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Semantic Memory - Psychology - Oxford Bibliographies
1/16/2019 Semantic Memory - Psychology - Oxford Bibliographies Semantic Memory Michael N. Jones, Johnathan Avery LAST MODIFIED: 15 JANUARY 2019 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/97801998283400231 Introduction Semantic memory refers to our general world knowledge that encompasses memory for concepts, facts, and the meanings of words and other symbolic units that constitute formal communication systems such as language or math. In the classic hierarchical view of memory, declarative memory was subdivided into two independent modules: episodic memory, which is our autobiographical store of individual events, and semantic memory, which is our general store of abstracted knowledge. However, more recent theoretical accounts have greatly reduced the independence of these two memory systems, and episodic memory is typically viewed as a gateway to semantic memory accessed through the process of abstraction. Modern accounts view semantic memory as deeply rooted in sensorimotor experience, abstracted across many episodic memories to highlight the stable characteristics and mute the idiosyncratic ones. A great deal of research in neuroscience has focused on both how the brain creates semantic memories and what brain regions share the responsibility for storage and retrieval of semantic knowledge. These include many classic experiments that studied the behavior of individuals with brain damage and various types of semantic disorders but also more modern studies that employ neuroimaging techniques to study how the brain creates and stores semantic memories. Classically, semantic memory had been treated as a miscellaneous area of study for anything in declarative memory that was not clearly within the realm of episodic memory, and formal models of meaning in memory did not advance at the pace of models of episodic memory. -
Effect of Emotional Arousal 1 Running Head
Effect of Emotional Arousal 1 Running Head: THE EFFECT OF EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ON RECALL The Effect of Emotional Arousal and Valence on Memory Recall 500181765 Bangor University Group 14, Thursday Afternoon Effect of Emotional Arousal 2 Abstract This study examined the effect of emotion on memory when recalling positive, negative and neutral events. Four hundred and fourteen participants aged over 18 years were asked to read stories that differed in emotional arousal and valence, and then performed a spatial distraction task before they were asked to recall the details of the stories. Afterwards, participants rated the stories on how emotional they found them, from ‘Very Negative’ to ‘Very Positive’. It was found that the emotional stories were remembered significantly better than the neutral story; however there was no significant difference in recall when a negative mood was induced versus a positive mood. Therefore this research suggests that emotional valence does not affect recall but emotional arousal affects recall to a large extent. Effect of Emotional Arousal 3 Emotional arousal has often been found to influence an individual’s recall of past events. It has been documented that highly emotional autobiographical memories tend to be remembered in better detail than neutral events in a person’s life. Structures involved in memory and emotions, the hippocampus and amygdala respectively, are joined in the limbic system within the brain. Therefore, it would seem true that emotions and memory are linked. Many studies have investigated this topic, finding that emotional arousal increases recall. For instance, Kensinger and Corkin (2003) found that individuals remember emotionally arousing words (such as swear words) more than they remember neutral words. -
Compare and Contrast Two Models Or Theories of One Cognitive Process with Reference to Research Studies
! The following sample is for the learning objective: Compare and contrast two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies. What is the question asking for? * A clear outline of two models of one cognitive process. The cognitive process may be memory, perception, decision-making, language or thinking. * Research is used to support the models as described. The research does not need to be outlined in a lot of detail, but underatanding of the role of research in supporting the models should be apparent.. * Both similarities and differences of the two models should be clearly outlined. Sample response The theory of memory is studied scientifically and several models have been developed to help The cognitive process describe and potentially explain how memory works. Two models that attempt to describe how (memory) and two models are memory works are the Multi-Store Model of Memory, developed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968), clearly identified. and the Working Memory Model of Memory, developed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974). The Multi-store model model explains that all memory is taken in through our senses; this is called sensory input. This information is enters our sensory memory, where if it is attended to, it will pass to short-term memory. If not attention is paid to it, it is displaced. Short-term memory Research. is limited in duration and capacity. According to Miller, STM can hold only 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information. Short-term memory memory lasts for six to twelve seconds. When information in the short-term memory is rehearsed, it enters the long-term memory store in a process called “encoding.” When we recall information, it is retrieved from LTM and moved A satisfactory description of back into STM. -
Brain Disorders and Therapy the Composition of Visual Memory and the Impact of Emotions: the Color of Memory
Brain Disorders and Therapy Extended Abstract The composition of visual memory and the impact of emotions: the color of memory Nydia J Gutierrez ABSTRACT between DE and VR are disparate. It is important to remember that in many visual memory tasks the guess factor in DE is Art therapy creates an implicit memory that helps to reduce smaller than that observed (e.g., 50 percent guess rate for Faces stress and anticipates emotional cognitive changes and in WMS – III). behavior. It creates a regular function between peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and the somatic nervous system. This model is represented as a neural Long-term memory is a central component of human learning algorithm that defines brain functions and models. The that allows for a range of abilities and behaviors that are also model represents a brain relation, behavior, and correlation to essential to survival. While this core competency for human thought and the human mind. In the peripheral procedural and declarative memory has been widely nervous system we find dividend between the autonomic established, it remains uncertain if specific mechanisms nervous system and the somatic nervous system. subserve basic sensory or perceptual processes. Here we use a visual learning model to demonstrate how people are prepared The model design and created in this research presents daily to look for Different visual features in the environment functioning cognitive variables that serve as a unity to reduce contribute to consistent performance changes over consecutive stress and negative emotional experiences. There is an days but, oddly, the subsequent ability to learn similar visual increase of variation and stimulation that carries effects and features is removed. -
Long-Term Memory Vs. Short-Term Memory
Long-term Memory vs. Short-term Memory Chapter 6 Learning Objective Topics ¢ Divisions of LTM ¢ Are LTM and STM two separate processes? ¢ How do we get information from STM into LTM? l Modal Model l Levels of Processing 1 Division of LTM Working Memory Autobiographical Prospective Other types: source memory, false memory, meta-memory, memory for discourse, memory for pictures, everyday memory, recent vs. remote LTM … 2 Modal Model Decay Focus of Today’s Class… Decay 3 Focus of Today’s Class… Decay Questions for Today Are short term and long term memory are two distinct processes?" " " How do we get information from short term memory into long term memory?" " 4 Nature of Short-Term Memory vs. Long-Term Try to remember these words as I read them aloud Nature of Short-Term Memory vs. Long-Term Now write down all the words that you remember from the list We will tally responses for each word (excel sheet) 5 Two distinct memory stores? ¢! Why does this happen?" ¢! What were you doing to remember them?" ¢! How does this relate to short and long term memory?" Evidence for two distinct memory stores Serial position effect in recall Primacy effect = LTM Recency effect = STM 6 Primacy Effect: Rehearsal" ¢! What do you think would happen if you slowed down the presentation rate?" 7 Evidence for two distinct memory stores Primacy effect boosted by slower Recency effect presentation unaffected by rate presentation rate ¢! What do you think would happen if we added a 30 second delay after I read the list?" 8 Evidence for two distinct memory stores -
Dissociation Between Declarative and Procedural Mechanisms in Long-Term Memory
! DISSOCIATION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL MECHANISMS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Dale A. Hirsch August, 2017 ! A dissertation written by Dale A. Hirsch B.A., Cleveland State University, 2010 M.A., Cleveland State University, 2013 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2017 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Bradley Morris _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Christopher Was _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Karrie Godwin Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Lifespan Development and Mary Dellmann-Jenkins Educational Sciences _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human James C. Hannon Services ! ""! ! HIRSCH, DALE A., Ph.D., August 2017 Educational Psychology DISSOCIATION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL MECHANISMS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY (66 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Bradley Morris The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential dissociation between declarative and procedural elements in long-term memory for a facilitation of procedural memory (FPM) paradigm. FPM coupled with a directed forgetting (DF) manipulation was utilized to highlight the dissociation. Three experiments were conducted to that end. All three experiments resulted in facilitation for categorization operations. Experiments one and two additionally found relatively poor recognition for items that participants were told to forget despite the fact that relevant categorization operations were facilitated. Experiment three resulted in similarly poor recognition for category names that participants were told to forget. Taken together, the three experiments in this investigation demonstrate a clear dissociation between the procedural and declarative elements of the FPM task. -
Probing Echoic Memory with Different Voices
Memory & Cognition 1977, Vol. 5 (3),331-334 Probing echoic memory with different voices DAVID J. MADDEN and JARVIS BASTIAN University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616 Considerable evidence has indicated that some acoustical properties of spoken items are preserved in an "echoic" memory for approximately 2 sec. However, some of this evidence has also shown that changing the voice speaking the stimulus items has a disruptive effect on memory which persists longer than that of other acoustical variables. The present experiment examined the effect of voice changes on response bias as well as on accuracy in a recognition memory task. The task involved judging recognition probes as being present in or absent from sets of dichotically presented digits. Recognition of probes spoken in the same voice as that of the dichotic items was more accurate than recognition of different-voice probes at each of three retention intervals of up to 4 sec. Different-voice probes increased the likelihood of "absent" responses, but only up to a l.4-sec delay. These shifts in response bias may represent a property of echoic memory which should be investigated further. The concept of an "echoic" memory was first devel pairs of spoken consonants or vowels in a timed same/ oped by Neisser (1967), who proposed that a listener different recognition test. The items of a pair could be possesses a fairly literal but rapidly fading representation spoken in either the same voice or different voices, a of recent auditory events. Research motivated by this variable which was not relevant to the subjects' deci concept suggests that the exact time course of such sions. -
Episodic Memory in Transient Global Amnesia: Encoding, Storage, Or Retrieval Deficit?
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.66.2.148 on 1 February 1999. Downloaded from 148 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:148–154 Episodic memory in transient global amnesia: encoding, storage, or retrieval deficit? Francis Eustache, Béatrice Desgranges, Peggy Laville, Bérengère Guillery, Catherine Lalevée, Stéphane SchaeVer, Vincent de la Sayette, Serge Iglesias, Jean-Claude Baron, Fausto Viader Abstract evertheless this division into processing stages Objectives—To assess episodic memory continues to be useful in helping understand (especially anterograde amnesia) during the working of memory systems”. These three the acute phase of transient global amne- stages may be defined in the following way: (1) sia to diVerentiate an encoding, a storage, encoding, during which perceptive information or a retrieval deficit. is transformed into more or less stable mental Methods—In three patients, whose am- representations; (2) storage (or consolidation), nestic episode fulfilled all current criteria during which mnemonic information is associ- for transient global amnesia, a neuro- ated with other representations and maintained psychological protocol was administered in long term memory; (3) retrieval, during which included a word learning task which the subject can momentarily reactivate derived from the Grober and Buschke’s mnemonic representations. These definitions procedure. will be used in the present study. Results—In one patient, the results sug- Regarding the retrograde amnesia of TGA, it gested an encoding deficit, -
Mnemonics in a Mnutshell: 32 Aids to Psychiatric Diagnosis
Mnemonics in a mnutshell: 32 aids to psychiatric diagnosis Clever, irreverent, or amusing, a mnemonic you remember is a lifelong learning tool ® Dowden Health Media rom SIG: E CAPS to CAGE and WWHHHHIMPS, mnemonics help practitioners and trainees recall Fimportant lists (suchCopyright as criteriaFor for depression,personal use only screening questions for alcoholism, or life-threatening causes of delirium, respectively). Mnemonics’ effi cacy rests on the principle that grouped information is easi- er to remember than individual points of data. Not everyone loves mnemonics, but recollecting diagnostic criteria is useful in clinical practice and research, on board examinations, and for insurance reimbursement. Thus, tools that assist in recalling di- agnostic criteria have a role in psychiatric practice and IMAGES teaching. JUPITER In this article, we present 32 mnemonics to help cli- © nicians diagnose: • affective disorders (Box 1, page 28)1,2 Jason P. Caplan, MD Assistant clinical professor of psychiatry • anxiety disorders (Box 2, page 29)3-6 Creighton University School of Medicine 7,8 • medication adverse effects (Box 3, page 29) Omaha, NE • personality disorders (Box 4, page 30)9-11 Chief of psychiatry • addiction disorders (Box 5, page 32)12,13 St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, AZ • causes of delirium (Box 6, page 32).14 We also discuss how mnemonics improve one’s Theodore A. Stern, MD Professor of psychiatry memory, based on the principles of learning theory. Harvard Medical School Chief, psychiatric consultation service Massachusetts General Hospital How mnemonics work Boston, MA A mnemonic—from the Greek word “mnemonikos” (“of memory”)—links new data with previously learned information. -
Working Memory and Cued Recall Max V
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern University Honors Program Theses 2016 Working memory and cued recall Max V. Fey 8602950 Karen Naufel Georgia Southern University Lawrence Locker Georgia Southern University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Fey, Max V. 8602950; Naufel, Karen; and Locker, Lawrence, "Working memory and cued recall" (2016). University Honors Program Theses. 220. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/220 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Program Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Working Memory and Cued Recall Working Memory and Cued Recall An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Psychology. By Maximilian Fey Under the mentorship of Dr. Karen Naufel ABSTRACT Previous research has found that individuals with high working memory have greater recall capabilities than those with low working memory (Unsworth, Spiller, & Brewers, 2012). Research did not test the extent to which cues affect one’s recall ability in relation to working memory. The present study will examine this issue. Participants completed a working memory measure. Then, they were provided with cued recall tasks whereby they recalled Facebook friends. The cues varied to be no cues, ambiguous cues high in imageability, and cues directly related to Facebook. The results showed that there was no difference between individual’s ability to recall their Facebook friends and their working memory scores. -
Implications of Short-Term Memory for a General Theory of Memory 1
3"OURNAL OF VERBAL LEARNING AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR 2, 1-21 (1963) ADDRESS OF CHAIRMAN OF SECTION I (Psychology) Implications of Short-Term Memory for a General Theory of Memory 1 ARTHUR W. MELTON University o/Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Memory has never enjoyed even a small The confluence of forces responsible for fraction of the interdisciplinary interest that this sanguine prediction about future progress has been expressed in symposia, discoveries, is reflected in this AAAS program on memory and methodological innovations during the (see other articles in this issue of this last five years. Therefore, it seems probable JOURNAL). Advances in biochemistry and that the next ten years will see major, perhaps neurophysiology are permitting the formula- even definitive, advances in our understanding tion and testing of meaningful theories about of the biochemistry, neurophysiology, and the palpable stuff that is the correlate of the psychology of memory, especially if these memory trace as an hypothetical construct disciplines communicate with one another (Deutsch, 1962; Gerard, 1963; Thomas, and seek a unified theory. My thesis is, of 1962). In this work there is heavy emphasis course, that psychological studies of human on the storage mechanism and its properties, short-term memory, and particularly the especially the consolidation process, and it further exploitation of new techniques for may be expected that findings here will investigating human short-term memory, will offer important guide lines for the refine- play an important role in these advances ment of the psychologist's construct once we toward a general theory of memory. Even are clear as to what our human performance now, some critical issues are being sharpened data say it should be. -
Memory Stores Iconic Memory Decays Very Quickly, and This Explains Why
In the late 60's, serial position curves (Murdock, 1962) were used as evidence to support the MSM. Primacy efects were considered evidence of rehearsal and so long-term storage whereas recency efects were considered evidence of the short-term memory store. The serial position curve was shown to occur regardless of list length and recency was removed if there was a delay between rehearsal The initial approach was the information We will see why this is and recall. Evidence for the MSM processing approach which suggests that not the case sensory processes pass through several stores: throughout the Namely, the sensory memory store, the short- lectures. However, recency efects were demonstrated over term and then the long-term memory store. long time intervals by Baddeley et al. (1977). Recency is not reflect STM but a more general accessibility to more recent experiences. Memory Stores If short-term memory is post-categorical (as suggested by Neath and Merikle) then it requires information (category membership of letters) from long-term memory = There must be communication. Short-Term Memory Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shifrin, 1968) VS. Working Memory Short term is a simple store, whereas working memory is a 'mental workspace. STM is a part of working memory. Working memory allows manipulation to allow reasoning, learning and comprehension. It has a limited capacity, temporary store and has a speech like or phonological code (subvocal). Sensory Memory Baddeley (1966) Phonological Similarity: asked The Sufx Efect where a sufx (e.g spoken word Free Recall Studies where participants can participants to perform serial recall of 4 types of Visual Iconic Memory (Sperling, 1960) Purely at the end of the remembered list) drastically choose to recall from any part of the list.