Gastropoda: Neritidae) En El Río Mameyes, Puerto Rico

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Gastropoda: Neritidae) En El Río Mameyes, Puerto Rico Daños por depredación y tamaño de concha del caracol diádromo Neritina virginea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) en el Río Mameyes, Puerto Rico Juan Felipe Blanco-Libreros1 & Andrea Arroyave-Rincón2 1. Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín Colombia. Apartado Aéreo 1226; [email protected] 2. [email protected] Recibido 20-XI-2008. Corregido 22-II-2009. Aceptado 26-III-2009. Abstract: Predator damage and shell size on the diadromous snail Neritina virginea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) in the Mameyes River, Puerto Rico. We compared predators’ damage with shell size in live indi- viduals and empty shells (n=5066) of the snail Neritina virginea in the Mameyes River (Puerto Rico, Greater Antilles). According to the literature and direct observations, damages on empty shells were attributed to preda- tion by aquatic birds (e.g. Gallinula chloropus) and decapods (e.g. Macrobrachium spp.), while damages on live individuals were due to rasping by co-specifics and erosion. Predation by decapods and birds, as estimated by the proportion of empty shells, was low (2 and 0.36%, respectively). Shell size was significantly different between types of predators (range: decapods: 3.5-15.0mm, birds: 8.1-19.4mm). By comparing sizes of the empty shells and the live individuals, we concluded that decapods specialize on large groups of small migratory juve- niles, while birds specialize on the largest resident individuals. Worn shells were highly frequent in both empty shells and live individuals, and sizes did not differ between samples. A comparison by slow-flow and fast-flow habitats showed that predators do not discriminate shell sizes between environments. However, the frequency of damage by birds and decapods was greater under slow-flow conditions. Despite of the little contribution of predation to the population dynamics in this species, predation might be an important driver of size-dependent behavioral responses such as upstream migration and microhabitat selection. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1069-1080. Epub 2009 December 01. Key words: diadromous snails, size-dependent effects, shell damage, predation. Una característica sobresaliente de varios principalmente de los individuos más peque- géneros de gasterópodos de agua dulce de ños, mientras que en las zonas altas se com- la familia Neritidae (Gastropoda) es que sus ponen de individuos más grandes pero en juveniles migran estacionalmente río arriba menor densidad (Schneider & Lyons 1993). en agrupaciones masivas (Schneider & Lyons Como consecuencia el tamaño promedio de 1993, Pyron & Covich 2003, Blanco & Scatena los individuos de las poblaciones aumenta con 2005) debido a su ciclo de vida diádromo obli- la distancia desde la desembocadura (Pyron & gado (Crandall 1999). A medida que los indi- Covich 2003, Blanco 2005). viduos crecen este comportamiento migratorio Schneider & Lyons (1993) propusieron reofilico se reduce y los individuos empiezan que la migración masiva río arriba en juveniles a establecerse a lo largo del río (Schneider & del gasterópodo nerítido Neritina latissima de Lyons 1993, Blanco & Scatena 2006, 2007). la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica era impulsada De esta forma, las agregaciones migratorias por un alto riesgo de depredación en el estuario en las zonas bajas de los ríos se componen y en la parte baja del río impuesto por peces Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (4): 1069-1080, December 2009 1069 moluscívoros. En experimentos y observacio- Pyron & Covich 2003) y solamente se conoce nes de campo, ellos observaron que los juveni- que hace parte de la dieta de peces gracias les se escondían bajo las rocas ante la presencia a estudios de contenidos estomacales (e.g. de peces depredadores como Sphoeroides Corujo-Flórez 1980, Texeira 1994, Layman & annulatus, mientras que los individuos grandes Silliman 2002). Publicaciones recientes han permanecían expuestos. mencionado que los individuos son signifi- De acuerdo a su modelo conceptual, los cativamente más grandes pero menos densos individuos más grandes tienen menos riesgo de en condiciones de flujo menos turbulento, ser depredados porque alcanzan un tamaño que mientras que los individuos son significati- les confiere “refugio” (ver hipótesis del tama- vamente más pequeños pero más densos en ño eficiente; Lampert & Sommer 1997) y se flujos menos turbulentos (Blanco & Scatena espera que permanezcan en un lugar determi- 2005, 2007). Adicionalmente, se ha demos- nado. Los gasterópodos de tamaños pequeños trado que durante las migraciones río arriba, e intermedios tienen una mayor susceptibilidad los juveniles prefieren la última condición, lo y, debido posiblemente a menores costos ener- que sugiere que la distribución espacial de los géticos para moverse en contra de la corriente, individuos entre y dentro de hábitats, y que la se espera que se desplacen continuamente selección de las rutas de migración, responde río arriba. Estos gasterópodos disminuirían su al riesgo de depredación relacionado con la riesgo de depredación, alcanzarían una mayor naturaleza hidráulica de los cauces (Blanco sobrevivencia y fecundidad moviéndose una & Scatena 2007). distancia intermedia, siempre y cuando mini- Este artículo busca establecer: 1) los tipos micen el costo energético y el tiempo invertido de daños de las conchas, principalmente por en la migración. depredación, 2) las distribuciones de tamaños Se conoce ampliamente que los gasteró- de las conchas entre tipos de daños, 3) si el podos nerítidos de agua dulce son parte impor- tamaño de conchas seleccionadas por un tipo tante de la dieta de peces, en particular de los particular de depredador corresponden con las Eleotridae y Tetraodontidae que habitan los de los individuos juveniles que exhiben com- estuarios y partes bajas de los ríos insulares y portamiento migratorio río arriba, y 4) si exis- costeros (Puerto Rico: Warmke & Erdman 1963, ten diferencias de frecuencia de depredación y Corujo-Flórez 1980, Costa Rica: Alpírez et al. selección de tamaños de conchas entre hábitats 1984, Brazil: Texeira 1994, Polinesia Francesa: contrastantes en términos de turbulencia del Resh et al. 1999, Bahamas: Layman & Silliman flujo de agua. 2002). Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios sobre otros depredadores, aunque se conoce MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS que aves y decápodos incluyen nerítidos en sus dietas (Ford 1979, Pyron & Covich 2003). Especie estudiada: El gasterópodo Contrariamente a la depredación por peces, los Neritina virginea (L.) se encuentra desde la cuales engullen a sus presas, la depredación Península de la Florida y las islas Bahamas por aves y decápodos deja marcas conspicuas hasta el norte de Brazil, y desde el Golfo de en las conchas que permiten establecer su iden- México y América Central hasta las Antillas tidad (Vermeij 1993). Adicionalmente, dichos (Blanco 2005). El tamaño oscila entre 4 y depredadores pueden ser altamente selectivos 25mm, desde los individuos recientemente en cuanto a los tamaños utilizados debido a una reclutados hasta los adultos más grandes. Los relación inversa entre el beneficio de utilizar juveniles y adultos exhiben una coloración presas más grandes y el costo de manipulación verde con un patrón variable de líneas axiales (Vermeij 1993). o de pequeñas pinceladas amarillas (Blanco & La depredación sobre Neritina virginea Scatena 2005). Habitan en una forma marina, ha sido abordada de manera anecdótica (e.g. que invade la vegetación sumergida de las lagu- 1070 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (4): 1069-1080, December 2009 nas costeras (García-Cubas 1981) y las raíces que en el cauce secundario, lo que promueve aéreas y neumatóforos de los manglares (J.F. una mayor profundidad en el primero que en el Blanco observaciones personales), pero tam- segundo (Cuadro 1). Se ha publicado anterior- bién se encuentran densas poblaciones sobre mente (Blanco & Scatena 2005, 2007) que los las piedras desde la desembocadura de los ríos individuos son significativamente más grandes hasta varios kilómetros aguas arriba (Pyron & en el cauce secundario que en el principal, Covich 2003, Blanco & Scatena 2006). y que durante las migraciones río arriba los juveniles prefieren este último, lo que sugiere Área de estudio y muestreo: Este tra- que este comportamiento responde al riesgo bajo se realizó entre Agosto 22 de 2000 y de depredación relacionado con la naturaleza Septiembre 31 de 2003 en el Río Mameyes, hidráulica de los cauces. Noreste de Puerto Rico, cerca al límite inferior En este trabajo utilizamos datos parcia- de la Reserva Forestal El Yunque (antes llama- les (tamaños de individuos vivos) publicados da Bosque Nacional del Caribe) administrada por Blanco & Scatena (2005, 2007) y datos por el Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos inéditos de conchas vacías colectados durante para proteger las partes media y superior de la dichos estudios. Para establecer la distribu- cuenca de varios ríos que drenan la Sierra de ción de tallas de los individuos (vivos) de la Luquillo. El sitio de estudio se ubica debajo de población, se realizó el muestreo cuando el puente 1771 de la carretera PR 3 (18°22’27” N caudal del río fue menor que 10 m3/s en los y 65°45’50” W, altitud: 5m sobre el nivel del dos cauces del Río Mameyes bajo el puente mar) sobre el Río Mameyes. El sitio de estudio de la carretera PR3. Durante el primer año está ubicado 2km aguas arriba de la desembo- el muestreo fue semanal (Blanco & Scatena cadura y 1.3 km desde el límite superior del 2005, 2007) y posteriormente mensual (Blanco estuario y fue descrito en detalle en Blanco & 2005). Los individuos fueron colectados al azar Scatena (2005, 2006, 2007). dentro de diez (n=10) cuadrados de PVC de La presencia del pilote que soporta el 0.5×0.5m puestos en el lecho del río en ambos puente ha dividido el lecho del río en dos cau- cauces. El ancho de las conchas fue medida ces húmedos (principal y secundario) paralelos con un calibrador como un estimativo de la que se unen 50m aguas abajo.
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