Memory & Cognition
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Semantic Memory - Psychology - Oxford Bibliographies
1/16/2019 Semantic Memory - Psychology - Oxford Bibliographies Semantic Memory Michael N. Jones, Johnathan Avery LAST MODIFIED: 15 JANUARY 2019 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/97801998283400231 Introduction Semantic memory refers to our general world knowledge that encompasses memory for concepts, facts, and the meanings of words and other symbolic units that constitute formal communication systems such as language or math. In the classic hierarchical view of memory, declarative memory was subdivided into two independent modules: episodic memory, which is our autobiographical store of individual events, and semantic memory, which is our general store of abstracted knowledge. However, more recent theoretical accounts have greatly reduced the independence of these two memory systems, and episodic memory is typically viewed as a gateway to semantic memory accessed through the process of abstraction. Modern accounts view semantic memory as deeply rooted in sensorimotor experience, abstracted across many episodic memories to highlight the stable characteristics and mute the idiosyncratic ones. A great deal of research in neuroscience has focused on both how the brain creates semantic memories and what brain regions share the responsibility for storage and retrieval of semantic knowledge. These include many classic experiments that studied the behavior of individuals with brain damage and various types of semantic disorders but also more modern studies that employ neuroimaging techniques to study how the brain creates and stores semantic memories. Classically, semantic memory had been treated as a miscellaneous area of study for anything in declarative memory that was not clearly within the realm of episodic memory, and formal models of meaning in memory did not advance at the pace of models of episodic memory. -
Effect of Emotional Arousal 1 Running Head
Effect of Emotional Arousal 1 Running Head: THE EFFECT OF EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ON RECALL The Effect of Emotional Arousal and Valence on Memory Recall 500181765 Bangor University Group 14, Thursday Afternoon Effect of Emotional Arousal 2 Abstract This study examined the effect of emotion on memory when recalling positive, negative and neutral events. Four hundred and fourteen participants aged over 18 years were asked to read stories that differed in emotional arousal and valence, and then performed a spatial distraction task before they were asked to recall the details of the stories. Afterwards, participants rated the stories on how emotional they found them, from ‘Very Negative’ to ‘Very Positive’. It was found that the emotional stories were remembered significantly better than the neutral story; however there was no significant difference in recall when a negative mood was induced versus a positive mood. Therefore this research suggests that emotional valence does not affect recall but emotional arousal affects recall to a large extent. Effect of Emotional Arousal 3 Emotional arousal has often been found to influence an individual’s recall of past events. It has been documented that highly emotional autobiographical memories tend to be remembered in better detail than neutral events in a person’s life. Structures involved in memory and emotions, the hippocampus and amygdala respectively, are joined in the limbic system within the brain. Therefore, it would seem true that emotions and memory are linked. Many studies have investigated this topic, finding that emotional arousal increases recall. For instance, Kensinger and Corkin (2003) found that individuals remember emotionally arousing words (such as swear words) more than they remember neutral words. -
Implicit Memory in Amnesic Patients: When Is Auditory Priming Spared?
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (1995), 1, 434-442. Copyright © 1995 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA. Implicit memory in amnesic patients: When is auditory priming spared? DANIEL L. SCHACTER1 AND BARBARA CHURCH2 1 Harvard University and Memory Disorders Research Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cambridge, MA 02138 2 University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820 (RECEIVED February 16, 1995; ACCEPTED March 2, 1995) Abstract Amnesic patients often exhibit spared priming effects on implicit memory tests despite poor explicit memory. In previous research, we found normal auditory priming in amnesic patients on a task in which the magnitude of priming in control subjects was independent of whether speaker's voice was same or different at study and test, and found impaired voice-specific priming on a task in which priming in control subjects is higher when speaker's voice is the same at study and test than when it is different. The present experiments provide further evidence of spared auditory priming in amnesia, demonstrate that normal priming effects are not an artifact of low levels of baseline performance, and provide suggestive evidence that amnesic patients can exhibit voice-specific priming when experimental conditions do not require them to interactively bind together word and voice information. (JINS, 1995, 7, 434-442.) Keywords: Amnesia, Priming, Implicit memory Introduction jects heard a list of spoken words and judged either the category to which each word belongs (semantic encoding It is well known that amnesic patients can exhibit robust task) or the pitch of the speaker's voice (nonsemantic en- implicit memory despite impaired explicit memory. -
Compare and Contrast Two Models Or Theories of One Cognitive Process with Reference to Research Studies
! The following sample is for the learning objective: Compare and contrast two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies. What is the question asking for? * A clear outline of two models of one cognitive process. The cognitive process may be memory, perception, decision-making, language or thinking. * Research is used to support the models as described. The research does not need to be outlined in a lot of detail, but underatanding of the role of research in supporting the models should be apparent.. * Both similarities and differences of the two models should be clearly outlined. Sample response The theory of memory is studied scientifically and several models have been developed to help The cognitive process describe and potentially explain how memory works. Two models that attempt to describe how (memory) and two models are memory works are the Multi-Store Model of Memory, developed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968), clearly identified. and the Working Memory Model of Memory, developed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974). The Multi-store model model explains that all memory is taken in through our senses; this is called sensory input. This information is enters our sensory memory, where if it is attended to, it will pass to short-term memory. If not attention is paid to it, it is displaced. Short-term memory Research. is limited in duration and capacity. According to Miller, STM can hold only 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information. Short-term memory memory lasts for six to twelve seconds. When information in the short-term memory is rehearsed, it enters the long-term memory store in a process called “encoding.” When we recall information, it is retrieved from LTM and moved A satisfactory description of back into STM. -
Brain Disorders and Therapy the Composition of Visual Memory and the Impact of Emotions: the Color of Memory
Brain Disorders and Therapy Extended Abstract The composition of visual memory and the impact of emotions: the color of memory Nydia J Gutierrez ABSTRACT between DE and VR are disparate. It is important to remember that in many visual memory tasks the guess factor in DE is Art therapy creates an implicit memory that helps to reduce smaller than that observed (e.g., 50 percent guess rate for Faces stress and anticipates emotional cognitive changes and in WMS – III). behavior. It creates a regular function between peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and the somatic nervous system. This model is represented as a neural Long-term memory is a central component of human learning algorithm that defines brain functions and models. The that allows for a range of abilities and behaviors that are also model represents a brain relation, behavior, and correlation to essential to survival. While this core competency for human thought and the human mind. In the peripheral procedural and declarative memory has been widely nervous system we find dividend between the autonomic established, it remains uncertain if specific mechanisms nervous system and the somatic nervous system. subserve basic sensory or perceptual processes. Here we use a visual learning model to demonstrate how people are prepared The model design and created in this research presents daily to look for Different visual features in the environment functioning cognitive variables that serve as a unity to reduce contribute to consistent performance changes over consecutive stress and negative emotional experiences. There is an days but, oddly, the subsequent ability to learn similar visual increase of variation and stimulation that carries effects and features is removed. -
Working Memory and Cued Recall Max V
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern University Honors Program Theses 2016 Working memory and cued recall Max V. Fey 8602950 Karen Naufel Georgia Southern University Lawrence Locker Georgia Southern University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Fey, Max V. 8602950; Naufel, Karen; and Locker, Lawrence, "Working memory and cued recall" (2016). University Honors Program Theses. 220. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/220 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Program Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Working Memory and Cued Recall Working Memory and Cued Recall An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Psychology. By Maximilian Fey Under the mentorship of Dr. Karen Naufel ABSTRACT Previous research has found that individuals with high working memory have greater recall capabilities than those with low working memory (Unsworth, Spiller, & Brewers, 2012). Research did not test the extent to which cues affect one’s recall ability in relation to working memory. The present study will examine this issue. Participants completed a working memory measure. Then, they were provided with cued recall tasks whereby they recalled Facebook friends. The cues varied to be no cues, ambiguous cues high in imageability, and cues directly related to Facebook. The results showed that there was no difference between individual’s ability to recall their Facebook friends and their working memory scores. -
Post-Encoding Stress Does Not Enhance Memory Consolidation: the Role of Cortisol and Testosterone Reactivity
brain sciences Article Post-Encoding Stress Does Not Enhance Memory Consolidation: The Role of Cortisol and Testosterone Reactivity Vanesa Hidalgo 1,* , Carolina Villada 2 and Alicia Salvador 3 1 Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, 44003 Teruel, Spain 2 Department of Psychology, Division of Health Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Leon 37670, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-978-645-346 Received: 11 October 2020; Accepted: 15 December 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Abstract: In contrast to the large body of research on the effects of stress-induced cortisol on memory consolidation in young people, far less attention has been devoted to understanding the effects of stress-induced testosterone on this memory phase. This study examined the psychobiological (i.e., anxiety, cortisol, and testosterone) response to the Maastricht Acute Stress Test and its impact on free recall and recognition for emotional and neutral material. Thirty-seven healthy young men and women were exposed to a stress (MAST) or control task post-encoding, and 24 h later, they had to recall the material previously learned. Results indicated that the MAST increased anxiety and cortisol levels, but it did not significantly change the testosterone levels. Post-encoding MAST did not affect memory consolidation for emotional and neutral pictures. Interestingly, however, cortisol reactivity was negatively related to free recall for negative low-arousal pictures, whereas testosterone reactivity was positively related to free recall for negative-high arousal and total pictures. -
Internal Attention to Features in Visual Short-Term Memory Guides Object Learning ⇑ ⇑ Judith E
Cognition 129 (2013) 292–308 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cognition journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Internal attention to features in visual short-term memory guides object learning ⇑ ⇑ Judith E. Fan , Nicholas B. Turk-Browne Green Hall, Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States article info abstract Article history: Attending to objects in the world affects how we perceive and remember them. What are Received 11 October 2012 the consequences of attending to an object in mind? In particular, how does reporting the Revised 1 April 2013 features of a recently seen object guide visual learning? In three experiments, observers Accepted 20 June 2013 were presented with abstract shapes in a particular color, orientation, and location. After viewing each object, observers were cued to report one feature from visual short-term memory (VSTM). In a subsequent test, observers were cued to report features of the same Keywords: objects from visual long-term memory (VLTM). We tested whether reporting a feature Features and objects from VSTM: (1) enhances VLTM for just that feature (practice-benefit hypothesis), (2) Memory encoding Memory retrieval enhances VLTM for all features (object-based hypothesis), or (3) simultaneously enhances Selective attention VLTM for that feature and suppresses VLTM for unreported features (feature-competition Visual short-term memory hypothesis). The results provided support for the feature-competition hypothesis, whereby Visual working memory the representation of an object in VLTM was biased towards features reported from VSTM and away from unreported features (Experiment 1). This bias could not be explained by the amount of sensory exposure or response learning (Experiment 2) and was amplified by the reporting of multiple features (Experiment 3). -
Discovery Misattribution: When Solving Is Confused with Remembering
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 2007, Vol. 136, No. 4, 577–592 0096-3445/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.577 Discovery Misattribution: When Solving Is Confused With Remembering Sonya Dougal Jonathan W. Schooler New York University University of British Columbia This study explored the discovery misattribution hypothesis, which posits that the experience of solving an insight problem can be confused with recognition. In Experiment 1, solutions to successfully solved anagrams were more likely to be judged as old on a recognition test than were solutions to unsolved anagrams regardless of whether they had been studied. Experiment 2 demonstrated that anagram solving can increase the proportion of “old” judgments relative to words presented outright. Experiment 3 revealed that under certain conditions, solving anagrams influences the proportion of “old” judgments to unrelated items immediately following the solved item. In Experiment 4, the effect of solving was reduced by the introduction of a delay between solving the anagrams and the recognition judgments. Finally, Experiments 5 and 6 demonstrated that anagram solving leads to an illusion of recollection. Keywords: recognition, memory misattribution, recollection, insight problem There is something very similar about the experience of recol- found that increasing the perceptual fluency of items on a recog- lection and that of discovery. In both cases, a thought comes to nition test by preceding them with subliminally -
How Trauma Impacts Four Different Types of Memory
How Trauma Impacts Four Different Types of Memory EXPLICIT MEMORY IMPLICIT MEMORY SEMANTIC MEMORY EPISODIC MEMORY EMOTIONAL MEMORY PROCEDURAL MEMORY What It Is What It Is What It Is What It Is The memory of general knowledge and The autobiographical memory of an event The memory of the emotions you felt The memory of how to perform a facts. or experience – including the who, what, during an experience. common task without actively thinking and where. Example Example Example Example You remember what a bicycle is. You remember who was there and what When a wave of shame or anxiety grabs You can ride a bicycle automatically, with- street you were on when you fell off your you the next time you see your bicycle out having to stop and recall how it’s bicycle in front of a crowd. after the big fall. done. How Trauma Can Affect It How Trauma Can Affect It How Trauma Can Affect It How Trauma Can Affect It Trauma can prevent information (like Trauma can shutdown episodic memory After trauma, a person may get triggered Trauma can change patterns of words, images, sounds, etc.) from differ- and fragment the sequence of events. and experience painful emotions, often procedural memory. For example, a ent parts of the brain from combining to without context. person might tense up and unconsciously make a semantic memory. alter their posture, which could lead to pain or even numbness. Related Brain Area Related Brain Area Related Brain Area Related Brain Area The temporal lobe and inferior parietal The hippocampus is responsible for The amygdala plays a key role in The striatum is associated with producing cortex collect information from different creating and recalling episodic memory. -
Perceptual Thresholds and Priming in Amnesia
Neuropsychology In the public domain 1995, Vol. 9, No. 1,3-15 Perceptual Thresholds and Priming in Amnesia Stephan B. Hamann Larry R. Squire University of California, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego and University of California, San Diego Daniel L. Schacter Harvard University The widely accepted idea that perceptual priming is intact in amnesia was challenged recently by the suggestion that perceptual identification (PID) thresholds are elevated in amnesia and that this impairment could mask a priming deficit by artificially inflating priming scores. The authors examined the PID thresholds of amnesic patients across a wide range of stimulus conditions and accuracy levels. Baseline thresholds and priming effects were fully intact for all amnesic patients except in a condition using small stimuli (1.1° x 0.25° of visual angle). In that condition, only the patients with Korsakoff's syndrome were impaired. Accordingly, elevated perceptual thresholds are not a necessary consequence of amnesia, and normal priming in amnesia is not an artifact of threshold differences. The results support the conclusion that priming is independent of the brain structures important for declarative memory that are damaged in amnesia. Considerable evidence has accumulated in recent years for medial temporal lobe and diencephalic structures that are distinguishing between different kinds of memory that depend damaged in amnesia (Squire & Zola-Morgan, 1991; Zola- on multiple separate brain systems (Richardson-Klavehn & Morgan & Squire, 1993). Nondeclarative memory is indepen- Bjork, 1988; Schacter, 1987; Squire, 1982; Tulving, 1985; dent of these brain structures. Weiskrantz, 1990). The major distinction is between declara- The conclusion that nondeclarative memory is spared in tive (explicit) memory, which affords conscious recollection of amnesia is based on a considerable body of evidence compar- past facts or episodes, and nondeclarative (implicit) memory, ing normal and memory-impaired subjects. -
Cognition, Affect, and Learning —The Role of Emotions in Learning
How People Learn: Cognition, Affect, and Learning —The Role of Emotions in Learning Barry Kort Ph.D. and Robert Reilly Ed.D. {kort, reilly}@media.mit.edu formerly MIT Media Lab Draft as of date January 2, 2019 Learning is the quintessential emotional experience. Our species, Homo Sapiens, are the beings who think. We are also the beings who learn, and the beings who simultaneously experience a rich spectrum of affective emotional states, including a selected suite of emotional states specifically and directly related to learning. This proposal reviews previously published research and theoretical models relating emotions to learning and cognition and presents ideas and proposals for extending that research and reducing it to practice. Our perspective The concept of affect in learning (i.e., emotions in learning) is the same pedagogy applied by an athletic coach at a sporting event. A coach recognizes the affective state of an athlete, and, for example, exhorts that athlete toward increased performance (e.g., raises the level of enthusiasm), or, redirects a frustrated athlete to a productive affective state (e.g., instills confidence, or pride). A coach recognizes that an athlete’s affective state is a critical factor during performance; and, when appropriate, a coach will intervene with a meaningful strategy or tactic. Athletic coaches are skilled at recognizing affective states and intervening appropriately. Educators can have the same impact on a learner by understanding a learner’s affective state and intervening with appropriate strategies or tactics that will meaningfully manage and guide a person’s learning journey. There are several learning theories and a great deal of neuroscience/affective research.