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Bangladesh Summary Sheet B Ngladesh Riverbank Erosion March 21

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Bangladesh Summary Sheet B Ngladesh Riverbank Erosion March 21 DISASTER FUND BANGLADESH SUMMARY SHEET B NGLADESH RIVERBANK EROSION MARCH 21. 2019 uring the monsoon, extensive riverbank spills and O1 HUMANITARIAN & riverbank erosion are typical. Riverbank erosion RIVERBANK EROSION OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS mainly occurs due to the braided nature of rivers Eroded roads are likely to make accessing affected people difficult and Din Bangladesh, and is further aggravated by heavy rain- increase the time taken to reach affected areas. As affected population fall, particularly upstream, and increased water flow. Most becomes scattered, it may be difficult to locate beneficiaries. Limited recently, due to climate change, the rate of riverbank information is available on further constraints to access. Due to the erosion has drastically increased, resulting in sudden col- sudden onset nature of this particular erosion, the road situation may lapse of riverbanks and devastation of whole Unions and change rapidly during the time of planning operations. Upazilas. Every year, riverbank erosion leads to millions of people O2 ANTICIPATED IMPACT being affected as it results in damage and loss of crops, cattle, housing structures, and farmland. Additionally, it The process of erosion is highly unpredictable and losses due to river erodes away public infrastructure and communication erosion occur slowly and gradually. Riverbank erosion has disastrous systems. The unpredictable shifting behavior of the rivers socio-economic effects. It is seen as one of the major causes of national and their encroachments not only affect the rural flood- poverty in Bangladesh. The degree of economic loss and vulnerability of plain population but also the urban growth centers and the population, due to riverbank erosion, has dramatically increased in infrastructures. recent years as an effect of climate change speeding up rates of erosion. Though riverbank erosion takes place all year around, at different in- According to the Bangladesh Water Development Board tensities, it is most likely to occur between June and September, during (BWDB) the most erosion prone districts are Bogra, Sira- the monsoon season. jganj, Kurigram, Lalmonirhat, Gaibandha and Rangpur, in the country’s north, and Chandpur, Manikganj, Rajbari SHELTER AND NFIS Shariatpur, and Faridpur in Dhaka zone, with Tangail and Displacement is the immediate impact of riverbank erosion. Many people Jamalpur in Mymensingh zone, and the coastal areas of are unable to shift their houses and household items due to sudden Patuakhali. The most erosion prone area in Bangladesh is collapse of land in the river. Among those whose shelters end up falling into the Sirajganj, which faced a total land erosion at a rate of river, as the riverbanks are pushed further back, only a few people are able to find 622.2 ha, according to a CEGIS study in 2009 (Unnayan new shelters while others become homeless for an uncertain period. Onneshan 2012). People often migrate to nearby areas at first and then move further away or mi- grate to Bogra (the largest nearby centre in the north of Bangladesh) or the urban Bank lines of the Padma River are particularly unstable. Source: Bangladesh Water Development Board 2017 centres of Dhaka and Chittagong (Unnayan). The Padma is wide with major erosion occurring along the left bank near Harirampur upazila of Manikganj district, Along with shelters, people lose basic commodities such as cooking facilities and l l l METHODOLOGY utensils, measures of prevention for vector borne diseases (such as mosquito where an acute erosion problem exists (Banglapedia nets), as well as other necessities. It is important to support the affected popu- This Briefing Note has been produced by Start Fund Bangladesh and has 29/01/2015). Most recently, the right bank of the Padma lation with these necessities in order to prevent longer term illnesses such as been prepared using an ACAPS approved methodology. The note aims to has also come under threat of extreme erosion, particu- understand the overall riverbank erosion situation in Bangladesh; and to malnutrition or vector borne diseases. Additionally, the loss of cloths is likely to larly in Naria upazila of Shariatpur district. inform Start Fund Bangladesh members and relevant stakeholders. The impact women and girls substantially, as it affects their dignity. note is based on a review of all secondary data available to analysts by date. The Start Fund Bangladesh thanks all those who have contributed HEALTH to the note and welcomes additional information that could complement a possible update of this report. The public health needs of the affected population increase. Those who have been displaced may end up living under open sky without access FUND BANGLADESH B NGLADESH RIVERBANK EROSION KEY CHARACTERISTICS KEY INDICATORS BOGRA SIRAJGANJ KURIGRAM LALMONIRHAT GAIBANDHA PATUAKHALI RANGPUR CHANDPUR MANIKGANJ RAJBARI FARIDPUR SHARIATPUR TANGAIL JAMALPUR Population density/km² 1040 842 720 894 981 454 1101 1333 929 851 847 933 975 1037 (2011) Female population 1,689,428 1,546,121 1,058,831 627,300 1,210,128 782,413 1,435,785 1,270,187 716,508 529,779 970,724 596,749 1,846,386 1,163,950 Male population 1,699,892 1,551,368 1,010,442 628,799 1,169,127 753,441 1,438,907 1,145,831 676,359 519,999 942,245 559,075 1,751,731 1,128,741 % Average source of 92.02 94.33 95.81 95.59 93.04 94.86 95.40 85.15 92.10 95.21 93.81 95 92.64 95.21 drinking water tube well (2011) % Average non-sanitary 20.86 29.16 29.68 31.93 41.11 23.32 34.63 24.84 24.90 17.27 16.88 13.67 29.76 36.52 toilet facilities (2011) % Severely underweight 7.4 8.8 9.6 8.7 9.0 7.9 8.1 9.6 8.2 7.7 8.0 8.7 8.3 9.7 children (2016) % Disability rates 1.51 1.58 1.53 1.67 1.98 1.62 1.6 1.93 1.48 1.63 1.6 1.33 1.44 1.42 Sources: National statistical systems, Global Population Statistics, UNFPA country profiles, Population Stats, CIA World Factbook, WHO country statistics, World Bank Databank. to safe drinking water, or adequate sanitary systems. If health facilities are dam- as diarrhoea, skin infections, and stomach problems. Women and girls often control EDUCATION aged due to riverbank erosion, the remaining health services are most likely to their food and water intake in order to avoid having to use unsegregated WASH be overwhelmed. facilities or resorting to open defecation. This raises further health concerns. Disasters often hinder children from going to school. Regular non- attendance enhances the risk of eventual dropout. In some cases, FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS Up to 53% of the coastal region suffers from saline intrusion in surface water, depending on location, riverbank erosion can lead to damage to schools building making it difficult to access quality drinking water (Haque 2006). Therefore, in and consequently a loss of learning materials. Riverbank erosions often cause loss of crops, seeds and agricultural land, the coastal areas of Patuakhali, loss of drinking water sources pose as a health which may affect the quality and quantity of the harvest and exacerbate risk to those affected. food insecurity. Furthermore, people often lose their food stocks in cases of sudden collapse of structures. Many are inclined to sell their stored grains to be able to move their houses away from the riverbank to prevent further loss of assets. PROTECTION IMPACT ON CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Displaced children are vulnerable to exploitation, abuse and violation Subsequently, livelihoods are also disrupted, as there is a loss of income oppor- Unstable riverbanks are a threat to the development of critical infra- if they are taking shelter with strangers, or found separated or alone. tunities. Riverbank erosion causes setback for village agriculture and affects the structure, like the proposed Padma Bridge, which is essential for the crop income of vulnerable people. Farmland may be eroded, which increases the development of the entire south-western region of the country. Critical NUTRITION vulnerability of those impacted. Along with the loss of their shelter, they struggle infrastructure such as schools and health clinics may be situated in high- to cope with the loss of their livelihood. Due to the inundation of lands and fodder, In light of the high pre-existing rates of malnutrition across the coun- risk areas, and are at risk of damage or loss unless mitigation work is people may also be in need of animal feed to prevent further losses of animals try, the nutrition situation could easily and quickly deteriorate after undertaken. as their livestock is essential to the provision of livelihoods. Most environment- a disaster and, particularly, increase the vulnerability of children under 5. When Similarly, damage to electricity lines may disrupt everyday life in induced refugees turn mainly into labourers or rickshaw pullers. However, eradi- farmland is eroded, food crops are destroyed and may result in less access to di- affected areas, and disconnect them. In the past few years, nearly 12- cation of roads may cause rickshaws and other vehicular operations to become versified nutritious food leading to inadequate energy and micronutrient intake kilometers of electricity line was damaged in Naria upazila, Shariatpur obsolete. A large proportion of the victims remain unemployed due to lack of (KI, Nutrition cluster, 2014). work opportunities. District, due to riverbank erosion. Due to the risk of damages, the Erosion may not directly and immediately impact nutrition, but it may create situa- Palli Bidyut Samity removed its poles from the areas. As a result, the WASH tions that increase vulnerability and can lead to a rise in under nutrition, made worse disruption-affected area had been separated from electrical facilities.
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