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Revista Iberoamericana De Argumentación Revista Iberoamericana de Argumentación Director Luis Vega Do Arguers Dream of Logical Standards? Secretaria Arguers’ dialectic vs. Arguments’ dialectic Paula Olmos HUBERT MARRAUD Departamento de Lingüística general, Lenguas modernas, Lógica y filosofía de la ciencia, Teoría de la Edición Digital literatura y literatura comparada Roberto Feltrero Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid [email protected] RESUMEN ABSTRACT Hay dos concepciones básicas de la There are two main conceptions of dialéctica. Puede referirse al arte de la dialectic. It can be conceived of as the art controversia o del debate, con of controversy or debate, with confrontation confrontación de opiniones y de of opinions and hence of arguers. The argumentadores. La dialéctica así focus of dialectics thus understood is the entendida se centra en las reglas y conventional rules and procedures procedimientos convencionales que rigen governing such confrontations. This is what esas confrontaciones. Es lo que llamo I call arguers’ dialectic. But dialectic can “dialéctica argumentativa”. La dialéctica also mean the study of the oppositions también puede referirse al estudio de las between arguments. This conception is oposiciones entre argumentos. Esta historically linked to the notion of argument concepción presupone un concepto strength, and can also be defined as the comparativo de argumento convincente, y study of argument strength. The aim of puede definirse como el estudio de la arguments’ dialectics is to develop fuerza de los argumentos. El propósito de standards and criteria for comparing and esta “dialéctica argumental” es desarrollar assessing the relative strength of estándares y criterios para comparar y arguments. The distinction between evaluar la fuerza relativa de los arguers’ dialectics and arguments’ argumentos. La distinción entre dialéctica dialectics has implications for the overall argumentativa y dialéctica argumental organization of the field of argumentation afecta a la organización del campo de la studies, for it forces us to reconsider the teoría de la argumentación y obliga a demarcation of the three classical reconsiderar la demarcación de las tres perspectives on argumentation in terms of perspectivas clásicas en términos de sus their objects. objetos de estudio. PALABRAS CLAVE: dialéctica, KEYWORDS: argument appraisal, evaluación de argumentos, lógica, dialectics, logic, perspectives on argument. perspectivas sobre la argumentación. Artículo recibido el: 20-04-2015 Artículo aceptado el: 04-07-2015 Copyright© Hubert MARRAUD Se permite el uso, copia y distribución de este artículo si se hace de manera literal y completa (incluidas las referencias a la Revista Iberoamericana de Argumentación), sin fines comerciales y se respeta al autor adjuntando esta nota. El texto completo de esta licencia está disponible en: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/es/legalcode.es RIA 10 (2015): 1-18 Revista Digital de Acceso Abierto http://e-spacio.uned.es/ojs/index.php/RIA ISSN: 2172-8801 Editada por el Departamento de Lógica, Historia y Filosofía de la Ciencia 2. Do arguers dream of logical standards? H. MARRAUD 1. LOGIC, DIALECTIC AND RHETORIC Argumentation theory emerged with the integration of the rhetorical, logical and dialectical perspectives. Today, our understanding of the main perspectives on argumentation derives from Wenzel’s three Ps principle: the rhetorical perspective understands and evaluates arguing as a natural process of persuasive communication; the dialectical perspective understands and evaluates arguing as a procedure or cooperative method for making critical decisions; and the logical perspective understands and evaluates arguments as products that people create when arguing. The tripartition of the theory of argumentation into logic, dialectic and rhetoric may be simplistic and even unfair, since it leaves out some important perspectives on argument, as the socio-institutional one emphasized by Luis Vega and the linguistic one that is dominant in the French-speaking area. However I will adopt it as my starting point. Wenzel explains the differences between the three classical perspectives on argumentation through a series of elements: theoretical and practical purposes, general scope and interests, conceptions of the argumentative situation or context, the resources employed or used, applied standards of evaluation, and the envisioned roles or arguers. Table 1 summarizes Wenzel’s description of logic, dialectic and rhetoric. Luis Vega gives a slightly different characterization, on the basis of six aspects: subject matter, focus of interest, categories of appraisal, paradigm of argumentation, notion of fallacy and preferred image of argumentation (cfr. Vega 2013, pp.107-108). Table 2 shows Vega’s account. According to Wenzel, rhetoric deals with arguing as a natural process of communication. The practical purpose of those processes is persuasion, and the subject of rhetoric are the many different ways people try to influence one another‘s beliefs, values and actions using language and other symbolic means. Rhetoric focuses on the symbolic means of persuasion and evaluates them by their effectiveness to achieve the communicational end of the process of argumentation. To characterize rhetorical situation Wenzel quotes Kenneth Burke: “Wherever there is persuasion, there is rhetoric. And wherever there is ‘meaning’ there is persuasion”. Thus rhetorical situations emerge naturally or better spontaneously –i.e., not consciously or deliberately– from human communication. Revista Iberoamericana de Argumentación 10 (2015): 1-18 3. Do arguers dream of logical standards? H. MARRAUD Rhetoric Dialectic Logic General statement: Understand and Understand and Understand and evaluate arguing as a evaluate argumentation evaluate arguments helps us to… natural process of as a cooperative as products people persuasive method for making create when they communication critical decisions argue Practical purposes Persuasion Organize discussions to Judge the merits of produce good decisions particular arguments Theoretical purposes How people influence Rationale for principles Standards and criteria one another through and procedures used to used to distinguish language and other organize argumentative sound arguments from symbolic means of interactions for critical unsound ones expression purposes General scope and Arguing among people Methods used by Arguments as focus as a natural people and institutions intellectual communication in order to bring the constructions offered process. natural processes of for acceptance. arguing under Symbolic means by deliberate control. In its theoretical form which people try to studies the standards influence one another’s Rules, attitudes and by which to evaluate beliefs behaviors that promote arguments. In its critical decision-making practical form involves the application of those standards to judge specific arguments; it is a method of criticism Object of study Argument overtly [Wenzel does not Argument expressed specify] reconstructed for the purpose of evaluation Conception of Natural Consciously planned or It is a retrospective argumentative situation designed; characterized viewpoint; re-situation by the existence of of an argument in a procedural rules to context where it can control a discussion be evaluated with respect to form, substance and function Resources employed or Discursive techniques Designs or plans for Methods for examined allowing us to induce conducting critical reconstructing or to increase the discussions arguments to facilitate mind’s adherence to criticism and the the thesis presented critical standards for its assent themselves Revista Iberoamericana de Argumentación 10 (2015): 1-18 4. Do arguers dream of logical standards? H. MARRAUD Standard of evaluation Good arguing consists Good argumentation A good argument is What is a good in the production of consists in the one in which a clearly argument? discourse that systematic organization stated claim is effectively helps of interaction so as to supported by members of a social produce the best acceptable, relevant group to solve possible decisions and sufficient problems or make evidence decisions Table 1. Rhetoric, dialectic and logic in “Three Perspectives on Argument”. Rhetoric Dialactic Logic Subject Processes ≈ Procedures ≈ Products ≈ textual processes of interactive and arguments communication and dynamic argumentation interpersonal influence with the purpose of persuading or deterring Focus Resources and Rules of debate Structure of strategies of personal argumentation interaction Categories of appraisal Eficient/Unefficient Appropiate/unapropiate Valid/invalid or Sound/unsound Paradigm Convincing discourse Rational discussion Conclusive proof Notion of fallacy Dramatic presentation Violation of the code Failed or fraudulent proof Image Interaction distortion, Fight Building manipulation Table 2. Rhetoric, dialectic and logic in La fauna de las falacias. Wenzel identifies dialectic with a method, system or procedure for regulating interpersonal discussions, even if it acknowledges that the term has also other senses. The existence of procedural rules to control a discussion is the distinctive feature of dialectic; from this Wenzel goes on to conclude that dialectical situations are “consciously planned or designed” (1990, p.18). Hence dialectic focuses on the rules, Revista Iberoamericana de Argumentación 10 (2015): 1-18 5.
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