Working Memory and Cued Recall Max V
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Effect of Emotional Arousal 1 Running Head
Effect of Emotional Arousal 1 Running Head: THE EFFECT OF EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ON RECALL The Effect of Emotional Arousal and Valence on Memory Recall 500181765 Bangor University Group 14, Thursday Afternoon Effect of Emotional Arousal 2 Abstract This study examined the effect of emotion on memory when recalling positive, negative and neutral events. Four hundred and fourteen participants aged over 18 years were asked to read stories that differed in emotional arousal and valence, and then performed a spatial distraction task before they were asked to recall the details of the stories. Afterwards, participants rated the stories on how emotional they found them, from ‘Very Negative’ to ‘Very Positive’. It was found that the emotional stories were remembered significantly better than the neutral story; however there was no significant difference in recall when a negative mood was induced versus a positive mood. Therefore this research suggests that emotional valence does not affect recall but emotional arousal affects recall to a large extent. Effect of Emotional Arousal 3 Emotional arousal has often been found to influence an individual’s recall of past events. It has been documented that highly emotional autobiographical memories tend to be remembered in better detail than neutral events in a person’s life. Structures involved in memory and emotions, the hippocampus and amygdala respectively, are joined in the limbic system within the brain. Therefore, it would seem true that emotions and memory are linked. Many studies have investigated this topic, finding that emotional arousal increases recall. For instance, Kensinger and Corkin (2003) found that individuals remember emotionally arousing words (such as swear words) more than they remember neutral words. -
Compare and Contrast Two Models Or Theories of One Cognitive Process with Reference to Research Studies
! The following sample is for the learning objective: Compare and contrast two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies. What is the question asking for? * A clear outline of two models of one cognitive process. The cognitive process may be memory, perception, decision-making, language or thinking. * Research is used to support the models as described. The research does not need to be outlined in a lot of detail, but underatanding of the role of research in supporting the models should be apparent.. * Both similarities and differences of the two models should be clearly outlined. Sample response The theory of memory is studied scientifically and several models have been developed to help The cognitive process describe and potentially explain how memory works. Two models that attempt to describe how (memory) and two models are memory works are the Multi-Store Model of Memory, developed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968), clearly identified. and the Working Memory Model of Memory, developed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974). The Multi-store model model explains that all memory is taken in through our senses; this is called sensory input. This information is enters our sensory memory, where if it is attended to, it will pass to short-term memory. If not attention is paid to it, it is displaced. Short-term memory Research. is limited in duration and capacity. According to Miller, STM can hold only 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information. Short-term memory memory lasts for six to twelve seconds. When information in the short-term memory is rehearsed, it enters the long-term memory store in a process called “encoding.” When we recall information, it is retrieved from LTM and moved A satisfactory description of back into STM. -
Dissociation Between Declarative and Procedural Mechanisms in Long-Term Memory
! DISSOCIATION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL MECHANISMS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Dale A. Hirsch August, 2017 ! A dissertation written by Dale A. Hirsch B.A., Cleveland State University, 2010 M.A., Cleveland State University, 2013 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2017 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Bradley Morris _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Christopher Was _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Karrie Godwin Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Lifespan Development and Mary Dellmann-Jenkins Educational Sciences _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human James C. Hannon Services ! ""! ! HIRSCH, DALE A., Ph.D., August 2017 Educational Psychology DISSOCIATION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL MECHANISMS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY (66 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Bradley Morris The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential dissociation between declarative and procedural elements in long-term memory for a facilitation of procedural memory (FPM) paradigm. FPM coupled with a directed forgetting (DF) manipulation was utilized to highlight the dissociation. Three experiments were conducted to that end. All three experiments resulted in facilitation for categorization operations. Experiments one and two additionally found relatively poor recognition for items that participants were told to forget despite the fact that relevant categorization operations were facilitated. Experiment three resulted in similarly poor recognition for category names that participants were told to forget. Taken together, the three experiments in this investigation demonstrate a clear dissociation between the procedural and declarative elements of the FPM task. -
Post-Encoding Stress Does Not Enhance Memory Consolidation: the Role of Cortisol and Testosterone Reactivity
brain sciences Article Post-Encoding Stress Does Not Enhance Memory Consolidation: The Role of Cortisol and Testosterone Reactivity Vanesa Hidalgo 1,* , Carolina Villada 2 and Alicia Salvador 3 1 Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, 44003 Teruel, Spain 2 Department of Psychology, Division of Health Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Leon 37670, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-978-645-346 Received: 11 October 2020; Accepted: 15 December 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Abstract: In contrast to the large body of research on the effects of stress-induced cortisol on memory consolidation in young people, far less attention has been devoted to understanding the effects of stress-induced testosterone on this memory phase. This study examined the psychobiological (i.e., anxiety, cortisol, and testosterone) response to the Maastricht Acute Stress Test and its impact on free recall and recognition for emotional and neutral material. Thirty-seven healthy young men and women were exposed to a stress (MAST) or control task post-encoding, and 24 h later, they had to recall the material previously learned. Results indicated that the MAST increased anxiety and cortisol levels, but it did not significantly change the testosterone levels. Post-encoding MAST did not affect memory consolidation for emotional and neutral pictures. Interestingly, however, cortisol reactivity was negatively related to free recall for negative low-arousal pictures, whereas testosterone reactivity was positively related to free recall for negative-high arousal and total pictures. -
Working Memory and the Organization of Brain Systems
4818 • The Journal of Neuroscience, April 30, 2008 • 28(18):4818–4822 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Working Memory and the Organization of Brain Systems Yael Shrager,1 Daniel A. Levy,2 Ramona O. Hopkins,3 and Larry R. Squire4 1University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, 2Weizmann Institute of Science, Rechovot 76100, Israel, 3Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, and 4Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161 Working memory has historically been viewed as an active maintenance process that is independent of long-term memory and indepen- dent of the medial temporal lobe. However, impaired performance across brief time intervals has sometimes been described in amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe damage. These findings raise a fundamental question about how to know when performance depends on working memory and when the capacity for working memory has been exceeded and performance depends on long-term memory. We describe a method for identifying working memory independently of patient performance. We compared patients with medial temporal lobe damage to controls who were given either distraction or no distraction between study and test. In four experiments, we found concordance between the performance of patients and the effect of distraction on controls. The patients were impaired on tasks in which distraction had minimal effect on control performance, and the patients were intact on tasks in which distraction disrupted control performance. We suggest that the patients were impaired when the task minimally depended on working memory (and instead depended substantially on long-term memory), and they performed well when the task depended substantially on working memory. -
High 1 Effectiveness of Echoic and Iconic Memory in Short-Term and Long-Term Recall Courtney N. High 01/14/13 Mr. Mengel Psychol
High 1 Effectiveness of Echoic and Iconic Memory in Short-term and Long-term Recall Courtney N. High 01/14/13 Mr. Mengel Psychology 1 High 2 Abstract Objective: To see whether iconic memory or echoic memory is more effective at being stored and recalled as short-term and long-term memory in healthy adults. Method: Eight healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 45 were tested in the study. Participants were shown a video containing ten pictures and ten sounds of easily recognizable objects. Participants were asked to recall as many items as they could immediately after the video and were then asked again after a series of questions. Results: In younger adults more visual objects are able to be recalled both short and long term, but with older adults, in short term recall, the same number of sound and visual items where remembered, and with long term recall, sound items were remembered slightly better. Results also showed that iconic memory fades faster than echoic memory. Conclusion: The ability to store and recall iconic and echoic information both short and long term varies with age. The study has several faults including relying on self-reporting on health for participants, and testing environments not being quiet in all tests. Introduction There are three main different types of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory deals with the brief storage of information immediately after stimulation. Sensory memory is then converted to short-term memory if deemed necessary by the brain where it is held. After that, some information will then be stored as long-term memory for later recall. -
What Is Working Memory and How Does It Affect Learning?
3/16/2016 What is working Do you observe these behaviours? memory and how does Is easily distracted when doing something not highly it affect learning? interesting Has trouble waiting his/her turn Struggles with getting started and completing a task. Watches and depends on friends to remind them of the current task Difficulty organising something with multiple steps… frequently stops, frequently loses their place Often seems restless and on the go Fails to progress despite working hard Quick mental arithmetic What is working memory? Who does it affect? 7 + 9 x 3 –4 = 35 x 9 = 35 x 76 = 1 3/16/2016 How does it differ from short term What is working memory? memory? Repeating multi-part instructions A system for temporary Carrying out instructions storage and manipulation of information, necessary for wide range of cognitive tasks Remembering a street address Following driving directions The ability to keep information Following driving directions as a new driver active in your mind for a short period of time (seconds) keeping it available for further processing Working memory is an essential function Alan Baddeley’s Working Memory Metaphor in every day life Central Executive Processes all stimuli we encounter Delegates it to the different parts of our brain that can take action Allows us to block out unnecessary information Visuo-Spatial Phonological Loop Episodic Buffer It keeps us updated on what’s Sketch Pad happening – and keeps us focused on what matters 2 3/16/2016 Working Memory (WM) Capacity: Storage AND Attention Dependent on Many Variables • WM capacity – affected by deficit: disease, genetics, age….but also fatigue, medication, mood. -
Working Memory
Working Memory Chapter 4 1 Working Memory Some memories are very fragile and go into oblivion very quickly. Working memory is one such memory. 1. Try this. Do this mentally. Write your answers on paper. a. 7 X 9 = 63 b. 74 X 9 = 666 c. 74 X 96 = 7104 2 Working Memory (WM) 1. We know attention is limited. So information that gets to memory is also limited. Thus capacity of working memory is limited. 2. Working memory is brief, immediate memory we use for current information. A portion of working memory coordinates ongoing mental activities. 3. Working memory has been known as short-term memory, and is contrasted from long-term. Some investigators believe the two are the same (Nairne, 2002). 3 1 Classic Research on Working Memory (Short-term Memory) 4 Short-term Memory In the 19th century, Sir George Hamilton discovered that he could accurately store about 7 items (marbles) in memory if he glanced at the items quickly. If the items were more than 7 his accuracy decreased. Sir George Hamilton 5 Short-term Memory 1. Miller (1956) wrote, “The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information”. 2. Miller suggested that the capacity of our short-term memory was small. We could store about 5-9 items in it. 3. He also showed that items could be “chunked”, which would increase our memory capacity. George Miller 6 2 Try This ! C T A I I L T C S F R O R E C A L L ! F R A C T O L I S T I C R E C A L L ! 7 Another Example 870-230-5339 (10 items) 870 + 230 + 5 3 3 9 (1) (1) (4) 2 chunks + 4 items (6 items) Capacity of short-term memory may be increased by a process called “chunking”. -
Encoding Processes for Recall and Recognition: the Effect of Instructions and Auxiliary Task Performance
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1977, Vol. 9 (2),127·130 Encoding processes for recall and recognition: The effect of instructions and auxiliary task performance STEPHEN A. MAISTO. RICHARD J. DeWAARD. and MARILYN E. MILLER University of Wisconsin. Milwaukee, Wisconsin 59201 The present experiment investigated the hypothesis that encoding for recall involves organization of input stimuli. while recognition entails encoding to achieve discriminability of individual items. Subjects were given either recall or recognition instructions. one or three presentations of a list of nouns, and did or did not perform an auxiliary task of repeating the words aloud at input. All subjects received recall and recognition tests. The results showed higher recall with recall instructions in the no-task condition. Oral repetition produced a decrement in recall following recall instructions, but had no effect with recognition instructions. Also, the auxiliary task had no effect on recall with recognition instructions, but with recog nition instructions recognition performance was increased to the level of recall subjects. The results are discussed in terms of current models of recall and recognition. In accounting for free recall performance, models encoding of that item" (Tversky, 1973, p. 285). of recall and recognition have incorporated the However, if retrieval processes are important for finding that organization (i.e., forming associations recognition, then there should be much overlap in among items) of target items is positively related to how information is encoded following instructions for efficient retrieval of those items from memory recall and recognition tests. (Klatzky. 1975). However, models of recall and Several researchers have examined encoding differ recognition can be distinguished on the basis of the ences in recall and recognition. -
Intrusions in Episodic Recall: Age Differences in Editing of Overt Responses
Journal of Gerontology: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES Copyright 2005 by The Gerontological Society of America 2005, Vol. 60B, No. 2, P92–P97 Intrusions in Episodic Recall: Age Differences in Editing of Overt Responses Michael J. Kahana,1 Emily D. Dolan,1 Colin L. Sauder,1 and Arthur Wingfield2 1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 2Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts. Two experiments compared episodic word-list recall of young and older adults. In Experiment 1, using standard free-recall procedures, older adults recalled significantly fewer correct items and made significantly more intrusions (recall of items that had not appeared on the target list) than younger adults. In Experiment 2, we introduced a new method, called externalized free recall, in which participants were asked to recall any items that came to mind during the recall period but to indicate with an immediate key press those items they could identify as intrusions. Both age groups generated a large number of intrusions, but older adults were significantly less likely than young adults to identify these as nonlist items. Results suggest that an editing deficit may be a contributor to age differences in episodic recall and that externalized free recall may be a useful tool for testing computationally explicit models of episodic recall. O UNDERSTAND the mechanisms underlying episodic process that limits responses to those items that were in the T memory, we must understand both correct responses and target list. SAM thus embraces the classic generate–recognize memory errors. In word-list recall tasks, errors reflect both view that participants do in fact think of many items that were omissions from a to-be-recalled memory set plus intrusions in not on the target list, but that they reject those responses prior to the form of erroneous recall of items that had not appeared in the producing them for overt recall (Anderson & Bower, 1972; target list. -
Sleep Problems Across Development: a Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory
J Youth Adolescence DOI 10.1007/s10964-014-0179-7 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory April Gile Thomas • Kathryn C. Monahan • Angela F. Lukowski • Elizabeth Cauffman Received: 22 April 2014 / Accepted: 23 August 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Abstract Problematic sleep can be detrimental to the middle childhood to adolescence. Although sleep problems development of important cognitive functions, such as in infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood were not working memory, and may have the potential for negative directly related to adolescent working memory, sleep behavioral consequences, such as risk-taking. In this way, problems during adolescence were associated with poorer sleep problems may be particularly harmful for youth— adolescent working memory. In turn, these deficits in whose cognitive abilities are still developing and who are working memory were related to greater risk taking in late more susceptible to risky behavior. Using data from a large, adolescence. In summary, the present results suggest that national, longitudinal study, continuity and change in sleep sleep problems in earlier periods are indicative of risk for problems were examined from 2 to 15 years of age and sleep problems later in development, but that sleep problems associated with deficits in working memory at age 15 and in adolescence contribute uniquely to deficits in working risk taking behaviors at age 18. Participants (N = 1,364 memory that, in turn, lead to risky behavior during late children; 48.3 % female) were assessed for sleep problems adolescence. (parent-report), working memory (behavioral task), and risk taking behavior (youth self-report). -
Cognitive Functions of the Brain: Perception, Attention and Memory
IFM LAB TUTORIAL SERIES # 6, COPYRIGHT c IFM LAB Cognitive Functions of the Brain: Perception, Attention and Memory Jiawei Zhang [email protected] Founder and Director Information Fusion and Mining Laboratory (First Version: May 2019; Revision: May 2019.) Abstract This is a follow-up tutorial article of [17] and [16], in this paper, we will introduce several important cognitive functions of the brain. Brain cognitive functions are the mental processes that allow us to receive, select, store, transform, develop, and recover information that we've received from external stimuli. This process allows us to understand and to relate to the world more effectively. Cognitive functions are brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex. They are related with the mechanisms of how we learn, remember, problem-solve, and pay attention, etc. To be more specific, in this paper, we will talk about the perception, attention and memory functions of the human brain. Several other brain cognitive functions, e.g., arousal, decision making, natural language, motor coordination, planning, problem solving and thinking, will be added to this paper in the later versions, respectively. Many of the materials used in this paper are from wikipedia and several other neuroscience introductory articles, which will be properly cited in this paper. This is the last of the three tutorial articles about the brain. The readers are suggested to read this paper after the previous two tutorial articles on brain structure and functions [17] as well as the brain basic neural units [16]. Keywords: The Brain; Cognitive Function; Consciousness; Attention; Learning; Memory Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Perception 3 2.1 Detailed Process of Perception .