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The Greater Accra Metropolitan Area Draft Air Quality Management Plan

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The Greater Accra Metropolitan Area Draft Air Quality Management Plan JULY 2018 August 2018 The Greater Accra Metropolitan Areas Air Quality Management Plan ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GHANA 1 ISBN 978-9988-2-8509-8 Environmental Protection Agency First Published 2018 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.0 AQMP DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Proposed Source-Specific and Ambient Air Quality Standards ........................................ 9 2.2 Stakeholder Engagement in the AQMP Development Process ...................................... 10 2.3 Status of the GAMA Air Quality Network ....................................................................... 12 2.4 AQMP Development: Analytic Steps ............................................................................... 16 3.0 SUMMARY OF THE AIR QUALITY BASELINE CHARACTERIZATION .................................................. 18 3.1 Emission sources .............................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Expected emission trends ................................................................................................ 20 3.3 Ambient air quality .......................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Health implications of the baseline air quality scenario ................................................ 25 3.5 Capacity Assessment ........................................................................................................ 27 4.0 GAPS AND ISSUES ........................................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Enhancing AQ monitoring capabilities ............................................................................ 30 4.2 Outline of Emissions Inventory ........................................................................................ 30 4.3 Access to laboratory facilities .......................................................................................... 31 4.4 Access to suitable air pollution health-related data ....................................................... 32 5.0 OVERALL OBJECTIVE AND GOALS OF THE GAMA AQMP ............................................................... 33 6.0 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ............................................................................................................... 34 7.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................... 44 References: .............................................................................................................................. 46 Appendix 1: Motor Vehicle Emission Standards (Published, 2018) ....................................... 48 Appendix 2: Draft Air Quality Standards (AQS) .................................................................... 53 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: History of Air Quality Monitoring Efforts in Ghana and Accra ................................................... 13 Table 2: Growth of access to electricity in Ghana, 1990-2012 ................................................................... 20 Table 3: Estimated annual average PM2.5 concentrations in 2015 at EPA Ghana monitor sites ............... 22 Table 4: Air Quality Index Results by Monitor Location updated to 2016 ................................................ 22 Table 5: Average source contributions (%) to PM2.5 mass concentrations in the Ashaiman district ........ 25 Table 6: Estimates of premature mortality associated with particulate matter exposure in the Greater Accra Region for 2015, 2020, & 2030 ......................................................................................................... 26 Table 7: Estimates of reductions in premature mortality associated with implementation of the AQMP in the Greater Accra Region for 2020 and 2030 ............................................................................................. 27 Table 8: Available Air Quality Management Information .......................................................................... 28 Table 9: GOAL 1: AMBIENT CONC. OF AIR POLLUTANTS COMPLY WITH THE NEW AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD & REGULATIONS (FOR PM10. PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3) IN THE GREATER ACCRA REGION AS A RESULT OF EMISSION REDUCTIONS ........................................................................................................ 35 Table 10: GOAL 2: COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AQMP ......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Table 11: Goal 3: Air Quality Management In The Greater Accra Region Is Supported By Effective Systems And Tools ..................................................................................................................................... 40 Table 12: GOAL 4: AIR QUALITY DECISION -MAKING IS INFORMED BY SOUND RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Table 13: Goal 5: Knowledge and Understanding amongst Decision-Makers, Stakeholders, And The General Public In The Greater Accra Region Is Enhanced ......................................................................... 43 4 LISTOF FIGURES Figure 1: Goal 5: Knowledge And Understanding Amongst Decision-Makers, Stakeholders, And The General Public In The Greater Accra Region Is Enhanced ............................................................................ 8 Figure 2: Goal 5: Knowledge And Understanding Amongst Decision-Makers, Stakeholders, And The General Public In The Greater Accra Region Is Enhanced .......................................................................... 15 Figure 3: Air Quality Monitoring Sites by Land Use Category (As of May 2015)ity Monitoring Sites by Land Use Category (As of May 2015) ................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 4: Particulate Matter by Source for non-Harmattan and Harmattan Month Readings .................... 24 .Figure 5: Schematic of the Air Quality Management Planning Process .................................................... 44 5 Executive Summary Indoor and outdoor pollution are currently the most significant environmental contributors to premature death in Africa, outpacing that of malaria and HIV. Yet for many African government, addressing air pollution is not a pressing concern. According to present knowledge, one in eight of today’s global deaths is a result of exposure to air pollution - either (outdoor) ambient air pollution (AAP) or (indoor) household air pollution (WHO (2014a, 2014b), jointly causing around 7 million deaths per year. The estimated economic cost of these deaths is greater than that caused by unsafe sanitation or underweight children. Over 45,000 African children under the age of 5 die annually due to air pollution (2012), which is one of the highest regional child mortality rates in the world. Estimates of the economic cost to Africa of indoor and outdoor air pollution approach $250 billion annually (Roy, 2016). The growing rural-urban migration and increase in population being experienced in Ghana, is likely to outpace and challenge the already inadequate infrastructure that exists to manage pollution. The cities of Accra and Tema host most of the country’s industries, some of which are aged and high emitting. The vehicle fleet of Ghana is also increasing, with the current population of registered vehicles as of February 2017 standing at approximately 2.1 million (DVLA data). The Greater Accra Metropolitan area (GAMA) has the highest number of registered vehicles of about 1.2 million (59% of the national fleet). These activities, including settlement issues, if not addressed holistically could pose serious risk to ambient air quality and public health in the Greater Accra Region In the Greater Accra Region, EPA Ghana estimates that in 2015, 2,800 lives were lost due to the effects of air pollution. This number is projected to increase to approximately 4,600 by 2030 if no action is taken to reduce current and projected future levels of air pollution. Implementing this air quality management plan, can reduce that number by 430 each year. Additional negative health outcomes associated with air pollution, such as asthma cases and missed school and work days, can be reduced as well. EPA Ghana developed this comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) for the GAMA and Greater Accra Region as the next step in addressing these problems. This plan complements the National Development Planning Commission that seeks to encourage the Local Government to take up the developmental challenges of their jurisdiction and improve the lives of citizens. Key features of this plan include: Baseline air quality characterization and projected emission trends Health burden estimates Source-specific and ambient air quality standards Air quality monitoring network Detailed implementation plan EPA Ghana expects to update this plan again in five
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