, gion of what is now China. The Colbert Held was a Foreign Service officer for 15 years many, stunning photographs in the who acquired experience in nearly every country in the book cover a time span of more than three decades and Middle East. John Cummings is a former USAID econ- capture a disappearing way of life. They are comple- omist who has worked in the Treasury Department and mented by an insightful and informative narrative on the the World Bank. He has also taught at Al-Hikma Uni- nomadic culture. versity in Baghdad, Tufts University and the University Daniel Miller is an FSO with USAID in India. A of Texas at Austin. rangeland ecologist, he went to Nepal for the first time in 1974, and bought his first camera, a Canon FTb, at that time. For the past 25 years he has worked with no- Photography mads in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Nepal and Tibet. He still uses a Canon F-1 manual camera. Snow Peaks Black Tents This book can be purchased online at www.blurb. Daniel Miller, www.blurb.com, 2010, $7.95 com/user/store/wildyakman. A richly illustrated 2011 softcover, $26.95 hardcover, 150 illustrations, Weekly Planner as well as other works by Daniel Miller 200 pages. are also available. ■

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NOVEMBER 2010/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 49 50-59_FSJ_11_10_feature:ship 11/15/10 5:34 PM Page 50

FROM MOUNT ELBRUS TO ARARAT

AN OVERLAND COURIER TRIP FROM TBILISI TO YEREVAN PASSES THROUGH CENTURIES OF HISTORY WHERE GREEK,ROMAN,PERSIAN AND ARAB CULTURES MEET.

BY JAMES B. ANGELL

etting east over the Black Sea past Yalta aboard “The Place of Warm Springs” an Air Georgia flight to deliver classified diplo- Tbilisi is an ancient city (Christianity was established there matic pouches to Embassy Tbilisi and make an in 337), with the Mtkvari River (Kura is the Russian name) overland delivery to Embassy Yerevan, I mar- carving the spectacular Metekhi cliff as it flows through town. veled at the dramatic sight of snow-capped Atop the cliff sit the famous Assumption Church (built by a Mount Elbrus. Europe’s highest peak at 18,510 Georgian king in 1278) and a statue of King Vakhtang Gor- feet, Elbrus dominated the landscape ahead. gasali (477-522) on horseback. He was the anti-Persian lib- The volcanic peak towers over the geologic, re- eration movement leader who founded Tbilisi and the Jligious and political cleft between the Caucasus and the Tri- Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic churches. Distinctive gin- aleti (Lesser Caucasus) range that forms Georgia’s southern gerbread houses are perched along the cliff face, with bal- border with Turkey and Armenia. conies protruding over the river. Alternately controlled by Greeks, Romans, Russians, Per- The legend of Tbilisi’s founding describes Gorgasali hunt- sians, Arabs and Turks, this ancient land between the Black ing in the area when his falcon chased a pheasant into some Sea and the Caspian Sea has been the scene of upheaval for hot springs. When Gorgasali saw the steam rising from the centuries. Today it is home to a collection of powder kegs: the water, he asked that a city be built there. (In Georgian, Tbil- “independent republics” of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in isi means “the place of warm springs.”) The springs still exist Georgia; Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan in the Russian today, as does the spectacular Narikala Fortress (built in the Federation, bordering Georgia to the north; and Azerbaijan, fourth century), which looms above the sulphur baths and Armenia and Turkey, with ongoing, bitter enmities among overlooks the city from a rocky precipice. them along Georgia’s southern border. By 645, Arabs had captured Tbilisi and installed an emir With conflicts in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno- to rule the region. Tbilisi became a major trading center Karabakh still simmering, and with the 2014 Winter Olympics connected to other capitals of the Arab world, but the slated for Sochi, Russia (on the Black Sea just 70 kilometers Umayyad Arabs were never able to conquer the western from the Georgia-Abkhazia border), the Caucasus is likely to Georgian region of Abkhazia. generate front-page news for years to come. In the 11th century, the famous Georgian king, David the After a smooth landing in Tbilisi, I looked forward to trav- Builder, expelled the Seljuk Turks, promoted Christianity, eling through this fascinating region. liberated Tbilisi and made it the Georgian capital. (The Georgian Orthodox Church canonized him after his death James B. Angell has served in Washington, D.C., Seoul and for his accomplishments.) The Kingdom of Georgia reached Bangkok (twice). He is currently deputy regional diplomatic its peak in 1204 when Constantinople fell, leaving Georgia as courier director in Frankfurt, his second tour there. the strongest Christian state in the Middle East until the

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Mongol invasion and occupation of 1235. (The Mongols re- with the occasional thousand-year-old, rough-hewn church. named the fort Narin Qala: literally, Little Fort.) Approaching the Armenian border, the road drops into the Debed River Valley and parallels it until a narrow bridge ap- Enter the Russians pears just past Sadakhlo. Full of stationary traffic, the bridge Two other powers then began a centuries-long tug-of-war leads to the Armenian border crossing in a ramshackle town over the region: the Persians and the Ottoman Turks. Once across the river. Even with diplomatic plates, there is no way Catherine the Great saw advantage in using Christian to jump the line because of heavy oncoming traffic, but the brethren to fight her two Muslim rivals during the expansion picturesque river flowing out of the hills to the south eases of the Russian empire, she signed a treaty with Georgia in the the wait. mid-1700s making it a vassal state, and annexed it in 1801. Across the bridge, once one passes through Armenian im- After the Russian Revolution, Georgia proclaimed its inde- migration and past Russian military sentries, the striking pendence. That status was short-lived, however, for the So- scenery really begins. There are two routes to Yerevan, but viet Union annexed Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan in because Azerbaijani snipers were active on the road running 1922. In 1936, Georgia became a separate Soviet republic. along the disputed border, the regional security officer had In 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia forbidden its use. The status of the landlocked, de facto “in- proclaimed independence. Hostilities with breakaway Ab- dependent republic” of Nagorno-Karabakh, an island of Ar- khazia began almost immediately, but in 1994 Russia and menians within the contiguous borders of Azerbaijan, remains Georgia signed a treaty that brought a temporary peace to the unresolved. The flip side to Nagorno-Karabakh is the region. Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, a landlocked enclave of In the wake of 9/11, the U.S. began assisting Georgia with Azerbaijani nationals within Armenia, southeast of Yerevan counterterrorism so it could operate effectively against along the Iranian border. Chechen and Islamic militants operating out of the Pankisi The valley road hugs the forested Debed riverbank for sev- Gorge deep in the Caucasus. This relationship blossomed eral miles before entering the mouth of a huge gorge. Sheer under the Bush administration, with Georgia ultimately seek- cliffs soar above the two-lane road that rides a roller coaster ing NATO membership following the 2003 Rose Revolution of topographic undulations along the river. On the opposite and the presidential victory of the young anti-corruption can- bank, Soviet train tracks intermittently disappear under mas- didate, Mikheil Saakashvili. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, running from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey, was completed in July 2006, further eroding Russian economic control over its former vassal. Yet following con- troversial NATO exercises in “crisis response” and “field training” involving 1,000 troops in May 2009, the Russian military still patrols Georgian territory along its border with South Ossetia.

Toward Armenia Departing Tbilisi and its ancient Or- thodox churches full of exquisite icons and smoky incense, we drove a van full of diplomatic pouches along the Mtkvari River (regarded by geographers as the natural division between Europe and Asia as it flows into the Caspian through Azerbai- jan) on the two-lane road that heads south- southeast toward the Armenian border. Once out of the river valley the road is straight and flat, interspersed with unre- markable little towns. To the west, how- Tbilisi, as depicted by the Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov in 1837. Lermontov ever, are picturesque rolling hills crowned painted the scene while in military service in the Caucasus.

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sive concrete culverts built to divert Approaching Yerevan mountain runoff so trains and rail Leaving the lake, the road heads won’t be swept into the river. Georgia reached its south across bleak terrain surrounded We pass decrepit villages every few by numerous volcanoes that seem to miles, with sheep and children scam- peak in 1204 when prepare the traveler for one of the pering about, until thick smog sud- great sights on the planet. Snow-cap- denly fills the valley and obliterates the Constantinople fell, ped Mount Ararat (16,854 feet) and stunning views. The rural scenery also Lesser Ararat (12,782 feet) dominate begins to disappear, replaced by huge making it the strongest the landscape 100 kilometers ahead monoliths of an industrial zone at the across the border in Turkey. approach to an old Soviet mining town. Christian state in the The road then plunges down to The smog soon disappears, and clear dusty Yerevan, where I made a secure air reveals a colossal smokestack belch- Middle East. delivery of classified pouches to the ing thick fumes. embassy. Alaverdi is a dreary town in the Founded along the banks of the middle of one of the most beautiful Hrazdan River in 782 B.C. by King Ar- gorges imaginable. The road passes ed mountains covered in snow. gishti I, and named after the Erebuni under a gondola that runs between it Atop the pass, the extremely long fortress he built, Yerevan is one of the and the top of a sheer 500-foot cliff, Sevan-Dilijan tunnel, hewn from the oldest continuously inhabited cities in where, my driver remarks, the other rock, is completely dark inside except the world. Erebuni’s strategic position half of the town is spread out atop a for our headlights. But the tunnel’s exit along the caravan routes between Eu- mesa. Then the road returns to a pris- frames staggering vistas of snowy alpine rope and India made it wealthy, but it tine valley, free of smog due to the fa- meadows, hemmed by the thick juniper was also a site of continual conflict. vorable wind direction, and a fork in forests of Dilijan National Park. The area acted as a buffer between the river. We soon crossed the Debek Further on, Lake Sevan appears, a the Greek and Roman world and that and began climbing steeply above the massive body of fresh water rimmed by of the Arabs and Persians. During the Pambek River. snowy mountains, volcanoes and an- reign of King Tigran the Great (95-55 The next town of any significance is cient churches atop rocky precipices. B.C.), Armenia stretched from the Vanadzor, the third-largest city in Ar- Seventy-eight kilometers long and 56 Mediterranean Sea to Tbilisi in the menia. Partially leveled by a 1988 wide, Lake Sevan is one of the largest north. Tigran based his empire on earthquake that killed 45,000, it has high-altitude lakes in the world, stand- Hellenic culture as a counter to the mostly recovered, with much of its in- ing at 6,600 feet. Just outside the re- Persians who had historically occupied frastructure, such as a smoking chem- sort town of Sevan on its northwest the region. By 30 B.C., however, Ar- ical plant, hard at work. The road cuts shore, the Sevanavank Church (found- menia had been conquered by Rome. through a vibrant city of markets and ed in 874) rises on an outcrop with Armenia accepted Christianity as its bustling school kids, then climbs away sweeping views of the awe-inspiring state religion in 301 A.D. King Tiri- from the Pambek toward gently round- geography. dates III (238-314) is credited with being the first sovereign to Christianize his kingdom, predating the conversion to Christianity of Constantine and the Roman Empire (312). According to legend, the Armenian Apostolic church was established by two of Jesus’ 12 apostles, Thaddaeus and Bartholomew, who preached in Arme- nia from 40 to 60. Armenia was eventually absorbed into the Byzantine Empire where it remained until 653, when the Byzantines ceded the area to

Photo courtesy of www.planetware.com the Arabs, claiming it was too difficult Snow-capped Mount Ararat and Lesser Ararat dominate the landscape across to rule. the border in Turkey. After countless invasions from the

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There are two routes to Yerevan, but because Azerbaijani snipers were active on the road running along the disputed border, the regional security officer had forbidden its use.

west by Byzantine Greeks and from the east by Seljuk Turks, the kingdom of Armenia collapsed and became the Lesser Armenian Empire, based in Cilicia, on the Mediterranean Sea. On the basis of shared Christian values, Europe propped up Lesser Armenia against the Muslim world. Cilicia held out until 1375 when the Mamluk Turks overran it, giving way to the Ottoman Turks in the 1600s.

Christian Roots When the Russians annexed Geor- gia in 1801, they began a long campaign against the Persians and Otto- mans, incorporating the region around Yerevan in 1828. But Armenia’s experience with the Russians was different. The victory of czarist Russia brought various Armenian communities together under a single administration for the first time in centuries. Moscow also fostered commerce and industry throughout the region before returning to their advance against the Ottoman Empire. In the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish war (1877-1878), Russia guaranteed the rights of all Armenians still living under Ottoman rule against oppression. Thus began a protective relationship between two Christian peoples that en- dures to this day.

NOVEMBER 2010/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 53 50-59_FSJ_11_10_feature:ship 10/14/10 11:34 AM Page 54 Map courtesy of http://chyzmyz.wordpress.com

In April 1915, in the midst of World border remains closed. After claiming its independence in War I, the Ottoman Turks accused When the anti-Bolshevik Transcau- 1991, Armenia has been practically Christian Armenians living in Turkey casus Federation was dissolved in strangled from birth. of siding with their Russian brethren. 1918, Armenia, like Georgia, pro- During her July 1-5 visit to the re- The Turks treated the entire popula- claimed its independence. Armenia’s gion, Secretary of State Hillary Rod- tion as an internal enemy and began a independent status was also short- ham Clinton declared, “It is in the campaign of ethnic cleansing. Turkey lived, as the country became a Soviet interest, first and foremost, of the peo- still maintains the deaths of 1.5 million regime. In 1931, the church of St. ple of Nagorno-Karabakh — but cer- Armenians were the result of World Peter and Paul in Yerevan, completed tainly of Azerbaijan, Armenia and the War I. Following the war, Yerevan be- in the fifth century, was destroyed to greater region — to work as hard as we came Armenia’s capital, as thousands make way for the Moscow Theater. can together to come up with an ac- of survivors settled the area. In 1988, fighting between the Ar- ceptable, lasting settlement of this con- Despite attempts at diplomatic rec- menians of Nagorno-Karabakh and the flict.” She also called upon Turkey to onciliation between the two countries, Azerbaijani Army began. When Nag- normalize ties and open its borders such as the planned opening of their orno Karabakh’s parliament voted to with Armenia. border for the first time since Arme- unify the encircled region with Arme- Even though Yerevan most likely nia’s 1993 war with Turkey’s ally, Azer- nia, the Turks and Azerbaijanis closed got its name from the Erebuni fortress, baijan, relations have faltered and the their borders with the young country. early Christian Armenians credited

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The area acted as a buffer QUESTIONS? Not sure whom to contact?

between the Greek and LETTERS TO MEMBERSHIP THE EDITOR For changes of address and other Roman world and that of Printed letters may be edited for questions about AFSA membership, space. E-mail to [email protected] or e-mail [email protected]. the Arabs and Persians. mail to FSJ, 2101 E Street NW, FasTrax Washington DC 20037. ADVERTISING For details about placing either E-CLASSIFIEDS a display or classifed ad, www.afsa.org/classifieds e-mail [email protected], [email protected]. FSJ

Noah with naming it. After the ark COPYRIGHTS & landed on nearby Mount Ararat and REPRINTS the waters receded, Noah is said to To obtain permission to reproduce have exclaimed “Yerevats” (“it ap- FSJ material, e-mail peared” in Armenian) when looking in [email protected]. the direction of the future capital. The territory around Yerevan has ONLINE Bronze Age settlements that date to www.afsa.org www.fsjournal.org the fourth millennium before Christ. The world’s oldest leather shoe (3500 B.C.), with delicate laces intact, was recently found in a Bronze Age cave along the Iranian border in Armenia. These finds are younger than the 4800 B.C. radiocarbon dating of recently discovered wooden “ship” fragments at a height of 3,000 meters on the flanks of Mount Ararat: “On the seventeenth day of the seventh month the ark grounded on a mountain in Ararat” (Genesis 8:4). The ancient name for Armenia is Haik. According to legend, Haik was the great-great-grandson of Noah and is considered the forefather of all Ar- menians. If Noah’s descendants still fill the dynamic region from Elbrus to Ararat, their propensity for conflict is the tale of humanity itself. I spent the evening strolling Yere- van’s tree-lined boulevards, as the om- nipresent bulk of Mount Ararat filled the western horizon. The next morning, my Austrian Airlines sunrise flight to Vienna, with the post’s dispatch safely stowed, soared past Ararat’s flanks at about the height of Noah’s landing. ■

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FS HERITAGE JOHN S. SERVICE: A COLD WAR LIGHTNING ROD

THE LESSONS OF JOHN SERVICE’S LIFE AND CAREER STILL RESONATE MORE THAN 60 YEARS AFTER HIS WORK IN CHINA.

BY HANNAH GURMAN

hough he is a familiar, even iconic fig- McCarthy alleged that Service “had sent official reports ure to many in the Foreign Service, few back to the State Department urging that we torpedo our Americans outside the diplomatic es- ally Chiang Kai-shek and stating in unqualified terms (and tablishment know the name, let alone I quote) that ‘communism was the only hope of China.’” He the life story, of John S. Service. It was went on to charge that Service had aided and abetted the not until last fall that the first compre- communist cause by turning over secret State Department hensive biography of this emblematic information to known communist agents, an act of espi- figure, Lynne Joiner’s Honorable Survivor: Mao’s China, onage and treason for which he had never been tried. TMcCarthy’s America and the Persecution of John S. Service (Naval Institute Press, 2009), appeared. (See the February The Real Story 2010 Foreign Service Journal for a review.) The son of missionaries, Service was born in 1909 and As Joiner observes, Service was indeed a “lightning rod” raised in China, joining the Foreign Service in 1935. He of U.S.-China relations and domestic politics during the spoke fluent Mandarin and already understood local poli- Cold War. But the lessons of his life and career still resonate tics and culture better than most Westerners when he ar- to this day. rived at the U.S. embassy, located in Chungking, in 1941, Most Americans first heard of John Service in February after serving as a clerk in the consulates at Yunnan-fu in 1950, after Senator Joseph McCarthy, R-Wis., gave his fa- Kunming and Shanghai. mous speech in Wheeling, W. Va., in which he claimed to The diplomat quickly proved himself an unusually eager have a list of 205 State Department employees who were and talented political reporter. In addition to meeting reg- members of the Communist Party. As a Foreign Service of- ularly with local officials, he traveled deep into the Chinese ficer who had served in China during World War II, Service countryside to get a sense of political and economic condi- was near the top of McCarthy’s list. tions. Several of Service’s wartime reports are remarkable not only for their incorporation of previously untapped in- Hannah Gurman is an assistant professor at New York Uni- formation from the field, but also for their ability to convey versity’s Gallatin School of Individualized Study, where she complex political analysis through concrete examples. In a specializes in the history of American foreign policy in the July 1943 message, for example, Service illustrated the 20th century. Her dissertation, The Dissent Papers: The weakness of Chiang Kai-shek’s government through an Voice of Diplomats in the Cold War and Beyond, won Co- analysis of official propaganda. lumbia University’s Bancroft Dissertation Prize and is cur- This particular report was part of a broader series in rently under review for publication. which Service began to argue against unconditional U.S.

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support for the corrupt and unpopular Nationalist govern- A Quest for Vindication ment and asked Washington to consider allying with Mao In the years following World War II, Service was pro- Tse-tung’s communist forces. While Chiang was starving moted to senior status in the department, becoming the peasants in the countryside and saving his resources to fight youngest officer ever to achieve a class two rank. But these the communists, reported Service, Mao was giving food and promotions took place against the backdrop of an increas- other resources to the peasantry and actually helping to de- ingly hostile Cold War climate, both internationally and do- feat Japan. These reports were collected and published in mestically. By the end of 1949, following the communist Joseph Esherick’s Lost Chance in China: The World War II victory in China and the Soviet explosion of the atomic Despatches of John S. Service (1974), an invaluable resource bomb, the red-baiting that would characterize Cold War do- for anyone interested in Sino-American relations during the mestic politics for the next several years shifted into high war. gear. Thanks in large part to the testimony of ex-commu- A 1944 trip to the communist base in Yenan is docu- nists like Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers, and mented both in Esherick’s volume and in Service’s oral his- the intercepted “Venona” cables between American and tory, which is archived in the Bancroft Library in Berkeley Russian agents, a few real (and many more imaginary) Soviet and available online (www.archive.org/ spies were being uncovered in all details/statedutychinaera00johnRich). branches of American government and As the first American diplomat to meet society, fueling accusations that Presi- with Mao since the Long March a decade dent Harry Truman and Secretary of before, Service had extensive conversa- Though he lost the policy State Dean Acheson were “soft” on com- tions with the communist leader, who ex- munists. pressed an eagerness to work with the battle, Service won great The Korean War put additional polit- Americans. ical pressure on the Truman administra- Service reported these conversations respect as a talented and tion. In late 1951, the Loyalty Review and the state of wartime China just as Board overturned the previous rulings in President Franklin D. Roosevelt was be- committed political Service’s favor. That December, John coming deeply frustrated with Chiang Service became the first China specialist, and was considering closer cooperation reporter. and one of the first of dozens of Foreign with Mao. But as Barbara Tuchman and Service officers, to be fired as a result of other historians have argued, the win- McCarthyism. dow of possibility closed in the follow- But Service’s story does not end ing months, when FDR appointed an there. He spent the next six years in a ardently pro-Chiang ambassador to China, Patrick Hurley, legal battle to exonerate and reinstate himself in the For- and shifted his war strategy in the East to a greater reliance eign Service. The case went all the way to the Supreme on the Soviet Union. Court, which in 1957 ruled in Service’s favor. While this rul- Back in Washington, D.C., after the war, Service met ing confirmed that Cold War paranoia was starting to ease, with interested journalists and academics and shared his Service’s fate reflected the long-term effects of McCarthy’s version of the story with them, occasionally giving them per- attacks on the State Department. Locked out of posts in sonal copies of his reports to use as background. Contrary Asia and other politically critical areas, the beleaguered to McCarthy’s charges, Service had already been arrested diplomat retired in 1962. for these acts after his return from the war in 1945 and As with his initial firing, the complicated dance involv- deemed innocent by a grand jury. Moreover, between 1945 ing Service’s life, McCarthyism and U.S. relations with and 1950, he underwent and passed no fewer than eight loy- China did not end with his departure from government alty examinations in the State Department. service. In 1972, when President Richard Nixon traveled As the testimony of various State officials in these investi- to China and shook hands with Mao, Service once again be- gations reveals, a relative freedom of expression existed in the came a “lightning rod,” to use Joiner’s term, attracting at- diplomatic establishment before McCarthy. Yes, Service had tention from both supporters and critics of the adminis- lost the policy battle. But he had won great respect within tration’s policy of renewing relations with China. the department as a talented and committed political re- Invited to China by Premier Zhou En-lai in 1971, Ser- porter. Clarence Gauss, who served as ambassador to China vice actually visited Beijing before Nixon, accompanying until 1944, testified that Service was perhaps the most tal- Henry Kissinger, who asked Service for advice on China pol- ented political reporter he had ever encountered. icy and even invited him to San Clemente. But when

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Everyone who recognizes the value of learning about the political realities of the places we deem strategically important should know John Service’s story.

Kissinger returned to Washington and learned of the controversy surround- ing Service’s career, he never followed up on the invitation. That same year, opponents of rap- prochement with Beijing renewed their accusations against Service. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, after the U.S. formally recognized the Peo- ple’s Republic of China and forged closer ties under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, assessments of Ser- vice’s record were still being punted back and forth by key political players on both sides of the China-Taiwan debate.

A Forgotten Hero By the time Service died in 1999, he had won numerous honors and awards and was increasingly lauded as a hero by the foreign policy establishment. Ironically, however, even as U.S.-China relations have normalized in the last two decades, fewer and fewer people in either country know Service’s name. It is in times of crisis that fellow diplomats, journalists and scholars have returned to find meaning in Ser- vice’s story. For instance, it is no acci- dent that the most powerful commen-

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2010 50-59_FSJ_11_10_feature:ship 10/14/10 11:34 AM Page 59

taries on Service were written during the Vietnam War. In The Best and the Brightest (1969), the classic critique John Service became the of the Kennedy administration’s role in escalating the Vietnam conflict, first China specialist, and David Halberstam cited the firing of WWW.FSJOURNAL.ORG Service and other China experts as a one of the first of dozens of Click on the Marketplace tab on the marquee fateful event in U.S.-Asia policy. Once the State Department had been Foreign Service officers, to AFSA Legacy purged of its Asia experts, U.S. diplo- www.afsa.org/CFCFAD.cfm mats had limited expertise in the poli- be fired as a result of tics or culture of that part of the world. AFSPA afspa.org/FSBP Their ignorance contributed to the McCarthyism. flaws in, and the ultimate failure of, AKA Hotel residences U.S. policy during the Vietnam War. stay-aka.com Service’s story thus carries importance beyond U.S.-China relations. It of John Service. His life and legacy Clements International was part of a larger erosion in the are part of the ongoing narrative of clements.com ranks of the best and brightest in the how America gets information about, diplomatic corps that affected foreign and understands, the world in which it Cort Furniture policy around the world. When the acts. ■ cort1.com American Foreign Service Association honored him at a 1973 luncheon, he Fox Hill chose to speak not on the topic of foxhillseniorcondominium.com U.S.-China relations or even the Cold CHANGE OF ADDRESS War more broadly, but rather on po- Georgetown Suites litical reporting, a fundamental skill georgetownsuites.com that applies to Foreign Service per- Moving? Hirshorn Company, The sonnel in every region and era. hirshorn.com In 2010, the U.S. foreign policy establishment once again finds itself de- Kendal fending its relevance. A growing Take AFSA Kendal.org focus on counterinsurgency has come at the expense of reporting and analy- Lockheed Martin Corporation sis; indeed, leading opponents of the With You! lockheedmartin.com U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan have underscored a Change your address Potomac Books lack of real American expertise on the online at: potomacbooksinc.com ground. www.afsa.org/comment.cfm It seems reasonable to speculate SDFCU that if Foreign Service members and sdfcu.org Or other area experts had enjoyed a greater voice in policy before such Senior Living Foundation conflicts escalated, alternatives to full- Send change of address to: SLFoundation.org scale military intervention and war AFSA Membership could have been pursued. With that Department WJD wjdpm.com in mind, everyone who recognizes the 2101 E Street NW value of learning about the political Washington, DC 20037 realities of the places we deem strategically important, in order to seriously When contacting an advertiser, kindly pursue windows of diplomatic possi- mention the Foreign Service Journal. bility, should know the name and story

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AFSAAmerican Foreign ServiceNEWS Association • November 2010

Amb. J. Stapleton Roy Looks at the Nominate Future of U.S.-China Relations Risk-Taking STORY BEGINS ON PAGE 68 Colleagues for AFSA’s Dissent Awards BY PERRI GREEN, SPECIAL AWARDS AND OUTREACH COORDINATOR “It never occurred to me that what I was doing was constructive dissent. I just wanted to recover from the trauma I experienced during my Iraq tour and believed that the interests of the State Department would be better served if its traumatized employees received treatment. So I spoke out, raising my hand in town-hall meetings and penning an article about my experience in the Foreign Service JEFF WATTS, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Amb. J. Stapleton Roy discusses the rise of China before a standing-room-only crowd at the Adair Memorial Journal. Lecture on Sept. 1 at American University. AFSA Director of Communications Tom Switzer looks on. At the time, the State Department did not have a policy on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, so the resistance I encountered while CALL FOR NOMINATIONS FOR THE pressing for heightened awareness on the issue was institutional rather than purely political. 2011-2013 AFSA GOVERNING BOARD It was not something that could have been adequately addressed through the formal o you want to represent your col- Disclosure Act of 1959. Dissent Channel.” leagues and make sure the voice of Please look at the positions available and — Rachel Schneller Dthe Foreign Service is heard on the consider putting your name forward or Hill and around the country? If so, con- nominating a colleague. This election is for or 42 years, AFSA has been proud to sider joining the next AFSA leadership team the board that will take office on July 15, encourage and recognize constructive by running for a position on the 2011-2013 2011, and serve for two years. Here are Fdissent and risk-taking in the Foreign AFSA Governing Board. instructions on how to be nominated and Service. It was due to her efforts raising Pursuant to a voluntary settlement run for the 2011-2013 AFSA Governing awareness about PTSD that AFSA declared agreement between AFSA and the U.S. Board. Schneller the winner of its 2008 William R. Department of Labor, Office of Labor- Important Dates: Rivkin Award for constructive dissent. Management Standards, the election is Feb. 1, 2011 — Deadline for Please give some thought now to those being supervised by OLMS. OLMS is Nominations among your colleagues who have had the responsible for assuring that the election is March 28, 2011 — Ballots and courage to challenge the system — on any conducted in accordance with Title IV of Candidate Statements Mailed subject, policy or management. Success is the Labor-Management Reporting and Continued on page 66 Continued on page 64

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A F S A N AFSANEWSBRIEFS E W Ambassadors Make Creative Donations Make a CFC Pledge to #11759 and S to AFSA Scholarships Support the AFSA Scholarship Fund Ambassador Rozanne Ridgway recently added to the perpetual finan- Combined Federal Campaign materials now list the “AFSA cial aid scholarship she established in August 2009 in her name by Scholarship Fund” as “Foreign Service Youth Scholarships – AFSA.” making a donation that Emerson Electric Company will match. Even though the name has changed, we are still the same organization Amb. Ridgway is a member of Emerson’s board of directors. with the same CFC number as in years past. The new name simply Amb. Marc Grossman has donated his author’s fee for a Speaking Out provides a better description of what we do. column he wrote for the October Foreign Service Journal to the Marc The AFSA Scholarship Fund provides high school seniors with acade- Grossman and Mildred Patterson Financial Aid Scholarship that he, his mic and art merit awards and confers need-based aid on undergradu- wife and his friends established in 2005. ate children of Foreign Service employees to defray college expenses. For more information on the AFSA Scholarship Program, contact Keep your support within the Foreign Service community. Go to Lori Dec at (202) 944-5504 or [email protected]. Or visit our Web site at www.afsa.org/scholar/CFC11759.cfm for more information. www.afsa.org/scholar.

Help AFSA Tell the Story of the Life in the Foreign Service Foreign Service ■ BY BRIAN AGGELER Most readers will shortly receive in the mail our annual solicitation for donations to AFSA’s Legislative Action Fund. The LAF enables AFSA to advocate in Congress on behalf of our members, promoting legislation that is essential to strengthening the Foreign Service and American diplomacy. This includes securing overseas comparability pay, pushing for increased hiring for the foreign affairs agencies, and protecting and strengthening federal employee benefits and entitle- ments. Your support is crucial for us to carry on this fight, and we greatly appreciate your donations. In addition, November will bring the annual fundraising drive for the Fund for American Diplomacy. FAD is AFSA’s 501(c)(3) charita- ble organization, dedicated to educating the American public about the important work Foreign Service employees perform at home and abroad. The fund also supports AFSA’s memorial plaques program, dissent and performance awards, Speakers Bureau, Sinclaire Language Awards, AFSA/TLG minority intern program and many other worthy causes. Donations to the FAD are tax-deductible. We hope you will help AFSA continue to tell the story of the Foreign Service to nation- wide audiences.

AFSA HEADQUARTERS: Staff: Governing Board: Executive Director Ian Houston: [email protected] (202) 338-4045; Fax: (202) 338-6820 Business Department PRESIDENT: Susan R. Johnson STATE DEPARTMENT AFSA OFFICE: Director of Finance Femi Oshobukola: [email protected] STATE VP: Daniel Hirsch (202) 647-8160; Fax: (202) 647-0265 Controller Kalpna Srimal: [email protected] USAID VP: Francisco Zamora Assistant Controller Cory Nishi: [email protected] USAID AFSA OFFICE: FAS VP: Henry Schmick (202) 712-1941; Fax: (202) 216-3710 Labor Management General Counsel Sharon Papp: [email protected] FCS VP: Keith Curtis FCS AFSA OFFICE: Deputy General Counsel Zlatana Badrich: [email protected] RETIREE VP: Robert Houdek (202) 482-9088; Fax: (202) 482-9087 Labor Management Specialist James Yorke: [email protected] AFSA WEB SITE: www.afsa.org Senior Staff Attorney Neera Parikh: [email protected] SECRETARY: F.A. “Tex” Harris FSJ: [email protected] Staff Attorney Michael Willats: [email protected] TREASURER: Andrew Winter Office Manager Christine Warren: [email protected] PRESIDENT: [email protected] STATE REPS: Carleton Bulkin, Ako Cromwell, STATE VP: [email protected] USAID Senior Labor Management Adviser Douglas Broome: [email protected] USAID Staff Assistant Patrick Bradley: [email protected] Mary Glantz, Mike Haughey, Les Hickman, RETIREE VP: [email protected] Member Services Bruce Matthews, Joyce Namde, Lynn Nelson, USAID VP: [email protected] Member Services Director Janet Hedrick: [email protected] Julia Stewart, Sharon White FAS VP: [email protected] Member Services Representative Richard Buscemi: [email protected] FCS VP: [email protected] Administrative Assistant and Office Manager Ana Lopez: [email protected] USAID REPS: Michael Henning, Glenn Rogers Communications, Marketing and Outreach FCS REP: vacant Retiree Counseling & Legislation Coordinator Bonnie Brown: [email protected] Director of Communications Thomas Switzer: [email protected] FAS REP: Melinda Sallyards AFSA News Legislative Director Casey Frary: [email protected] IBB REP: Al Pessin Editor Amy McKeever: [email protected] Executive Assistant to the President Austin Tracy: [email protected] RETIREE REPS: Scholarship Director Lori Dec: [email protected] (202) 338-4045, ext. 516; Janice Bay, Robert (Bill) Farrand, Molly Williamson Fax: (202) 338-8244 Scholarship Program Assistant Jonathan Crawford: [email protected] How to Contact Us: to Contact How Road Scholar Administrator Bernard Alter: [email protected] On the Web: Marketing & Outreach Manager Asgeir Sigfusson: [email protected] www.afsa.org/fsj and www.fsjournal.org Special Awards & Outreach Coordinator Perri Green: [email protected]

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A F V.P. VOICE: STATE ■ BY DANIEL HIRSCH S A N E Honey, I’m Home! W S (And Would Rather Be Working)

ne of the first lessons you learn in marriage is that you Efforts to address these issues can sometimes backfire. can’t be happy if your spouse or partner is unhappy. Dividing full-time positions into shared jobs can turn one OFor many spouses and partners, happiness requires opportunity into two; but it can seem patronizing when inter- a job. Thus, one of the highest considerations for Foreign preted as a sign that the job is not “real.” Service member morale is the possibility of employment for Efforts to ensure hiring fairness can evolve into schemes family members. favoring those who have been at post longest or other pro- Family member employment affects bidding decisions, cedures under which EFMs are hired for reasons other than employee retention and, of course, family finances. Yet it has their qualifications. been a problem area for decades. Jobs are often unavailable These problems may worsen in the near future as the or limited in nature, while salaries are sometimes insulting- department places more entry-level FS employees overseas ly low. Hiring processes can occasionally be opaque and biased than ever, reducing the need for additional personnel at posts. by the rank or seniority of the “sponsoring” member, by divi- More employees, of course, also bring more spouses and part- sions between agencies, or by nepotism. ners, all competing for a shrinking pool of jobs. AFSA has suggested, and continues to urge, a number of Dividing full-time positions into shared jobs systemic revisions in employment policies, such as creating more centrally funded and standardized EFM positions that can turn one opportunity into two; but it are managed by Washington bureaus rather than by posts. can seem patronizing when interpreted We have asked the department to explore enabling more Eligible Family Members to telework — either to Washington as a sign that the job is not “real.” jobs or to positions at other posts — and to create a centralized skills bank to facilitate this. Other possibilities include adver- Part of the problem is that, with a few exceptions, posts tising expected EFM openings during the bidding cycle, fund Eligible Family Member positions themselves and are enabling FS members to know before bidding what the EFM forced to choose between them and other post-specific bud- options will be at a particular post, and requiring funding for get items. These jobs suffer in tough budget times when a certain number of such jobs in the basic International they’re too often seen as simply a morale issue or a luxury. Cooperative Administrative Support Services contributions The vast diversity of EFM skills and backgrounds is anoth- of each agency at post. er part of the problem, as they might range from a high school AFSA is currently researching the issue of non-American aca- degree to a Ph.D. or medical degree, or from extensive work demic credentials, too, looking for ways to ensure they’re count- experience to no work experience at all. Posts can’t predict ed in hiring decisions. from one staffing cycle to the next what the pool of EFM tal- Members should keep in mind that the Foreign Service ent will be, so it’s hard to create a permanent set of jobs. Institute has made a large number of training courses avail- Even where vacancies exist, there may be staffing cycles able to EFMs online, including, at AFSA’s urging, English as where no one is qualified to fill a particular EFM position. a second language. All EFMs, whether employed or unem- For foreign-born Eligible Family Members, other issues ployed, should take advantage of these courses. After all, learn- can apply. Academic or work credentials acquired overseas ing new skills can only increase your qualifications for a broad- might not be fully credited when considering applications. er range of positions. English-language skills might also be limited. Security clear- EFM employment is very much a part of AFSA’s ongo- ances could become problematic. These can heighten the gen- ing discussions with management. We welcome suggestions eral sense of isolation or lower status some foreign-born EFMs of ways to increase options for family members’ employment feel, which complicates matters further. and career development. ❏

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A F S V.P. VOICE: RETIREE ■ BY ROBERT HOUDEK Dissent • Continued from page 61 A not a requirement. The willingness to ask the tough questions and pursue the answers is what counts. N Remember that anyone can nominate E anyone else. The official call for nomina- W tions will be in the AFSA News section of S Making the Most the December Foreign Service Journal. There are four awards: of Retiree Talent The F. Allen “Tex” Harris Award for a Foreign Service Specialist The W. Averell Harriman Award for reported in my last column on the decision of the AFSA Governing Board to seek a junior officer (FS 6-FS 4) congressional action to lift the caps on pay and hours for retired annuitants or When The William R. Rivkin Award for a IActually Employed positions. We are currently working on proposed language mid-level officer (FS 3-FS 1) and strategy, and by the time this column makes it to press, we should be actively The Christian A. Herter Award for a working the Hill. member of the Senior Foreign Service (FE Meanwhile, there have been some positive developments at the department OC-FE CA) on the retired annuitant front. At the most Winners receive a monetary reward of Our preliminary due recent retirement seminar at the Foreign Service $2,500 along with a recognition ceremo- diligence indicates that this Institute, Ambassador Nancy Powell, the ny at the State Department (see the 2010 Foreign Service director general, announced winners in the July-August and September plan is legal under our that her office is in the process of setting up a issues). constitution and bylaws. central registry for WAEs. She noted that there These awards are truly unique. They are a number of kinks to work out and it is tak- are not based on performance, and no But it would be a major ing more time than she would like, but it will other organization or agency in the U.S. get done. This will be a great step forward, one government has a similar program. new undertaking for AFSA, that levels the playing field, shares information A Foreign Service dedicated to indi- so membership feedback broadly, and essentially breaks down the vidual excellence, independent thinking “stovepipe” operations that have existed in the and the intellectual courage to challenge is essential. various bureaus. conventional wisdom is especially needed Additionally, AFSA has learned in brief- now as the nation faces challenges far ings on the Quadrennial Diplomatic and Development Review process that the greater than any in recent history. Foreign final report will most likely contain a recommendation on lifting WAE pay and Service employees at all grades and in all hour caps. This is an encouraging development, but it would only cover WAEs agencies work to advance America’s inter- in foreign affairs agencies. We have asked the QDDR staff to seek provision for ests abroad. Our dissent awards offer an employment of foreign affairs agencies’ retirees with other national security agen- opportunity to recognize the critical con- cies, mainly the Department of Defense, without forfeiture of annuity benefits. tributions made by our colleagues over and The National War College and other service training institutions are eager to hire above their assigned responsibilities. retired FSOs, but are largely unsuccessful due to the annuity problem. “Engaging in the sort of advocacy that While continuing to pursue all the avenues described above, AFSA is also look- merits an AFSA constructive dissent ing into a “default” option in case none of the foregoing result in satisfaction for award involves taking risks and breaking our members. As contractors to State and other federal agencies are not required your head against bureaucratic brick to suspend their annuities, AFSA is considering a contractor/job placement ser- walls,” Schneller said. “You do it not to vice for retirees seeking employment with national security agencies. Overhead get a prize, but because it is the right thing would be charged to the employing agencies and any profit would be devoted to to do. Nominating someone for the award AFSA activities such as the scholarship fund. also takes bravery — an awareness that the Our preliminary due diligence indicates that this plan is legal under our con- State Department as a whole is made bet- stitution and bylaws. But it would be a major new undertaking for AFSA, so mem- ter because someone has had the courage bership feedback is essential. to question the system.” Please get in touch with us to express any thoughts as to this plan, or interest A full description of the program and in being placed in the proposed talent pool. You can reach Bonnie Brown, retiree the nomination process can be found at issues coordinator, at [email protected]. ❏ www.afsa.org/awards. ❏

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A F V.P. VOICE: FCS ■ BY KEITH CURTIS S AFSANEWSBRIEFS A AFSA Mourns Passing N of Former Executive E Director Good News for the W BY IAN HOUSTON, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Foreign Commercial S It is with sadness that I report the passing of former AFSA Executive Director John Service – We Hope Mamone. John passed away peacefully with his family at his side in late August. It was a pleasure to work with John during the short time he was here at AFSA. He y the time you read this, I hope we’ll have a new deputy director general for brought a sense of humor, an understand- the Commercial Service — and I also hope he or she will be a Foreign Service ing manner and a friendly personality to his Bofficer. work. Every other Foreign Service agency He had many talents. assigns its deputy DG position to an offi- On behalf of the AFSA staff, I bid a sincere cer to give the DG firsthand experience with farewell to our former colleague. I know how the organization works internationally. you will share the hope that those closest to After all, if we are not an international-fac- I can only hope this is all him will be comforted in their time of loss. ing organization, what are we? moot by the time this article It would be especially bad for the Now Available — organization to bring a deputy DG in from appears, and that we can add the outside at this critical time, when morale another feather of good College Scholarship is under great strain. The largest pool of Applications for FS Kids experienced senior government employees decisions to our DG’s cap. High school seniors and college under- in the International Trade Administration graduate children of Foreign Service are Foreign Service officers, and senior employees (active-duty, retired and deceased) are eligible to apply for one- Foreign Service officers have ably served in time-only AFSA academic/art merit the deputy DG position at least three times awards and renewable, need-based AFSA in the recent past. financial aid scholarships for the 2011- I can only hope this is all moot by the time this article appears, adding another 2012 school year. Academic and art merit feather of good decisions to our DG’s cap. And if so, it will be especially important awards are $1,800, and financial aid schol- to give the new deputy DG all the support we can. We must prove he or she has the arships range from $1,000 to $3,500. support of the organization and help to get the job done. Applications will be available on Nov. 15, On other fronts, both our House and Senate committees have passed the appro- and the submission deadline is Feb. 6, priations bills for ITA, but they are $10 million apart in their allocations. Both pro- 2011. For complete details and to down- posals represent a long-needed and substantial increase for the Commercial Service; load forms, please visit www.afsa.org/ but we need to fight for the higher figure. Still, nothing will happen by way of a final scholar or contact Lori Dec at (202) 944- 5504, or 1 (800) 704-2372, ext. 504 (toll- bill before the November elections. Nor should it be a surprise to anyone that cuts free) or by e-mail at [email protected]. in that increased budget will be coming in 2012. Defending the National Export Initiative budget is still our number-one priority. For that reason, I urge you to consider the AFSA president’s fundraising appeal for AFSA-PAC. We also welcomed a new class of 16 FCS officers and, for the first time in mem- ory, they were given a full four weeks of commercial training together as a class. A hearty welcome to our new colleagues! With the increased budget, a strong new deputy DG who knows us (I hope), a new officer class, and efforts to get training back on track, there are a lot of good reasons to believe we have turned the corner. Now let’s hope we can build on that momentum. ❏

Editor’s Note: At the time this article went to print, Driector Suresh Kumar named Ambassador Charles “Chuck” Ford to the deputy DG position. Ford served as Vice President for FCS on the 2003-2005 AFSA Governing Board.

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A F S Initial Call • Continued from page 61 The constituency representative posi- principal officer; is serving as a deputy to A tions to be filled in this election are: the foregoing positions; is assigned to the June 2, 2011 — Ballots Counted • State Department Representatives Office of the Inspector General; or is July 15, 2011 — New Board Takes (10 positions) engaged in labor management relations or N Office • USAID Representatives (two posi- the formulation of personnel policies and E tions) programs of a foreign affairs agency. W 2011 Election of AFSA Officers and • FCS Representative (one position) Confidential employees are employees S Constituency Representatives Call • FAS Representative (one position) who act in a confidential capacity with for Nominations: • IBB Representative (one position) respect to an individual who formulates or This election call, issued in accordance • Retired Member Representatives (four carries out management policies in labor- with Article VII (2)(a) of the AFSA bylaws, positions) management relations. constitutes a formal notice to all AFSA The Foreign Service Act also places a members of the opportunity to participate Nomination Procedures two-year restriction on the movement of in the nomination and election of a new 1. Any AFSA member in good stand- Foreign Service personnel between certain Governing Board. ing (i.e., a member whose dues are auto- positions in AFSA and certain Washington- All of the officer and representative matically deducted or who has paid dues based jobs in the foreign affairs agencies. positions listed below are for two-year as of Feb. 1, 2011) may submit names Pre-AFSA restrictions: Any individual terms beginning July 15, 2011. (including his or her own) in nomination who has served: 1) in a management posi- AFSA bylaws require that all Governing for any of the above-mentioned positions tion in Washington in which he or she has Board members must be resident in the for which the nominee is eligible. No mem- engaged in labor-management relations or Washington, D.C., area within 60 days of ber may nominate more than one person the formulation of personnel policies and taking office on July 15 and must remain for each officer position or more than the programs; or 2) as a confidential employ- resident in the Washington area through- number of representatives established for ee (as defined above) within two years prior out their term in office. each constituency. No member’s name to taking office in AFSA, is ineligible to hold may appear on the ballot for more than one the position of AFSA president or con- Positions to Be Filled position. stituency vice president. The officer positions to be filled in this 2. In order to be nominated, a person Post-AFSA restrictions: In addition, any election are: must be a member in good standing by Feb. individual who has held one of the fore- • President 1, 2011, and remain in good standing going positions in AFSA may not serve: 1) • Vice President for State through the election process and, if elect- in a management position in Washington • Vice President for USAID ed, for his or her term of office. that involves labor-management relations • Vice President for FCS 3. The Foreign Service Act restricts or the formulation of personnel policies and • Vice President for FAS employees occupying certain positions in programs; or 2) as a confidential employ- • Vice President for Retirees the foreign affairs agencies from serving on ee, for two years after leaving AFSA. Mem- • Secretary the Governing Board. bers should consider these restrictions • Treasurer Only employees in AFSA’s bargaining before deciding whether to run for AFSA The president and State, USAID and unit may serve on the Governing Board or Governing Board positions covered by these FAS vice presidents are full-time positions nominate others to serve on the board. restrictions. detailed to AFSA. The FCS vice president Therefore, individuals who will be serving Please direct questions regarding this is detailed 50 percent of his or her time to as management officials and confidential issue to Sharon Papp, General Counsel, by AFSA. employees (as defined below) when the new phone: (202) 647-8160; fax: (202) 647-0265; These employees are assigned over board takes office on July 15, 2011, are inel- or e-mail: [email protected]. complement and are eligible for time-in- igible to occupy a position on the Govern- 5. Nominations may be submitted indi- class extensions. ing Board. vidually or in slates. Article V (4)(b) of the AFSA bylaws In addition, management officials and To qualify as a slate, a proposed slate authorizes a constituency vice president for confidential employees may not make must have a minimum of four candidates each constituency with a minimum of 100 nominations for Governing Board posi- from at least two constituencies. members and one constituency represen- tions. Slate designations will be noted on the tative position for every 1,000 members or 4. For the purpose of the above dis- ballot. fraction thereof. Representatives are re- cussion, management official means an indi- 6. All nominations must be submitted quired to attend monthly lunchtime vidual who: is a chief of mission or prin- in writing by letter, cable, fax or e-mail. board meetings and may volunteer to serve cipal officer; occupies a position of com- All written nominations must be on additional committees. parable importance to chief of mission or addressed to the AFSA Elections Commit-

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A F tee, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC contained in the “Instructions to Candi- Vote Counting and Announcement S 20037. dates,” which will be posted by the Elect- of Results A To be valid, they must, without excep- ions Committee on the AFSA Web site On or about June 2, 2011, the Elections tion, be received at this address no later than (www.afsa.org/elections/) by Nov. 1, 2010. Committee will count the ballots and 5 p.m. on Feb. 1, 2011. 2. The AFSA bylaws provide that, should declare elected the candidate receiving the N Members overseas can send “AFSA candidates wish to mail supplementary greatest number of votes for each position. E channel” cables marked for delivery to the statements to the membership, the associ- Candidates or their representatives W AFSA Elections Committee. They must be ation will make available to them on may be present during the tally and may S received in the State Department’s Com- request, and at their expense, the mem- challenge the validity of any vote or the eli- munications Center within the same time bership mailing list or address labels. gibility of any voter. limit. Further information on this and other The committee will inform candidates Faxes can be sent to (202) 338-6820 and campaign procedures will be included in individually of the election results by the e-mail to [email protected]. the “Instructions to Candidates” mentioned swiftest possible means and will publish the Alternatively, nominations can be above. names of all elected candidates in the next hand-delivered to an Elections Committee issue of the Foreign Service Journal. member who will be in the AFSA office, Voting The elected candidates will take office Room 1251, Department of State, from 11 Ballots will be distributed on or about on July 15, 2011, as provided in the bylaws. a.m. to noon on Feb. 1, 2011, or to an March 28, 2011, to each person who is a Elections Committee representative at regular AFSA member as of March 1, 2011. Complaints or Challenges AFSA headquarters (2101 E Street NW) Candidates or their representatives Members may file a written protest or during that same time period. may observe the ballot distribution process complaint about the conduct of the 2011 7. A nominee can indicate his or her if they so desire. election or the outcome of the election. Such acceptance of a nomination by appending Each member may cast one vote for protest, complaint or challenge should be a letter to the letter of nomination or by president, secretary, treasurer and, in addi- filed as soon as possible but no later than appropriate notation on that letter, or by tion, one vote for a constituency vice pres- 10 days from the announcement of the communicating with the AFSA Elections ident and each representative position in results of the election, and should be Committee at the addresses, fax or e-mail the member’s constituency. addressed to noted above. Votes may be cast by voting for candi- Election Supervisor Alison Dunn Otherwise, an authorized representative dates listed on the official ballot, or by writ- U.S. Department of Labor, OLMS of the Elections Committee will commu- ing in the name(s) of member(s) eligible Washington District Office nicate with each nominee (excluding as of Feb. 1, 2011, or by doing both. 800 North Capitol Street NW members who nominate themselves) as To be valid, a ballot must be received Suite 120 quickly as possible after the receipt of each by June 1, 2011, at the address indicated on Washington, DC 20002-4244 nomination to determine whether the the envelope accompanying the ballot. Fax: (202) 513-7301 nominee wishes to be a candidate. More detailed balloting instructions will These protest procedures are in lieu of Any member who wishes to accept the accompany the ballots. AFSA’s normal procedures. ❏ nomination must confirm his or her acceptance in writing through one of the chan- ELECTIONS COMMITTEE MEMBERS nels described above to the AFSA Elections Hon. George F. Jones, Chair [email protected] (703) 385-5741 Committee. Donald Businger [email protected] (011) (4131) 357-7270 Any nominee whose written acceptance Quintin Gray [email protected] (202) 647-9087, ext. 0 of nomination has not been received by the Denise Jobin Welch [email protected] (202) 632-9365 Elections Committee will be considered to David Salazar [email protected] (202) 312-9630 Richard Thompson [email protected] (301) 229-6442 have declined candidacy. STAFF Election Campaign Ian Houston, Executive Director [email protected] (202) 944-5505 1. All candidates nominated under the Sharon Papp, General Counsel [email protected] (202) 647-8160 Janet Hedrick, Director, procedure outlined above will be given the Member Services [email protected] (703) 203-9002 opportunity to submit campaign statements Amy McKeever, [email protected] (202) 338-4045, ext. 516 for dissemination to the AFSA membership AFSA News Editor with the election ballots. OLMS ELECTION SUPERVISOR Further information regarding such Alison Dunn [email protected] (202) 513-7314 statements and editorial deadlines will be

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A F S Amb. J. Stapleton A Roy Looks at the N Future of U.S.- E W China Relations S BY AMY MCKEEVER

mbassador J. Stapleton Roy addressed the rise of China and Aforcefully rebutted hard-line views about the future of U.S.-China relations in an AFSA-sponsored speech on Sept. 1 at American University. AMY MCKEEVER Students, academics and diplomatic Amb.J. Stapleton Roy (right) laughs as he talks with (from left) Dr. David Brown, dean of American University’s luminaries crowded the Kay Spiritual Life Washington Semester Program, former AFSA President Marshall Adair and current AFSA President Susan Center for the fourth annual Caroline and Johnson before beginning his lecture. Ambassador Charles Adair Lecture to hear Amb. Roy’s take on what he described as only crowd, that theory “the most important strategic challenge fac- ignores the role that leading the United States over the next sever- ership plays in interna- al decades.” tional relations. Amb. Roy, who was born in Nanjing, Roy used the re- China, specialized in East Asia throughout mainder of his lecture to his 45-year career with the State Depart- critique the professor’s ment. theory point by point. He served as ambassador to the People’s He cited President Republic of China from 1991 to 1995 and Richard Nixon’s break- rose to the rank of career ambassador in through to China as an

1996. He is currently the director of the AMY MCKEEVER example of leadership that Kissinger Institute on China and the Amb. J. Stapleton Roy (left) talks with Marshall Adair, a former AFSA pres- turned a contentious rela- United States at the Woodrow Wilson ident and founder of the Adair Memorial Fund. Amb. Roy delivered tionship into one based on International Center for Scholars. the fourth annual Caroline and Ambassador Charles Adair Lecture on cooperation, and he de- Sept. 1 at American University. Following brief introductory remarks clared that a stable rela- from Tom Switzer, AFSA’s director of com- tionship is in both coun- munications and organizer of the event, as the alarm cries raised throughout the U.S. tries’ national security interests. Amb. Roy dove into the contentious on the rise of the PRC. Amb. Roy also noted that U.S. hege- topic. He began by laying out the issues that Amb. Roy then turned his focus to some mony in the Western Hemisphere is have created considerable tension in the of these same alarmists, most especially already giving way to the rise of Brazil and U.S.-China relationship. University of Chicago Professor John Mexico. Finally, he argued that the U.S. has The American role in the global finan- Mearsheimer, who argues that a powerful not historically opposed the mere act of cial crisis, Amb. Roy argued, harmed U.S. China is bad for the United States. A ris- competitors seeking regional dominance financial credibility. China’s comparatively ing China, he says, will push the U.S. out but, rather, the hostile intent of states like rapid recovery from the crisis, he theorized, of Asia and the Pacific while seeking hege- Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. may have led to Beijing’s growing tenden- mony in that region. During the Q&A session, Amb. Roy cy to assert itself in security issues from Mearsheimer also contends that Wash- commented that there’s nothing wrong Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula to U.S. ington has a security interest in preventing with China emerging as the dominant naval capacities in the Pacific. China from becoming a competitor. power in the Asia-Pacific region — so long Amb. Roy noted the pessimism of as it refrains from using its power to bully mainstream Chinese experts on the future The Role of Leadership and threaten its neighbors. For that rea- of the Sino-American relationship, as well But, Amb. Roy told the standing-room- Continued on page 70

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A F Diplomacy Must Meet Demands of a from the larger picture,” he said, explain- S ing that diplomats have become too A Globalized World, Book Notes Author Says accustomed to turning their faces to the world and their backs to their own coun- BY AMY MCKEEVER tries. A diplomatic service needs to be as N diverse as the people it represents. E iplomacy is important, undervalued Acuity, Agility and Autonomy W and in trouble. This was the mes- Diplomats need to dispel the three Successful Guerrilla Diplomacy S Dsage author Daryl Copeland deliv- myths of international relations by becom- Copeland cited Canada and Spain’s ered in a Sept. 20 lecture at AFSA head- ing a “faster, smarter, lighter, more relent- 1995 “Turbot War” as an example of suc- quarters. In order to meet 21st-century lessly innovative” international service, cessful guerrilla diplomacy. demands, he said, diplomacy must trans- Copeland believes. Foreign fleets had taken to fishing ille- form into an institution favoring acuity, To become a guerrilla diplomat, one has gally for turbot off Canada’s eastern shore, agility and autonomy. In short, it must to have sharpness of mind and knowledge Copeland recalled, and overfishing had become “guerrilla diplomacy.” of place, Copeland argued, in order to func- taken a toll. So Canadian Minister of Copeland, who served as a Canadian tion in a globalized world. One must also Fisheries and Oceans Brian Tobin ordered diplomat for 28 years and is currently a demonstrate a flexibility and willingness to the seizure of a Spanish trawler in inter- research fellow at the University of Southern leave the diplomatic bubble by working in national waters that was using an illegal net California’s Center on Public Diplomacy, the field, he said, pointedly adding that to fish for turbot. Spain threatened to take discussed his book Guerrilla Diplomacy as backpacking experience may provide bet- the case to the International Court of Justice, part of AFSA’s Book Notes series before an ter training for a career in diplomacy than where Canada knew it wouldn’t have much audience of diplomats and academics. an Ivy League degree. chance of winning, Copeland said. Instead the country mounted a cam- Three Myths paign to educate the public and diplomats Copeland began his talk by defin- worldwide about the plight of the turbot. ing the three myths of international Tobin held a press conference on a barge relations: Diplomacy is for wimps, outside United Nations headquarters de- security is a martial art, and the Cold crying the treatment of the fish. The United War is not really over. Kingdom came to Canada’s defense, sav- All three myths are detrimental to ing the country from European Union eco- the future of diplomacy, Copeland nomic sanctions. said. But perhaps the most harmful “It is possible to win in the international is the last one. International leaders court of opinion cases you could never win are still haunted by the worldview of in the World Court,” Copeland said. the Cold War era, where all threats Tobin’s move was risky, Copeland were universal, and this has led to a acknowledged, but risk tolerance is an im-

militarization of international policy, PATRICK BRADLEY portant part of guerrilla diplomacy. Copeland said. Author Daryl Copeland discusses his book Guerrilla Diplo- Copeland pointed to some of the “In the last decade, certainly since macy on Sept. 20 at AFSA headquarters. things American diplomacy is doing right, 9/11, policy has become an instrument such as upgrading the position of science of war,” he added. Diplomats must also shake free of the adviser and establishing a strong presence But it’s diplomacy, not military might, short leash back to their capitals, Copeland on YouTube and Twitter. He was also im- that is best equipped to handle the chal- believes. Successful guerrilla diplomats have pressed that American heads of mission lenges of the 21st century, Copeland the trust, confidence and respect of super- have the autonomy to rebut statements argued. visors and interlocutors, which gives them made in the local press. In a world where powers are divvied up room to maneuver and respond quickly to “But,” he said, “don’t confuse the excep- among several countries — the U.S. as a events. tion with the rule.” military power, China as an economic At the same time that diplomats gain WETA-TV recorded this and other power and the European Union as a soft autonomy from their capitals, Copeland AFSA events and has posted them on its power pole, for example — policy calcu- believes they must forge stronger ties to their Web site, www.weta.org/video/forum. lations can be tricky. It is diplomats who home countries. Guerrilla Diplomacy is available online have the complex balancing skills and the “The problem with diplomatic corps is at AFSA’s Bookstore, www.afsa.org/ads/ reasoning to handle these problems. they become boutique outfits, disconnected books/policy.cfm. ❏

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F Stapleton Roy • Continued from page 68 S AFSA Names New A son, the United States should not overre- AFSANEWSBRIEFS act during China’s “period of exuberant tri- Governing Board umphalism” following the global financial TRANSITION CENTER SCHEDULE OF N Members crisis, Amb. Roy said. COURSES for November - December The AFSA Governing Board approved E Instead, he argued, the best response is 2010 W the appointments of two new members, to vigorously demonstrate American both specialists from the State S Nov. 1-2 MQ911 Security Overseas Seminar resilience while maintaining “a well-fund- Department’s Bureau of Diplomatic ed and highly qualified Foreign Service that Nov. 3 MQ801 Maintaining Long-Distance Security, at its Sept. 1 meeting. can maximize the effectiveness of U.S. Relationships Bruce Matthews, who draws on 23 diplomacy.” Nov. 9 MQ115 Explaining America years of experience as a security engi- Though he acknowledged a rocky road Nov. 15-16 MQ911 Security Overseas Seminar neering officer, leads the quality and liai- ahead, Amb. Roy expressed confidence in Nov. 19-20 MQ104 Regulations, Allowances son section of DS Security Technology. the future of the U.S.-China relationship. and Finances He recently completed his master’s The Adair Memorial Lecture Series Nov. 20 MQ116 Protocol on American Diplomacy is funded by Nov. 29-30 MQ911 Security Overseas Seminar degree in national security resource strat- a perpetual gift from the Adair family Dec. 2 MQ803 Realities of Foreign Service egy at the National Defense University. to the Fund for American Diplomacy Life Ako Cromwell is a DS special agent cur- that supports AFSA’s Speakers Bureau, Dec. 4 MQ802 Communicating Across rently training for an assignment in Cultures a key element in our national outreach Moscow. He has served on protective Dec. 8-9 MQ107 English Teaching Seminar details for Secretary of State Hillary program. Dec. 13-14 MQ911 Security Overseas Seminar AFSA President Susan Johnson sat on Dec. 20-21 MQ911 Security Overseas Seminar Rodham Clinton, as well as former the dais in the chapel along with Marshall Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, visit- Adair, a former AFSA president and To register or for further information, e-mail the FSI ing more than 60 embassies and con- founder of the Adair Memorial Fund. ❏ Transition Center at [email protected]. sulates as part of the job. CLASSIFIEDS

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Utilities included. All price ranges/ Virginia. sizes. Parking available. ATTORNEY, FORMER FOREIGN SER- In Virginia: “River Place’s Finest” is steps Tel: (202) 296-4989. VICE OFFICER: Extensive experience with tax to Rosslyn Metro and Georgetown, and 15 E-mail: [email protected]. problems unique to the Foreign Service. minutes on Metro bus or State Department Available for consultation, tax planning and shuttle to NFATC. For more info, please call preparation of returns: (301) 951-4111, or visit our Web site at ENJOY YOUR STAY in Washington in his- M. Bruce Hirshorn, Boring & Pilger, P.C. www.executivehousing.com. 307 Maple Ave. W, Suite D, Vienna, VA 22180. toric guest rooms just blocks from the White Tel: (703) 281-2161. House! Rooms available to DACOR members and their guests, $99/night/single, Fax: (703) 281-9464. PIED-A-TERRE PROPERTIES, LTD: Select $109/night/double, all taxes and continental E-mail: [email protected]. from our unique inventory of completely fur- breakfast (M-F) included. Reservations call: nished & tastefully decorated apartments & (202) 682-0500, ext. 11, email: intern@dacor- townhouses, all located in D.C.’s best in-town bacon.org. Visit www.dacorbacon.org. FREE TAX CONSULTATION for overseas neighborhoods: Dupont, Georgetown, Foggy personnel. We process returns as received, with- Bottom & the West End. Two-month minimum. out delay. Preparation and representation by Mother-Daughter Owned and Operated. Enrolled Agents. Federal and all states prepared. Tel: (202) 462-0200. Includes “TAX TRAX” unique mini-financial plan- Fax: (202) 332-1406. CAPITOL HILL, FURNISHED housing: ning review with recommendations. Full plan- E-mail: [email protected]. 1-3 blocks to Capitol. Nice places, great loca- ning available. Get the most from your finan- Web site: www.piedaterredc.com. tion. Well below per diem. Short term OK. GSA cial dollar! Financial Forecasts Inc., Barry B. small business and veteran-owned. De Marr, CFP, EA, 3918 Prosperity Ave. #230, Tel: (202) 544-4419. Fairfax, VA 22031. Tel: (703) 289-1167. Web site: www.capitolhillstay.com. Fax: (703) 289-1178. E-mail: [email protected]. SERVING FOREIGN SERVICE personnel for 23 years, especially those with PETS. Selection of condos, townhouses and single- ARLINGTON FLATS: 1-BR, 2-BR, and 4- ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA family homes accommodates most breeds and BR flats in a beautiful building 3 blks from • U.S. income tax services sizes. All within a short walk of Metro stations Clarendon Metro. Newly renovated, com- • Practiced before the IRS in Arlington. Fully furnished and equipped 1- pletely furnished, incl. all utilities/internet/ FIRST CONSULTATION FREE 4 bedrooms, within per diem rates. HDTV w/DVR. Parking, maid service, gym, 1091 Chaddwyck Dr. EXECUTIVE LODGING ALTERNATIVES. rental car available. Rates start at $2,500/ Athens, GA 30606 E-mail: [email protected]. month. Per diem OK. Min. 30 days. Cell: (706) 207-8300. Tel: (571) 235-4289. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]. WWW.ROLANDSHEARDCPA.COM See 2-BR at Web site: www.postlets.com/rts/1909065. EDUCATION ASSESSMENT DC FURNISHED EXTENDED STAY in Penn Quarter/Chinatown. The Lansburgh, 425 8th LEARNING DISABILITY ASSESSMENT. Street, NW. 1-BR and 2-BR apartments w/fully JC CORPORATE RENTAL has beautiful, Reading, writing, math, speed/fluency, exec- equipped kitchens, CAC & heat, high-speed fully furnished apartments with immediate utive functioning, attention. Comparing abili- Internet, digital cable TV w/ HBO, fitness cen- ty to achievement. Evaluation, diagnosis and ter w/indoor pool, resident business center, 24- availability in Dupont Circle area. Luxury 2- recommendations for services and accommo- hour reception desk, full concierge service, bedrooms with 1 bathroom (large marble dations in school and standardized testing (SAT, secure parking available, controlled-entry shower) on 1506 P Street NW. Only 3 blocks ACT, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc). Preschool building, 30-day minimum stay. Walk to Metro, to Dupont Circle Metro station (Red Line); through graduate school. Weekend/weekday FBI, DOJ, EPA, IRS, DOE, DHH, U.S. Capitol. across the street from Whole Foods Market, appointments. Office in McLean, Va. Will also Rates within government per diem. Discount banks, restaurants and CVS. Will work with travel to evaluate. Contact: Dr. Suzie Muir. for government, diplomats. Visit our Web site per diem. Ask for Joiner Cruz. Tel: (703) 728-8676. at: www.TheLansburgh.com or call the leasing E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.testingld.com. office at (888) 313-6240. Web site: www.jccorporaterentals.com.

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A F S A CLASSIFIEDS N E W REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE AUTOMOTIVE S SINGLE-FAMILY HOME to share in Blooms BUYING OR REFINANCING A HOME? SELLING YOUR VEHICLE? Crossing, Va., on Rosebud Court. Two bed- Jeff Stoddard and his team have specialized BUYING A VEHICLE? rooms in loft area with private full bath. Share in home finance for FSOs for more than 10 Since 1979, Steve Hart has been assisting kitchen (Italian tile with granite countertops years. The Stoddard Group is able to provide members of the Foreign Service with their and stainless steel fixtures) and laundry room. FSO-specific financing and title services in all automotive needs. Gas, heat and electric plus A/C (utility costs 50 states and DC. AUTO BUYING SERVICE Contact them at (571) 331-0442 or e-mail at BUYS and SELLS to be split). House backs up to wooded area [email protected]. ALL MAKES AND MODELS and garage is included. Can walk or bike to Steve Hart, Auto Buying Service the VRE station. Great neighborhood and 2971 Prosperity Ave, Fairfax, VA 22031 close to many shopping areas. Rent: VACATION RENTAL Tel: (703) 849-0080. Fax: (703) 849-9248. $1,600/month plus $300 utility deposit. E-mail: [email protected] Please contact Roberta Walbridge at (703) Reduce your stress; use the best. 222-8894 or [email protected]. TWO-BEDROOM CONDOMINIUM at the Sanctuary Resort, Sandbridge Beach, Virginia Beach, VA. Low winter rates. PROFESSIONAL REAL ESTATE services Tel: (866) 933-4801. provided by John Kozyn of Coldwell Banker Web site: www.sanctuaryresortva.com: Residential Brokerage in Arlington. Need to (search: B-119 “Atlantic Dreamin”) buy, sell or rent? My expertise will serve your specific needs and time frame. FSO refer- U.S. AUTOMOBILE PARTS WORLD- ences gladly provided. Licensed in VA and TRANSPORTATION WIDE: Express Parts has over 30 years’ expe- DC. Tel: (202) 288-6026. rience shipping original and aftermarket parts E-mail: [email protected]. for U.S. specification vehicles. Give us the year, Web site: www.cbmove.com/johnkozyn. make, model and serial number of your car and we will supply the parts you need. Tel: (440) 234-8381. Fax: (440) 234-2660. ISO: RETIRED FSO WITH 10 YEARS real E-mail: [email protected]. estate experience seeks home buyers, sell- Web site: www.expresspartsinc.com. ers and renters in Virginia. David Olinger, GRI Long and Foster, Realtors Tel: (703) 864-3196. SHOPPING E-mail: [email protected].

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN SARASOTA, FL. PAUL BYRNES, FSO DRUG STORE BY MAIL! retired, and Loretta Friedman, Coldwell Banker, Morgan Pharmacy offer vast real estate experience in assisting 3001 P St NW diplomats. Enjoy gracious living, no state income PET MOVING MADE EASY. Club Pet Washington, DC 20007 tax, and a current “buyer’s market.” International is a full-service animal shipper spe- Tel: (202) 337-4100. Fax: (202) 337-4102. Tel: (941) 377-8181. cializing in domestic and international trips. Club E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] (Paul) Pet is the ultimate pet-care boarding facility in www.carepharmacies.com or [email protected] (Loretta). the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Tel: (703) 471-7818 or (800) 871-2535. E-mail: [email protected]. EMBASSY 220-VOLT transformers, SALE BY OWNER: Last building lot on pris- office supplies and furniture. 5810 Seminary tine Spofford Lake in New Hampshire, close Rd., Falls Church, VA 22041. to Rt. 91. 0.9 acre, 30' waterfront; member- ATLAS SERVICE CORPS Tel: (703) 845-0800. ship to 20-family tennis club available; no state E-mail: [email protected]. income tax. $329,000. Web site: www.shopembassyusa.com. E-mail: [email protected] SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL SERVICE. ATLAS CORPS, a nonprofit founded by an FS spouse, invites you to support Atlas CRAVING GROCERIES FROM HOME? We 195 BEAUTIFUL ACRES for sale in Corps through the CFC #35006 or with a ship non-perishable groceries to you via the Roundup, Mont. Perfect for wildlife viewing tax-deductible donation. Atlas Corps pro- Dulles mail-sorting facility or your choice of or hunting: elk, deer, antelope, turkey and motes international cooperation by send- U.S. shipping facility. more! $294,500. ing rising nonprofit leaders to volunteer www.lowesfoodstogo.com • Choose the Reynolda Rd store in Contact owner Joel Hinz. in the U.S. on a one-year, J-1 visa, train- Winston-Salem, N.C. E-mail: [email protected] or ing program. • Choose Delivery Web site: www.bigmrealty.com/481- Visit www.atlascorps.org/fsj.html. Fishel-Creek-Road-a174341.html • Pay through PayPal

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REAL ESTATE

Property Specialists, Inc. A professional and personal service tailored to meet your needs in: • Property Management • Tenant Placement • Tax-deferred Exchange • Real Estate Investment Counseling Specializing in PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: propertyspecialistsinc.com Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

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REAL ESTATE

ADVERTISING INDEX When contacting one of our advertisers, kindly mention you saw their advertisement in the Foreign Service Journal.

CLASSIFIED ADS Pied-à-Terre Properties, Lockheed Martin / AFSA Fund for American Classified Ads / 70, 71, 72 Ltd. / 49 Outside Back Cover Diplomacy / Inside Remington, The / 36 Potomac Books / 26 Back Cover FINANCIAL, LEGAL Suite America / 37 The Middle East Journal / 46 AFSA Legislative Action AND TAX SERVICES Fund / 29 Federal Employee INSURANCE REAL ESTATE & AFSA Resource Defense Services / 11 AFSPA / 4, 6, 19 PROPERTY Marketplace / 37 MCG Financial Clements International / 1 MANAGEMENT Change of Address / 59 Planning / 45 Hirshorn Company, Cabell Reid, LLC. / 74 Combined Federal Luxenberg, Johnson The / 60 Executive Housing Campaign – Fund & Dickens, PC / 45 Consultants, Inc. / 75 for American Shaw, Bransford & MISCELLANEOUS McEnearney Associates / 75 Diplomacy / 53 Roth, P.C. / 48 AFSA Book Store / 10, 39, Meyerson Group Inc., Combined Federal State Department Federal 47, 58 The / 75 Campaign – AFSA Credit Union / 27 Atlas Corps / 39 Peake Management, Scholarship Fund / 55 Cort Furniture / 2 Inc. / 73 Education Supplement / 58 HOUSING Family Liaison Office / 33 Property Specialists, FasTrax / 55 AKA, Flexible Stay Fearrington Village / 35 Inc. / 73 Foreign Service Youth Hotel Residences / Fox Hill Club and Stuart & Maury, Inc. / 74 Foundation / 30 Inside Front Cover Residences / 21 Washington Management Marketplace / 59 Attaché Property Go Green / 31 Services / 75 Management LLC / 48 Grand Oaks Assisted Living WJD Management / 73 POSTSECONDARY CAS/Corporate Apartment Residence / 35 EDUCATION Specialists / 49 Homewood at the ANNOUNCEMENTS St. Mary’s University / 4 Georgetown Suites / 23 Shenandoah Valley / 53 AFSA Book Store and Kendal Communities / 25 State Department Reading List / 36

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NOVEMBER 2010/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 75 73-76_FSJ_11_10_RE:ship 10/14/10 11:40 AM Page 76

REFLECTIONS

Nelson Mandela and Me

BY SHIRA GLASSMAN

t all started one day on the way her best friend Annie. When she got back from school. My driver, Mr. Mandela was off the phone an hour later, I told her IDesmond, asked me if I wanted wearing one of those what had happened. She screamed! Nelson Mandela’s name in my book. I She called my dad the minute I told had just started reading Tree Shaker: fancy shirts he wears. her. The Story of Nelson Mandela by Bill I knew I had something special Keller. Why wouldn’t I? there, that I would never forget. ■ When I got home I told my mom about what Desmond said. She said Then the lady brought me back to Shira Glassman, the daughter of FSO that I could take my book with a pen Desmond. On the way home, I told Jeffrey Glassman, wrote this essay and go with Desmond down to Nelson him about what had happened. He was when she was 8 years old during the Mandela’s house, one street away. really happy that Nelson Mandela was family’s posting in Cape Town. Now When we got to the house, there there, and so was I. 10, Shira is a fifth-grader at the Jewish were big guys in uniforms. They did When I got home I tried to tell my Primary Day School. A painter, she not let Desmond in, but they did let me mom, but she was on the phone with was the Foreign Service Youth Foun- in. When I got in, they dation’s 2007 “Artist of the Year.” She showed me to a lady. She Eight-year-old Shira also plays the drums. Shira lives in said that I was so cute, and Glassman met Nelson Washington, D.C., with her father, her she let me in. She also said Mandela in Capetown mother, Elana, and brothers, Sammy that “this is a once-in-a- and he signed her book. (8) and Moses (5). lifetime chance.” When I got to the room where he was, he was eat- ing lunch: chicken and veg- etables. Mr. Mandela was wearing one of those fancy shirts he wears. I asked him to sign my book. He did, but first he gave me a big hug! Then he gave me some more hugs. Then he asked me what I want to be when I grow up. I said I wanted to be like him. Everybody laughed. He had a really deep voice and a nice laugh. He wrote his last name in the book in cursive. He wrote the date, 19 08 08, and he drew a heart on the side.

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