DOCSLIB.ORG

Sleep's Role on Episodic Memory Consolidation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sleep's Role on Episodic Memory Consolidation SLEEP ’S ROLE ON EPISODIC MEMORY CONSOLIDATION IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät und der Medizinischen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Jing-Yi Wang aus Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Volksrepublik China Dezember, 2016 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: February 22 , 2017 Dekan der Math.-Nat. Fakultät: Prof. Dr. W. Rosenstiel Dekan der Medizinischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. I. B. Autenrieth 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Jan Born 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Steffen Gais Prüfungskommission: Prof. Manfred Hallschmid Prof. Dr. Steffen Gais Prof. Christoph Braun Prof. Caterina Gawrilow I Declaration: I hereby declare that I have produced the work entitled “Sleep’s Role on Episodic Memory Consolidation in Adults and Children”, submitted for the award of a doctorate, on my own (without external help), have used only the sources and aids indicated and have marked passages included from other works, whether verbatim or in content, as such. I swear upon oath that these statements are true and that I have not concealed anything. I am aware that making a false declaration under oath is punishable by a term of imprisonment of up to three years or by a fine. Tübingen, the December 5, 2016 ........................................................ Date Signature III To my beloved parents – Hui Jiao and Xuewei Wang, Grandfather – Jin Wang, and Frederik D. Weber 致我的父母：焦惠和王学伟 爷爷王金，以及 爱人王敬德 V Content Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................... 1 List of publications in the cumulative thesis ........................................................................................ 3 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Synopsis .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1. Memory in general ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2. Episodic memory and related brain structures .................................................................................. 11 Experimental paradigms to assess episodic memory .......................................................................................... 15 Developmental trajectories of episodic memory ................................................................................................... 17 Interdependency of semantic memory and episodic memory ........................................................................ 19 3. Sleep ...................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Sleep and memory consolidation .................................................................................................................................. 23 Sleep stages and specific features in memory consolidation ........................................................................... 24 Developmental evidence on sleep and memory consolidation ....................................................................... 26 Objectives and expected output of the doctoral research ......................................................... 28 Conclusion and general discussion .................................................................................................... 31 Forgetting curves differences over sleep and comparing related memory types between children and adults ................................................................................................................................................................................ 32 Limited capacity of sleep on memory consolidation ............................................................................................ 33 Sleep for vivid episodic remembering, episodic forgetting and the relation to semantic memory 35 The candidates of sleep parameters that support episodic memory consolidation .............................. 36 Limitations and outlook ........................................................................................................................ 39 References .................................................................................................................................................. 41 Description of personal contribution ................................................................................................... 53 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 55 Appendix .......................................................................................................................................................... 57 VII Abbreviations ANCOVA – Analysis of Covariance ANOVA - Analysis of variance EEG – Electroencephalography HPC – Hippocampus LTD – Long-term depression LTP – Long-term potentiation MTL – Medial temporal lobe PFC – Prefrontal cortex REM – Rapid eye movement SEM – Standard error of the mean SOs – Slow oscillations SWA – Slow-wave activity SW-Rs – Sharp wave ripples SWS – Slow-wave sleep WWWhen – What-Where-When paradigm WWWhich – What-Where-Which paradigm 1 2 List of publications in the cumulative thesis Weber, FD.*, Wang, JY. *, Born, J. & Inostroza, M. (2014). Sleep benefits in parallel implicit and explicit measures of episodic memory. Learning & Memory . 2014. 21: 190-198 (*equal contribution) Wang, JY. *, Weber, FD.*, Zinke, K., Inostroza, M., & Born, J. More effective consolidation of episodic long-term memory in children than adults - Unrelated to sleep (accepted by Child Development ) (*equal contribution) Wang, JY., Weber, FD., Zinke, K., Noack, H., & Born, J. Effects of sleep on word-pair memory in children – separating item and source memory aspects. (Submitted) 3 4 Summary Episodic memory is an essential cognitive function to support our everyday life. It depends on the hippocampus to bind the experienced events into their spatiotemporal contexts, i.e. giving us information about what has happened, where and when. Sleep is vital for declarative memory. Broad evidence suggests sleep as an optimal state to transfer a hippocampus-dependent memory from a temporary short-term representation into its stable neocortical long-term storage, i.e. its consolidation. This sleep-mediated consolidation process is thought to happen especially during deeper slow-wave sleep, i.e. a sleep stage most abundant in children before puberty. It is unclear how sleep consolidates particularly episodic memory, and how sleep-mediated consolidation changes during development. This dissertation aimed to establish new behavioral paradigms and study sleep’s effect on episodic memory in adults and children. We hypothesized that sleep benefits specifically the consolidation of episodic aspects of memory, especially in children. To explore sleep’s effect on episodic memory consolidation in human adults (18-37 years) and children (8-12 years) we established a new episodic task to assess “What-Where-When” memory by explicit (oral report) and implicit (eye-tracking) measures. Additionally, we changed a word-pair learning task to an item–source paradigm, in which word pairs (items) were learned in temporal contexts (source) separated by two lists. This task allowed the assessment of episodic aspects of word-pair learning, i.e. the binding of item and source memory. Using the same tasks, children and adults encoded two episodes and learned two lists of word pairs, with each episode and list being separated by an hour. Memory was then tested on short-term (1-hour delay) prior to sleep as well as after long-term retention (~10-h delay) with either a night of sleep or a day of wakefulness. In adults, explicit and implicit measures of episodic memory were positively associated with each other, and both benefitted from sleep, thus linking this sleep benefit to previous rodent studies and opening the possibility to apply this paradigm to a broader age range (study I). 5 Comparing adults with children, both ages showed a two-fold benefit for episodic memory after sleep than after wakefulness, even though children had superior amounts of slow-wave sleep. Surprisingly, children started at a much lower episodic memory level on the short-term before sleep than adults, suggesting children had less capacity to encode or retain episodic memories. However, children did not forget the episodes any further over the any long-term retention interval as the adults did, suggesting the consolidation of episodic memory in children to be more efficient, and unrelated to sleep (study II). Replicating previous studies, we also found that children benefit from sleep for the explicitly learned word-pair memory over sleep. Unlike the weak temporal memory effect in the episodic task, we found a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Probing Echoic Memory with Different Voices
    Memory & Cognition 1977, Vol. 5 (3),331-334 Probing echoic memory with different voices DAVID J. MADDEN and JARVIS BASTIAN University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616 Considerable evidence has indicated that some acoustical properties of spoken items are preserved in an "echoic" memory for approximately 2 sec. However, some of this evidence has also shown that changing the voice speaking the stimulus items has a disruptive effect on memory which persists longer than that of other acoustical variables. The present experiment examined the effect of voice changes on response bias as well as on accuracy in a recognition memory task. The task involved judging recognition probes as being present in or absent from sets of dichotically presented digits. Recognition of probes spoken in the same voice as that of the dichotic items was more accurate than recognition of different-voice probes at each of three retention intervals of up to 4 sec. Different-voice probes increased the likelihood of "absent" responses, but only up to a l.4-sec delay. These shifts in response bias may represent a property of echoic memory which should be investigated further. The concept of an "echoic" memory was first devel­ pairs of spoken consonants or vowels in a timed same/ oped by Neisser (1967), who proposed that a listener different recognition test. The items of a pair could be possesses a fairly literal but rapidly fading representation spoken in either the same voice or different voices, a of recent auditory events. Research motivated by this variable which was not relevant to the subjects' deci­ concept suggests that the exact time course of such sions.
    [Show full text]
  • Iconic Memory and Visible Persistence
    Perception & Psychophysics 1980, Vol. 27 (3),183-228 Iconic memory and visible persistence MAX COLTHEART Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, England There are three senses in which a visual stimulus may be said to persist psychologically for some time after its physical offset. First, neural activity in the visual system evoked by the stimulus may continue after stimulus offset ("neural persistence"). Second, the stimulus may continue to be visible for some time after its offset ("visible persistence"). Finally, information about visual properties of the stimulus may continue to be available to an observer for some time after stimulus offset ("informational persistence"). These three forms of visual persistence are widely assumed to reflect a single underlying process: a decaying visual trace that (1) con­ sists of afteractivity in the visual system, (2) is visible, and (3) is the source of visual informa­ tion in experiments on decaying visual memory. It is argued here that this assumption is incor­ rect. Studies of visible persistence are reviewed; seven different techniques that have been used for investigating visible persistence are identified, and it is pointed out that numerous studies using a variety of techniques have demonstrated two fundamental properties of visible per­ sistence: the inverse duration effect (the longer a stimulus lasts, the shorter is its persistence after stimulus offset) and the inverse intensity effect (the more intense the stimulus, the briefer its persistence). Only when stimuli are so intense as to produce afterimages do these two effects fail to occur. Work on neural persistences is briefly reviewed; such persistences exist at the photoreceptor level and at various stages in the visual pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory Stores Iconic Memory Decays Very Quickly, and This Explains Why
    In the late 60's, serial position curves (Murdock, 1962) were used as evidence to support the MSM. Primacy efects were considered evidence of rehearsal and so long-term storage whereas recency efects were considered evidence of the short-term memory store. The serial position curve was shown to occur regardless of list length and recency was removed if there was a delay between rehearsal The initial approach was the information We will see why this is and recall. Evidence for the MSM processing approach which suggests that not the case sensory processes pass through several stores: throughout the Namely, the sensory memory store, the short- lectures. However, recency efects were demonstrated over term and then the long-term memory store. long time intervals by Baddeley et al. (1977). Recency is not reflect STM but a more general accessibility to more recent experiences. Memory Stores If short-term memory is post-categorical (as suggested by Neath and Merikle) then it requires information (category membership of letters) from long-term memory = There must be communication. Short-Term Memory Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shifrin, 1968) VS. Working Memory Short term is a simple store, whereas working memory is a 'mental workspace. STM is a part of working memory. Working memory allows manipulation to allow reasoning, learning and comprehension. It has a limited capacity, temporary store and has a speech like or phonological code (subvocal). Sensory Memory Baddeley (1966) Phonological Similarity: asked The Sufx Efect where a sufx (e.g spoken word Free Recall Studies where participants can participants to perform serial recall of 4 types of Visual Iconic Memory (Sperling, 1960) Purely at the end of the remembered list) drastically choose to recall from any part of the list.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Psychology
    COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH 126 Acknowledgements College of the Canyons would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Diane Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office In providing content for this textbook, the following professionals were invaluable: Mehgan Andrade, who was the major contributor and compiler of this work and Neil Walker, without whose help the book could not have been completed. Special Thank You to Trudi Radtke for editing, formatting, readability, and aesthetics. The contents of this textbook were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Table of Contents Psychology .................................................................................................................................................... 1 126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive Psychology ............................................................................................. 7 Definition of Cognitive Psychology
    [Show full text]
  • Atkinson- Shiffrin Model of Memory Multi Store Model of Human Memory
    Atkinson- Shiffrin Model of Memory Multi Store Model of Human Memory • In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory which posited two distinct memory stores: short-term memory, and long-term memory. • Later a third memory store (actually the first in sequence) was added: sensory memory. • Information enters the human information processing system via a variety of channels associated with the different senses. Sensory Memory • Information not immediately attended to is held briefly in a very temporary "buffer" memory, making it possible to attend to some of it a bit later. • This buffer memory is called sensory memory. There is a sensory memory for vision, called iconic memory One for audition (hearing), called echoic memory. • And one for touch- haptic memory Iconic Memory (vision) Echoic Memory (hearing) Capacity: Essentially Capacity: ???? that of the visual Duration: About 3-4 system seconds Duration: About 0.3 Processing: None to 1.0 seconds additional beyond raw Processing: None perceptual processing additional beyond raw perceptual processing • Haptic memory is a form of sensory memory that refers to the recollection of data acquired by touch after a stimulus has been presented. Similar to visual iconic memory, traces of haptically acquired information are short lived and prone to decay after approximately two seconds. Short Term Memory Information that is attended to arrives in another temporary store called short-term or working memory. Some properties of STM: • Capacity: About 7 plus or minus 2 "chunks" of information. • Duration: About 18-20 seconds (average). • Processing: To hold information in STM, it is often encoded verbally, although other strategies may also be used such as visualisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Parietal Operculum
    Haptic-based object directed behavior: the role of the parietal operculum. Student: Francesca Maule Advisor: Dott. Luigi Cattaneo A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiæ Doctor (PhD) Doctoral school in Cognitive and Brain Sciences XXVI cycle December 2013 II Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide new insights about the role of the left human parietal operculum (OP) in sensory motor transformations in the context of object-directed behavior. This work is divided in two main parts: and introductive part about the theory underlying the sensory motor integration and the existing literature about the parietal operculum, and an experimental part in which the experiments realized during these three years are described. In Chapter 1, the theory underlying the sensory motor transformation in the visual modality and the possible functions of the different front- parietal circuits are described on the basis of the theory proposed in the literature. A specific paragraph is dedicated to ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and its role in visually guided grasping. The Chapter 2, is a review of the literature about the cytoarchitecture, the connectivity and the physiology of humans and non- human primates parietal operculum. In Chapter 3 the literature about the role of OP of primates and humans in sensory motor integration is reviewed together with some literature about studies on lesions. In the experimental part, four transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiments are described. The last two experiments have been grouped in a single major work and results have been discussed together. In Chapter 4 the Experiment I is described. This experiment aimed to characterize the fronto-parietal network involving the connection between left OP and ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1).
    [Show full text]
  • High 1 Effectiveness of Echoic and Iconic Memory in Short-Term and Long-Term Recall Courtney N. High 01/14/13 Mr. Mengel Psychol
    High 1 Effectiveness of Echoic and Iconic Memory in Short-term and Long-term Recall Courtney N. High 01/14/13 Mr. Mengel Psychology 1 High 2 Abstract Objective: To see whether iconic memory or echoic memory is more effective at being stored and recalled as short-term and long-term memory in healthy adults. Method: Eight healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 45 were tested in the study. Participants were shown a video containing ten pictures and ten sounds of easily recognizable objects. Participants were asked to recall as many items as they could immediately after the video and were then asked again after a series of questions. Results: In younger adults more visual objects are able to be recalled both short and long term, but with older adults, in short term recall, the same number of sound and visual items where remembered, and with long term recall, sound items were remembered slightly better. Results also showed that iconic memory fades faster than echoic memory. Conclusion: The ability to store and recall iconic and echoic information both short and long term varies with age. The study has several faults including relying on self-reporting on health for participants, and testing environments not being quiet in all tests. Introduction There are three main different types of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory deals with the brief storage of information immediately after stimulation. Sensory memory is then converted to short-term memory if deemed necessary by the brain where it is held. After that, some information will then be stored as long-term memory for later recall.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory in the Cortex of the Primate
    Biol Res 28: 59-72 (1995) 59 Memory in the cortex of the primate JOAQUIN M FUSTER Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Memory is viewed as hierarchical and distributed in primary and association areas of cerebral cortex. Different memory neural networks are interconnected at various levels in this hierarchy, sharing neurons and connections. All memory is essentially associative in its generation, structure and retrieval. External and internal stimuli, to which we attend by virtue of their biological relevance or for other reason, can at any time activate ("turn on ") the neuronal network to which they belong by previous association. This is the basis of knowledge and remembering. The reverberation in recurrent circuits may keep the network in an active state, that is, serving behavior, attention and consciousness. Monkey neuropsychological and electrophysiological data, and human tomographic (brain metabolism) evidence are presented supporting these concepts. Key terms: association cortex, associative memory, prefrontal cortex. INTRODUCTION GENERAL PRINCIPLES In the first place, I will try to present an I will start by stating some general principles overall vision of the role of the cerebral of memory that derive from neuropsycho­ cortex in memory, a vision which, although logical and neurophysiological work in the somewhat personal and perhaps too am­ last years. Some of these principles are still bitious, harmonizes with the evidence that in an embryonic stage, reason for which we through many years we have been accu­ cannot blindly accept them. However, for the mulating in my laboratory. In second place, I sake of brevity, they can be accepted at least will try to suggest a working plan, an agenda as working hypotheses and as premises for for future research, a guide to shed some the experiments that I shall try to summarize light on the still obscure but fascinating and below: complex subject of memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Functions of the Brain: Perception, Attention and Memory
    IFM LAB TUTORIAL SERIES # 6, COPYRIGHT c IFM LAB Cognitive Functions of the Brain: Perception, Attention and Memory Jiawei Zhang [email protected] Founder and Director Information Fusion and Mining Laboratory (First Version: May 2019; Revision: May 2019.) Abstract This is a follow-up tutorial article of [17] and [16], in this paper, we will introduce several important cognitive functions of the brain. Brain cognitive functions are the mental processes that allow us to receive, select, store, transform, develop, and recover information that we've received from external stimuli. This process allows us to understand and to relate to the world more effectively. Cognitive functions are brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex. They are related with the mechanisms of how we learn, remember, problem-solve, and pay attention, etc. To be more specific, in this paper, we will talk about the perception, attention and memory functions of the human brain. Several other brain cognitive functions, e.g., arousal, decision making, natural language, motor coordination, planning, problem solving and thinking, will be added to this paper in the later versions, respectively. Many of the materials used in this paper are from wikipedia and several other neuroscience introductory articles, which will be properly cited in this paper. This is the last of the three tutorial articles about the brain. The readers are suggested to read this paper after the previous two tutorial articles on brain structure and functions [17] as well as the brain basic neural units [16]. Keywords: The Brain; Cognitive Function; Consciousness; Attention; Learning; Memory Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Perception 3 2.1 Detailed Process of Perception .
    [Show full text]
  • Vibrissae-Evoked Behavior and Conditioning Before Functional Ontogeny of the Somatosensory Vibrissae Cortex
    The Journal of Neuroscience, June 15, 1999, 19(12):5131–5137 Vibrissae-Evoked Behavior and Conditioning before Functional Ontogeny of the Somatosensory Vibrissae Cortex Margo S. Landers and Regina M. Sullivan Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 The following experiments determined that the somatosensory ulation than controls. Finally, stimulus-evoked somatosensory whisker system is functional and capable of experience- cortical activity during testing [P8; using 14C 2-deoxyglucose dependent behavioral plasticity in the neonate before functional (2-DG) autoradiography] was assessed after somatosensory maturation of the somatosensory whisker cortex. First, unilat- conditioning from P1–P8. No learning-associated differences in eral whisker stimulation caused increased behavioral activity in stimulus-evoked cortical activity were detected between learn- both postnatal day (P) 3–4 and P8 pups, whereas stimulation- ing and nonlearning control groups. Together, these experi- evoked cortical activity (14C 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography) ments demonstrate that the whisker system is functional in was detectable only in P8 pups. Second, neonatal rat pups are neonates and capable of experience-dependent behavioral capable of forming associations between whisker stimulation plasticity. Furthermore, in contrast to adult somatosensory and a reinforcer. A classical conditioning paradigm (P3–P4) classical conditioning, these data suggest that the cortex is not showed that the learning groups (paired whisker stimulation– required for associative somatosensory learning in neonates. shock or paired whisker stimulation–warm air stream) exhibited Key words: vibrissae; whiskers; development; learning; neural significantly higher behavioral responsiveness to whisker stim- plasticity; barrels; somatosensory cortex; behavioral plasticity The rat mystacial vibrissae somatosensory system processes en- Rats are born with whiskers; fine whiskers in follicles appear vironmental tactile cues from the facial whiskers.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Theories of Human Amnesia LEONARD D
    Memory & Cognition 1981, Vol. 9 (3),247-262 A review of theories of human amnesia LEONARD D. STERN University ofOregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 Six theories of human amnesia are examined. Each is categorized according to the processing ability that is conceived to underlie the amnesic deficit. The theories fall into one of four categories: consolidation, retrieval, semantic encoding, and context encoding deficit theories. The recently proposed context encoding deficit theories are found to offer the most satis­ factory account of the human amnesic syndrome. It is suggested that the other theoretical approaches are best viewed as special cases of these context encoding deficit theories. The human amnesic syndrome is characterized by a technique in the treatment of psychosis. This surgical severely impaired memory for day-to-day events procedure, used as an alternative to a complete frontal accompanied by normal intelligence, perceptual abilities, lobotomy, was intended to avoid the side effects that and other cognitive functions. Amnesia is typically the lobotomy normally produced (B. Milner, 1966). associated with brain trauma brought about by blows to After 30 of these operations had been performed, it was the head, surgical removal of portions of the brain, or discovered that a serious memory impairment could degenerative processes that accompany excessive and result. Memory deficits were initially discovered in two prolonged alcohol consumption (Korsakoff's syndrome). of Scoville's patients. One patient had undergone surgery The focus of this paper will be on theoretical accounts to treat a psychosis, and the other, the well-known H.M., of the human amnesic syndrome. The theories of amnesia had undergone surgery to control epileptic seizures.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Early and Late Nocturnal Sleep on Declarative and Procedural Memory
    Effects of Early and Late Nocturnal Sleep on Declarative and Procedural Memory Werner Plihal and Jan Born University of Bamberg, FRG Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/9/4/534/1754819/jocn.1997.9.4.534.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract 1 Recall of paired-associate lists (declarative memory) and early sleep, and recall of mirror-tracing skills improved more mirror-tracing skills (procedural memory) was assessed after during late sleep. The effects may reflect different influences retention intervals defined over early and late nocturnal sleep. of slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement @EM) In addition, effects of sleep on recall were compared with sleep since time in SWS was 5 times longer during the early those of early and late retention intervals filled with wakeful- than late sleep retention interval, and time in REM sleep was ness. Twenty healthy men served as subjects. Saliva cortisol twice as long during late than early sleep @ < 0.005).Changes concentrations were determined before and after the retention in cortisol concentrations, which independently of sleep and intervals to determine pituitary-adrenal secretory activity.Sleep wakefulness were lower during early retention intervals than was determined somnopolygraphically. Sleep generally en- late ones, cannot account for the effects of sleep on memory. hanced recall when compared with the effects of correspond- The experiments for the first time dissociate specific effects of ing retention intervals of wakefulness. The benefit from sleep early and late sleep on two principal types of memory, decla- on recall depended on the phase of sleep and on the type of rative and procedural, in humans.
    [Show full text]