DOCSLIB.ORG

Public Health Risk Mapping and Capacities Assessment in Ghana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Public Health Risk Mapping and Capacities Assessment in Ghana PUBLIC HEALTH RISK MAPPING AND CAPACITIES ASSESSMENT IN GHANA Prepared for GHS/MoH with support from WHO JULY 2016 REPUBLIC OF GHANA PUBLIC HEALTH RISK MAPPING AND CAPACITIES ASSESSMENT IN GHANA Prepared for GHS/MoH with support from WHO JULY 2016 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ...................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................................... vi GLOSSARY OF TERMS .................................................................................................................... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Structure of the Report ............................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Rationale ................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER TWO – COUNTRY PROFILE ............................................................................................ 2 2.1 Geography ............................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Political History and Administration ...................................................................................... 3 2.3 Demography ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.4 Socio-economic status............................................................................................................. 4 2.5 Health status ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.6 Health System ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.7 Ecological Zones ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.7.1 Northern Savannah Zone ................................................................................................ 5 2.7.2 Forest Zone ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.7.3 Coastal Zone ................................................................................................................... 7 2.8 International Health Regulations (2005) ................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER THREE – PUBLIC HEALTH RISK MAPPING ................................................................ 9 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 11 3.3 Description of the Methodology ........................................................................................... 12 3.4 Hazard Analysis .................................................................................................................... 12 3.4.1 Hazard Identification ..................................................................................................... 12 3.4.2 Hazard Description ....................................................................................................... 15 3.4.2.1 Cholera ..................................................................................................................... 15 i 3.4.2.2 Meningitis ................................................................................................................. 16 3.4.2.3 Yellow Fever ............................................................................................................. 18 3.4.2.4 Avian and Pandemic Influenza ................................................................................. 20 3.4.2.5 Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers ....................................................................................... 22 3.4.2.6 Flood ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.4.2.7 Drought ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.4.2.8 Earthquake ................................................................................................................ 27 3.4.2.9 Land (Road) Transport Accidents ............................................................................. 29 3.4.2.10 Air Transport (Aviation) Accidents .......................................................................... 31 3.4.2.11 Water Transport Accidents ....................................................................................... 31 3.4.2.12 Structural Collapse .................................................................................................... 32 3.4.2.13 Nuclear and Radiological Emergency ....................................................................... 32 3.4.2.14 Fire ............................................................................................................................ 34 3.4.2.15 Oil and Natural Gas Emergency ............................................................................... 35 3.4.2.16 Chemical ................................................................................................................... 36 3.4.2.17 Civil Disorder ............................................................................................................ 37 3.4.2.18 Terrorism ................................................................................................................... 37 3.5. Risk Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 38 3.5.1 Cholera ................................................................................................................................. 38 3.5.2 Meningitis ............................................................................................................................ 40 3.5.3 Yellow Fever ........................................................................................................................ 42 3.5.4 Avian and Pandemic Influenza ............................................................................................ 44 3.5.5 Ebola Virus Disease and Other Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers ................................................ 45 3.5.6 Flood .................................................................................................................................... 46 3.5.7 Drought ................................................................................................................................ 47 3.5.8 Earthquake ........................................................................................................................... 48 3.5.9 Road Traffic Injuries ............................................................................................................ 48 3.5.10 Aviation or Air Transport Accident ................................................................................... 49 3.5.11 Water Transport Accident .................................................................................................. 49 3.5.12 Structure Collapse .............................................................................................................. 50 3.5.13 Nuclear and Radiological ................................................................................................... 50 3.5.14 Fire ..................................................................................................................................... 50 3.5.15 Oil and Gas Spillage .......................................................................................................... 50 ii 3.5.16 Chemical ............................................................................................................................ 51 3.5.17 Civil Disorder ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.5.18 Terrorism ............................................................................................................................ 51 3.6 Ranking of Risks ................................................................................................................... 53 3.7 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strategic Approaches to Evidence at the Parliament of Ghana Strengthening Institutional-Level Use of Evidence in Decision Making
    Learning, Reflections & Innovation @ INASP Evidence use in parliaments June 2017 Strategic approaches to evidence at the Parliament of Ghana Strengthening institutional-level use of evidence in decision making Systematic use of quality, In order to help address these independent evidence is challenges, over the course of three essential for a parliament and a half years (2013-2017) the to effectively scrutinize the INASP-led VakaYiko Consortium2 executive and represent the worked with the Parliament of citizens of their country. Ghana in strengthening research However, parliaments are and information systems to support complex, dynamic and highly evidence use in decision making. political institutions, with many different stakeholders In its first three years, the VakaYiko providing and using evidence programme sought mainly to through myriad formal and increase capacity at an individual informal channels. A constantly level, targeting research and shifting web of external information support staff in five and internal factors shape key departments and seeking to how this evidence is used, strengthen their skills in accessing, ranging from the macro-level appraising, and communicating social, economic and political evidence for policymakers3. These environment to a parliament’s training workshops took a learner- legal relationship with the centred approach to adult learning, executive, its internal capacity emphasizing exploration and self- and organizational culture, reflection through practical and and issues of resources, participatory group work including management processes and techniques such as stakeholder The Parliament of Ghana. Photo 1 leadership . mapping, case studies and credit: Jonathan Ernst / World Bank The Parliament of Ghana Since Ghana’s return to multi-party democracy with the adoption of the 1992 Constitution, Parliament has evolved from a House with one-party representation to a 275-member House with an almost equal ratio of majority and minority parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Constituency Service in Ghana
    Constituency Service in Ghana Joseph Luna⇤ August 20, 2015 Abstract Constituency service is an important duty for politicians. Numerous scholars argue that this duty is critical for reelection (Fiorina 1977, Fenno 1978). In the African context, constituency service is also important for both electoral and social reasons, but research on this topic primarily focuses on national legislators. Based on my fieldwork observations, I argue that citizens in sub–Saharan Africa often turn to local politicians for a variety of reasons. Drawing from a survey administered to 2809 Ghanaian cocoa farmers, I employ a non-parametric matching design to determine which factors drive these farmers to seek help from various local leaders. I find nuanced results across treatments spanning economic, political and demographic dimensions. The results of this research hold numerous implications for scholars and practitioners. I. Introduction Addressing constituent requests is an important task for politicians all over the world. For politicians, meeting these requests can translate into votes and ultimate reelection. Fenno (1978) examines the “home styles” of United States congressmen, detailing the various ways in which they interact with constituents and satisfy their requests. Fiorina (1977) also em- phasizes the role congressmen play in “unsticking” the bureaucracy for constituents with ⇤[email protected]. Michael Hiscox and Jens Hainmueller courteously permitted my use of data gathered by the Harvard–Ghana Cocoa Team, on which I am a member. Special thanks to the seventy Ghanaians who administered the survey and the 2809 farmers who patiently donated their time. Further special thanks to Abednego Majisi for assistance at the Parliament of Ghana and to the Department of Cooperatives for facilitating focus groups.
    [Show full text]
  • A Consociational Analysis of the Experiences of Ghana in West Africa (1992-2016) Halidu Musah
    Democratic Governance and Conflict Resistance in Conflict-prone Societies : A Consociational Analysis of the Experiences of Ghana in West Africa (1992-2016) Halidu Musah To cite this version: Halidu Musah. Democratic Governance and Conflict Resistance in Conflict-prone Societies : A Conso- ciational Analysis of the Experiences of Ghana in West Africa (1992-2016). Political science. Université de Bordeaux, 2018. English. NNT : 2018BORD0411. tel-03092255 HAL Id: tel-03092255 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03092255 Submitted on 2 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX École Doctorale SP2 : Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX Laboratoire d’accueil : Les Afriques dans le monde (LAM) Par: Halidu MUSAH TITRE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND CONFLICT RESISTANCE IN CONFLICT-PRONE SOCIETIES: A CONSOCIATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCES OF GHANA IN WEST AFRICA (1992-2016) (Gouvernance démocratique et résistance aux conflits dans les sociétés enclines aux conflits: Une analyse consociationnelle des expériences du Ghana en Afrique de l'Ouest (1992-2016)). Sous la direction de M. Dominique DARBON Présentée et soutenue publiquement Le 13 décembre 2018 Composition du jury : M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parliament of Ghana: a Countervailing Force in the Governance Process?
    The Parliament of Ghana: A countervailing force in the governance process? By Ernest Darfour Ghana (or the Gold Coast at the time), established its first semblance of a Parliament (Legislative Council) in 1850 with representatives appointed by the British colonial government. The Legislative Council consisted of the Governor and at least two other person appointed by the colonial administration. The Legislative Council was required to make laws and ordinances necessary for the peace, order and governance of the Gold Coast. The legislature at the time was merely an advisory body and had no oversight power over the colonial government. Various agitations against the colonial authorities for equal representation and universal suffrage led to the transformation of the non-elected legislature into an elected Legislative Assembly in 1954. After gaining independence in March 1957, Ghana saw four Parliaments under four different Republics (i.e. First Republican Constitution of 1960, the Second Republican Constitution of 1969, the Third Republican Constitution of 1981 and the Fourth Republican Constitution of 1992). The incessant interventions of the military in politics truncated the terms of the first three Parliaments in 1966, 1972 and 1981. The democratic instability that was witnessed over the period ensured that Parliament was an unstable governance institution until 1993, when democracy was finally restored under the Fourth Republic. Since then, Ghana has conducted six multiparty elections that have been described as free and fair by both international and local observers. Five Parliaments have been elected and 1 completed their terms successfully, with the Sixth Parliament gradually approaching its expiration in January 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of the Tourism Values of Northern Ghana. a Mini Review of Some Sacred Groves and Other Unique Sites
    Journal of Tourism & Sports Management (JTSM) (ISSN:2642-021X) 2021 SciTech Central Inc., USA Vol. 4 (1) 568-586 AN EXPLORATION OF THE TOURISM VALUES OF NORTHERN GHANA. A MINI REVIEW OF SOME SACRED GROVES AND OTHER UNIQUE SITES Benjamin Makimilua Tiimub∗∗∗ College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China Isaac Baani Faculty of Environment and Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Ashanti Mampong Campus, Ghana Kwasi Obiri-Danso Office of the Former Vice Chancellor, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Issahaku Abdul-Rahaman Desert Research Institute, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana Elisha Nyannube Tiimob Department of Transport, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Regional Maritime University, Nungua, Accra, Ghana Anita Bans-Akutey Faculty of Business Education, BlueCrest University College, Kokomlemle, Accra, Ghana Joan Jackline Agyenta Educational Expert in Higher Level Teacher Education, N.I.B. School, GES, Techiman, Bono East Region, Ghana Received 24 May 2021; Revised 12 June 2021; Accepted 14 June 2021 ABSTRACT Aside optimization of amateurism, scientific and cultural values, the tourism prospects of the 7 regions constituting Northern Ghana from literature review reveals that each area contains at least three unique sites. These sites offer various services which can be integrated ∗Correspondence to: Benjamin Makimilua Tiimub, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People’s Republic of China; Tel: 0086 182 58871677; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 568 Tiimub, Baani , Kwasi , Issahaku, Tiimob et al. into value chains for sustainable medium and long-term tourism development projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of Ghana Public Expenditure and Financial
    GOVERNMENT OF GHANA PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY (PEFA) PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT REPORT Based on the PEFA 2016 FRAMEWORK September 25, 2018 Final Report Funded by GOVERNMENT OF GHANA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Assessment Report -September 2018 The quality assurance process followed in the production of this report satisfies all the requirements of the PEFA Secretariat and hence receives the ‘PEFA CHECK’. PEFA Secretariat September 25, 2018 Currency: Ghanaian cedi (GH₵) Exchange rate, GH₵4.9 = US$1 (September 2018) Fiscal Year = January - December Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 5 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 17 2. COUNTRY BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................................... 21 3. ASSESSMENT OF PFM PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................. 35 PILLAR ONE: Budget reliability .............................................................................................................. 35 PI-1. Aggregate expenditure outturn ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “Nkitahodie” Policy Dialogue Series 2016
    Report of UNDP “Nkitahodie” Policy Dialogue Series 2016 1 Paris Climate Change Agreement- Alisa Hotel, Implications for Ghana: Accra-Ghana 27th October An Interactive Policy Dialogue 2016 with Political Parties Nkitahodie (ENGAGEMENT) 2 United Nations Development Programme UN House No. 7 Ring Road East (Near Fire Services HQ) Accra, Ghana www.undp.org © 2016 UNDP Ghana 7 Ring Road East, Near Fire Service Headquarters: Accra Ghana UNDP Ghana Sustainable Development Cluster in Collaboration with the Joint Party Support and Strengthening Project (JPASS) brought together the five leading political parties in Ghana; CPP, NDC, NPP PNC and PPP to deliberate and discuss the implications of Paris Climate Change Agreement on Ghana and to explore political 3 parties plan for a resilience sustainable future for Ghana. Nkitahodie in Twi Language connotes interaction and engagement. Thus, Nkitahodie Policy Dialogue Series is an interactive forum created by UNDP Ghana to provide platform and avenue for policy makers, politicians, civil society, researchers and public to interact and find solutions to key governance issues in Ghana. Disclaimer The analysis and policy recommendations in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or the UN Member States. UNDP will like to thank Vivienne Helps and Tim Pfefferle for proofreading and editing the first draft of this report and John Gehringer for the graphic design. Series Editors: Rita Effah and Chika Charles Aniekwe Series Contributors: Enoch Cudjoe, Heather
    [Show full text]
  • THE HYBRID Constitlution and ITS ATTENDANT DIFFICULT-IES
    THE HYBRID CONSTITlUTION AND ITS ATTENDANT DIFFICULT-IES I THE iNSTlTUTE OF ECONOMIC AFFPIRS The Institute of Economic Affairs 'THEHYBRID CONSTITUTION AND ITS ATTENDANT DIFFICULTIES Hon. Prof. Mike Oquaye, 2" Deputy Speaker of Parliament This work was carried out with the aid of a grantfrom the International Development Research Centre, Canada under the Think Tanlc Initiative. O 2010 Copyright by Institute of Economic Affairs Printed in Ghana.Al1 rights reserved. No part of this work may be published, used or reproduced in any manner without written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. Publication of this work signifies that The Institute of Economic Affairs regards it as a competent treatment worthy of public consideration. The findings, interpretations and conclusions of this paper are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed to the Institute of Economic Affairs or any organizations that support it. The Institute of Econoinic Affairs (IEA) Ghana was founded in October 1989 as an independent, public policy institute dedicated to the establishment and strengthening of a market economy and a democratic, free and open society. It considers improvements in the legal, social and political institutions as necessary conditions for a sustained economic growth and human development. The IEA supports research, and promotes and publishes studies on important economic, socio-political and legal issues in order to enhance understanding ofpublic policy. Further information may be obtained from The Institute of Economic Affairs, P.O. Box OS 1936,Osu,Accra, Ghana. ISBN: 988-584-84-9 ISSN: 0855-3238 PREFACE As part of a series of lectures on constitutional reforms, The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA, Ghana) is pleased to publish the full text of a paper delivered by Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Use in Decision Making by Parliamentarians in Ghana Hawa Osman Ms University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2014 Information Use in Decision Making By Parliamentarians in Ghana Hawa Osman Ms University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, [email protected] Dominic Dankwah Agyei Mr. University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Law and Politics Commons, Legislation Commons, and the Library and Information Science Commons Osman, Hawa Ms and Agyei, Dominic Dankwah Mr., "Information Use in Decision Making By Parliamentarians in Ghana" (2014). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 1137. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1137 Background Information The legislative representation in Ghana dates back to 1850, when the country was known as Gold Coast under the British colony. During this time the legislative council was purely an advisory body since the governor exercised all legislative and Executive powers. A new constitution was introduced in 1946 which allowed for an unofficial member of the legislative council to become its president while the governor became the ex-offio president of the body. This system continued until 1951 when a new constitution was drawn, which gave power to the legislature to elect its own speaker. The first speaker elected was Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist. The parliament of Ghana was established by article 93 clauses 2 of the 1992 constitution of Ghana. To qualify as a member of parliament one has to be a citizen of Ghana, twenty one (21) years and above, a registered voter and a resident of a constituency for which he want to stand as a candidate.
    [Show full text]
  • PPA Public Affairs | 3/12/2018 [PDF]
    Vol. 9, Issue 1 Public Procurement Authority: Electronic Bulletin Jan — Feb 2018 E-Bulletin Public Procurement Authority Reflections on Public Procurement Act 663 as amended: Inside this i s s u e : A Year On…. Editorial - Page 1 Online Activities : Page 2 Public Procurement Going global and Local —Page 5 Corruption Perception Index -Page 6 Submitting a Winning Tender—Page 6 Reflections on Act 663 As Amended views of a Practitioner- Page 7 Reflections on Act 663 As Amended from Zonal Office- Page 9 Procurement News—Page 10 eGP and Savings—Page 11 Entity Categorisation — Page 13 Procurement Humour —Page 15 Submit 2018 Procurement Plan Using PPA’s Onlinc Procurement Planning System (http://planning.ppaghana.org/) Page 1 Public Procurement Authority: Electronic Bulletin Jan — Feb 2018 Vol. 9, Issue 1 Online Activities—Procurement Plan List of entities that have submitted their 2018 Procurement Plans Online As At February 28 , 2018 1. Abura/ Asebu/ Kwamankese District Assembly 56. Environmental Protection Agency 2. Accra College Of Education 57. European Dynamics 3. Accra Technical University 58. Fanteakwa District Assembly 4. Ada West District Assembly 59. Fiaseman Senior High School 5. Adiembra Senior High School 60. Fijai Senior High School 6. Aduman Senior High School 61. Fisheries Commission 7. Afadzato south District Assembly 62. Forestry Commission 8. Agona West Manucipal Assembly 63. Ga South Municipal Assembly 9. Agotime-Ziope District Assembly 64. Gaming Commission of Ghana 10. Ahanta West District Assembly 65. Ghana Airports Company Limited 11. Ahantaman Senior High School 66. Ghana Atomic Energy Commission 12. Ajumako/ Enyan/ Esiam District Assembly 67. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliament of Ghana
    REPUBLIC OF GHANA MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK (MTEF) FOR 2018 - 2021 PROGRAMME BASED BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR 2018 parliament of ghana For copies of the PoG MTEF PBB Estimates, please contact the Public Relations Office of the Ministry: Ministry of Finance Public Relations Office New Building, Ground Floor, Room 001/ 003 P. O. Box MB 40, Accra – Ghana The PoG MTEF PBB Estimates for 2018 is also available on the internet at: www.mofep.gov.gh Parliament of Ghana Page ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A: STRATEGIC OVERVIEW OF PARLIAMENT OF GHANA ......... 4 1. NATIONAL POLICY OBJECTIVES .................................................................. 4 2. GOALS 4 3. CORE FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................ 4 4. POLICY OUTCOME INDICATORS AND TARGETS ..................................... 5 5. EXPENDITURE TRENDS .................................................................................. 6 6. SUMMARY OF KEY ACHIEVEMENTS FOR 2017 ........................................ 7 PART B: BUDGET PROGRAMME SUMMARY…………………………….11 PROGRAMME 1: MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION ....................... 11 PROGRAMME 2: PARLIAMENTARY BUSINESS ............................................ 27 PROGRAMME 3: INFORMATION SUPPORT SERVICE .................................. 44 Parliament of Ghana Page iii 2.6.1 Budget by Chart of Account 6.1 - Programme, Sub-Programme and Natural Account Summary . Entity: 003 - Parliament of Ghana Funding: All Source of Funding Year: 2018|Currency: GH Cedi Version 1 2018
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Parliament in the Fight Against Corruption the Role of Parliament in the Fight Against Corruption Ghana
    The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Ghana Parliament’s Role In The Fight Against Corruption By DR. ALBERT KAN-DAPAAH Director of Centre for Public Accountability, University of Professional Studies, Accra Former Chairman, Public Accounts Committee, Parliament of Ghana Abstract In the late eighties and early nineties Ghana embarked on an agitation for Good Governance. We demanded: Human Rights, Media Freedom, Law and Order, Personal Liberties and Parliamentary Democracy. These were the governance challenges at the time. Today, we have achieved virtually all of these demands. Democracy is well planted in our dear country. Consequently, there has been a paradigm shift in our governance challenges, which includes ensuring financial accountability in the public sector. In broad terms, this paper discusses the role of Parliament as the key accountability institution in the fight against Corruption. It also examines the relevance of the Public Financial Management (PFM) system in the fight against corruption, and reveals that key accountability mechanisms are not allowed to operate in the budget cycle; and the specific oversight roles of parliament have not been performed effectively. The paper concludes with some solutions to the anomalies. 1This paper was prepared for the Institute of Economic Affairs, Accra, Ghana. The conclusions of this paper are those of the author. About Us CONTENTS 1.0 PFM and The Budget Cycle.................................................................................................6 2.0 The First Phase of the Budget Cycle....................................................................................7 The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) Ghana was founded in October 1989 as an independent public policy institute dedicated to the establishment and strengthening of 2.1 Recommendations...........................................................................................................10 a market economy and a democratic, free and open society.
    [Show full text]