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Conservation Review of the Longnose Dace Rhinichthys Cataractae (Valenciennes) in Northwestern Illinois

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Conservation Review of the Longnose Dace Rhinichthys Cataractae (Valenciennes) in Northwestern Illinois Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science received 3/21/11 (2012) Volume 105, #1&2, pp. 57-64 accepted 1/30/12 Conservation Review of the Longnose Dace Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) in Northwestern Illinois Jeremy S. Tiemann1*, Christopher A. Taylor1, and Jason Knouft2 1Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820 2St. Louis University, Department of Biology 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103 *Correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT The longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) is a small, elongated, slightly dorsoventrally compressed minnow that possesses the widest distribution of any North American cyprinid. In Illinois, it is considered rare and currently is known from streams in the Wisconsin Driftless Area and the shoreline of Lake Michigan and some of its tributaries. We examined the distribution, population status, and habitat requirements of R. cataractae in the Wisconsin Driftless Area in Illinois. The dace was collected at 12 of 33 sites sampled, and catch-per-unit-effort (number of individuals per hour collecting) varied from 0.8-52 per site. It was found most often in gravel/cobble riffles in small- to medium-sized streams. Although its range is limited in Illinois, the dace is locally abun- dant in several basins and we feel it does not warrant listing at this time. Key Words: Longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae, Wisconsin Driftless area, endangered species INTRODUCTION The longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) is a slightly dorsoventrally compressed minnow (Cyprinidae) with a long fleshy snout. The species can reach 15 cm in length (Smith, 1979; Becker, 1983) and possesses the widest distribution of any North American minnow, generally occurring in areas above 40ºN (Page and Burr, 1991). Rhinichthys cataractae is distributed from north of the Arctic Circle south to the Appala- chian Mountains and west to the Rocky Mountains. Individuals occupy gravel/cobble riffles in small- to medium-sized cool-water streams and in wave swept shallows of the Great Lakes. In Illinois, the species is considered rare (Smith, 1979) and has been found only in a few of the streams of the Wisconsin Driftless Area (e.g., Menominee, Little Menominee, Sinsinawa, and Plum river basins) in Jo Daviess and Carroll counties, along the shores of Lake Michigan and in a few streams that feed into the Lake in Cook and Lake counties. Records also exist from Union County but the dace is considered extir- pated from southern Illinois (Smith, 1979). 58 58 While R. cataractae has been a known component of the Illinois fish fauna since 1884 (Forbes, 1884), little is known about its range and habitat preferences in the Wisconsin Driftless Area of the state. The species was reported to be “very rare” in inland waters by both Forbes and Richardson (1920) and Smith (1979). To address these uncertainties, we conducted the first targeted status survey of R. cataractae in northwestern Illinois. The objectives of our study were to 1) gather distribution and abundance data for the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board to assist in listing decisions under the Illinois Endangered Species Act; 2) provide valuable natural history data (e.g., habitat require- ments) on one of Illinois’ rarest fishes; and 3) use geographic information systems to determine if geologic, hydrologic, or landscape variables can predict the distribution of R. cataractae. Such data can assist natural resource agencies in determining geographic regions that may hold the highest potential for long-term protection of the longnose dace. METHODOLOGY Fish sampling – Thirty-three sites were sampled in streams within the Wisconsin Drift- less Area (Table 1; Fig. 1) from 18 June 2008 – 18 June 2009. Sites were selected based on either historical records for R. cataractae or habitat characteristics (e.g., gravel/cobble riffles in small- to medium-sized cool-water streams) that looked suitable for the dace. Historical records were defined as collection locations from unpublished literature (e.g., internal reports from Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Western Illinois Univer- sity, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) or locations for which vouchered specimens exist at a museum. Of the 12 fish collections contacted, only three (Field Museum of Natural History [FMNH], Chicago; Illinois Natural History Survey [INHS] Fish Collection, Champaign; Milwaukee Public Museum [MPM], Milwaukee) had records from our study area. At most sites, fishes were collected for 45 minutes using a barge electro-shocker set at 200 volts; however, a few sites were too small to accommodate the barge and therefore were sampled using a 3.05 m minnow seine for 45 minutes. Fishes were identified, counted, and released upon completion of sampling at a site, and at least one dace was vouchered from each site and deposited in the INHS Fish Collection. Four historical sites (Table 2) were not visited because access could not be gained or R. cataractae had been collected at the site within the past five years. Geographic Information Systems – The potential distribution of R. cataractae was pre- dicted using georeferenced locality data, GIS environmental layers, and the Maxent spe- cies distribution algorithm (Phillips et al., 2006). Maxent is a general-purpose machine learning approach to modeling of species distributions using presence-only data (Phillips et al., 2006). Maxent predicts potential distribution of a species by estimating probability distribution of maximum entropy across a specified region, subject to a set of constraints that represent incomplete information about the target distribution (Phillips et al., 2006). Locality data across the range of R. cataractae in Illinois was integrated with landcover and physical GIS data to predict potential areas of occurrence in the state. GIS data included measures of elevation, slope, flow accumulation, drift thickness, and landcover characteristics (e.g., riparian forest density). The predicted distribution of R. cataractae was then compared to sites not containing the species to further explore the importance of abiotic and biotic factors regulating the distribution and presence of R. cataractae. 59 RESULTS Distribution and population status – Rhinichthys cataractae was collected at 12 of the 33 sites sampled, and catch-per-unit-effort (standardized by number of individuals collected per hour of collecting effort) varied from 0.8-52 per site (Table 1). The species was col- lected throughout the Menominee, Little Menominee, Sinsinawa, and Plum river basins and in two sites in the Galena River basin (Fig. 1). The species was most often collected in areas with swift flows over gravel/cobble riffles with depths ranging from 0.1-0.5 m. Even though there are unconfirmed records available (e.g., internal reports from Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Western Illinois University, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), we failed to collect R. cataractae in the Apple or Rock river basins and voucher specimens do not exist for this species in these basins. We believe the dace does not occur in the Apple or Rock river basins and all records have been based on misidentified blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus. However, we cannot rule out that R. cataractae might have possibly become extirpated in these basins. Geographic Information Systems – Fish localities were evenly divided for development and testing during Maxent species distribution model generation. The Maxent model pro- duced a significant prediction of the distribution of R. cataractae across the study area (AUC = 0.742, P = 0.041). Landcover classification (66.3%) and flow accumulation (33.6%) contributed 99.9% of the explanatory power of the model prediction, suggesting these two variables are of primary importance in predicting presence of the species. Finally, the distribution model generated for R. cataractae was tested using sites where no dace were collected. In this case, the Maxent model was not able to predict areas with- out R. cataractae (AUC = 0.635, P = 0.092). This result suggests sites where the fish was absent in our collections do not contain suitable habitat for R. cataractae based on the GIS data sets used to generate the models. DISCUSSION Rhinichthys cataractae appears stable in Illinois. Our field survey found the species at a total of 12 sites (Table 1). Of those sites, four were ones at which the species had been previously collected and eight were new. Of the eight new sites, two were in the Galena River drainage. These two records represent the first vouchered records for the species in this drainage in Illinois. While population sizes in the Galena River drainage sites were small (<1.5 individuals per hour), habitat at those sites was identical to that found at other locations with larger populations. Further work will be needed in the Galena River drain- age to determine if significant population changes are occurring. Habitat at sites containing R. cataractae was relatively uniform. The species was always found in areas with moderate to strong flow and substrates of clean, cobble sized (0.1-0.3 m diameter) rocks. There was variation in stream width (8-20 m) and water depth (0.1- 0.5 m) among sites. The results of the Maxent species distribution models suggest presence of R. cataractae can be predicted by landscape-level variables, particularly flow accumulation (essentially a measure of how far downstream the species occurs) and riparian landcover type. The dace primarily was found at sites with upland forest (41.7% of sites) and rural grassland 60 60 (25.0% of sites) riparian landcover classifications and in more upstream locations within drainage basins. These habitat characteristics are consistent with those reported for the species from across its range (Smith, 1979; Becker, 1983; Aadland, 1993; Goldstein, 2009). With the exception of the two Galena River drainage populations discussed above and one Carroll Creek site located in Mt. Carroll, longnose dace were relatively common in suitable habitat at most sampling sites (Table 1).
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