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Describing Scour with Sediment Characteristics and Macroinfaunal Assemblages

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Describing Scour with Sediment Characteristics and Macroinfaunal Assemblages Describing scour with sediment characteristics and macroinfaunal assemblages - A case study at the Joskär shipwreck University of Helsinki Master’s programme in Environmental Change and Global Sustainability Master’s thesis 4/2021 Lassi Karvonen Tiedekunta - Fakultet - Faculty Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Tekijä - Författare - Author Lassi Karvonen Työn nimi - Arbetets titel - Title Describing scour with sediment characteristics and macroinfaunal assemblages – A case study at Joskär shipwreck Oppiaine - Läroämne - Subject Environmental Change Työn laji/ Ohjaaja - Arbetets art/Handledare - Level/Instructor Aika - Datum - Month and year Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - Number of pages Master’s Thesis / PhD Ari Ruuskanen 4/2021 60 pp. Tiivistelmä - Referat – Abstract As water flow encounters an object on the sea floor, its hydrodynamics change. Accelerated currents and vortices develop around the object with changing intensity as a function of distance from its proximity. This leads to erosion and aggradation of sediment, known as scour. Studies focusing on formation processes of scour often involve locating visible scour sites by sonar scanning the geomorphology of the seafloor. However, the effects of scour on macroinfauna and small-scale sediment characteristics are not visible in sonar images. In this Master’s thesis, scour at a shipwreck of a timber-built historic sailing ship, the Joskär shipwreck, was first identified by scanning the study area with side-scan sonar, and by measuring water depth contours around the shipwreck by scuba diving. Sediment samples were then taken inside the area assumed to be under the most pressure from scour. Samples from three separate distances on two transects drawn outwards from the hull of the shipwreck were collected and analysed for sediment grain size, organic content, and species assemblages of macroinfauna. In addition, macrofauna were analysed for individual lengths, number of individuals, diversity index, and functional groups. All samples were collected with a core tube sampler operated by a scuba diver. The methods used in this Master’s thesis widen the concept of scour past the sole physical processes observable with sonar to a more holistic level that considers the quality of biological, geological, and chemical characteristics of the benthic environment. The results of the present Master’s thesis show that the quality of the sediment near Joskär shipwreck varies within a relatively small scale. Organic content of the sediment was the most potent descriptor of scour at the study site, exhibiting a consistent decreasing trend as distance to the shipwreck increased on both sampled transects. Sediment grain size became finer as distance to the shipwreck increased. However, compared to grain size, based on visual observations of the sediment samples, shell debris content of the sediment could possibly act as a better measure of presence of scour. The variability of characteristics of macroinfaunal communities as a function of distance from Joskär shipwreck was not a viable tool to describe the presence of scour, as no consistent trends of the variables were observed. As no control site was included in the study design, the characteristics of the benthic environment inside the scour around Joskär shipwreck could not be compared to the seafloor unaffected by scour. Further research could reveal possible variation between these distinct habitats, and that way produce valuable indicators of scour. The hypothesis in the present thesis was that macroinfaunal assemblages and sediment characteristics would exhibit variation between the sampling sites as a function of distance from the shipwreck. The observed trends of sediment characteristics validated a part of the hypothesis, showcasing the utility of sediment characteristics in describing scour at Joskär shipwreck. However, a part of the hypothesis was rejected, as no consistent trends of macroinfaunal features were present. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords: scour, infauna, sediment, organic content, grain size, shipwreck, Baltic Sea Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited: University of Helsinki MuitaViikki tietoja Campus - Övriga Library uppgifter - Additional information Tiedekunta - Fakultet - Faculty Bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tiedekunta Tekijä - Författare – Author Lassi Karvonen Työn nimi - Arbetets titel –Title Veden virtauksesta aiheutuneiden merenpohjan muutosten kuvailu sedimentin ominaisuuksien ja pohjaeläinyhteisöjen avulla – Tapaustutkimus Joskärin hylyllä Oppiaine - Läroämne - Subject Ympäristömuutos Työn laji/ Ohjaaja - Arbetets art/Handledare - Level/Instructor Aika - Datum - Month and year Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - Number of Maisterintutkielma/ FT Ari Ruuskanen 4/2021 pages: 60 Tiivistelmä - Referat – Abstract Veden virtauksen kohdatessa merenpohjassa olevan objektin, virtauksen dynamiikka muuttuu. Veden liike kiihtyy, minkä seurauksena merenpohjassa olevan objektin ympärille muodsostuu pyörteitä. Virtausten intensiteetti vaihtelee etäisyyden muuttuessa suhteessa pohjassa olevaan objektiin. Vaihteleva virtauksen intensiteetti aiheuttaa sedimentin eroosiota, mikä havaitaan veden virtauksesta aiheutuneina merenpohjan topologisina muutoksina (engl. scour). Virtausten muokkaamaan merenpohjaan keskittyvät tutkimukset kuvailevat virtausten aikaansaamaa vaikutusaluetta usein ainoastaan kaikuluotaimilla. Veden virtauksen aiheuttamien mutosten vaikutus pohjaeläinyhteisöihin ja pienimittakaavaisiin sedimentin ominaisuuksiin ei kuitenkaan tallennu kaikuluotaimien tuottamiin kuviin merenpohjan geomorfologiasta. Tässä maisterintutkielmassa Joskärin historiallisen puurunkoisen purjealuksen hylyn ympärillä olevia virtausten aiheuttamia pohjan muutoksia kuvattiin ensin viistokaikuluotaamalla ja määrittämällä merenpohjan syvyys sukeltamalla. Tämän jälkeen sedimenttinäytteitä kerättiin alueelta, jonka oletettiin olevan suurimman virtausten luoman vaikutuksen alaisuudessa. Näytteitä otettiin kolmen eri etäisyyden päästä hylystä, kahden identtisen hylystä poispäin vedetyn linjan varrelta. Näytteistä analysoitiin orgaanisen aineen pitoisuus, sedimentin raekoko, ja pohjaeläinyhteisöjen lajikoostumus. Pohjaeläinyhteisöistä määritettiin lisäksi yksilömäärät, yksilöpituudet, diversiteetti-indeksi, ja funktionaaliset ryhmät. Kaikki näytteet kerättiin putkinoutimella sukeltajan toimesta. Tässä maisterintutkielmassa hyödynnettyjen menetelmien välityksellä käsitys veden virtausten vaikutuksesta merenpohjan ominaisuuksiin laajeni kaikuluotaimen tuottamasta geomorfologisesta tiedosta kokonaisvaltaisemmalle tasolle, jossa otetaan pohjanmuotojen lisäksi huomioon sedimentin biologiset, geologiset ja kemialliset ominaisuudet. Tämän maisterintutkielman tulokset näyttävät sedimentin ominaisuuksien vaihtelevan Joskärin hylyn ympäristössä suhteellisen pienellä mittakaavalla. Sedimentin orgaanisen aineen pitoisuus oli tehokkain veden virrtausten ja pohjalla olevan objektin aiheuttamien muutosten osoittava ominaisuus Joskärin hylyllä. Sen pitoisuus ilmensi johdonmukaisesti vähenevän kehityssuunnan molemmilla näytteenottolinjoilla etäisyyden hylkyyn kasvaessa. Sedimentin raekoko muuttui hienommaksi kauempana hylystä, mutta sedimenttinäytteiden visuaalisen tarkastelun perusteella sedimentissä olevan kuolleen simpukankuoriaineksen määrä voisi mahdollisesti toimia raekokoa parempana virtausten ja pohjalla olevan objektin aiheuttaman pohjanmuutoksen ilmentäjänä. Pohjaeläinyhteisöjen ominaisuuksien vaihtelu etäisyyden funktiona ei ole toimiva virtausten aiheuttamien muutosten ilmentäjä Joskärin hylyllä, sillä johdonmukaisia vuorovaikutussuhteita pohjaeläinyhteisöjen ominaisuuksien ja hylyn etäisyyden välillä ei paikannettu. Koska tutkimussuunnitelmaan ei sisällytetty kontrollinäytteitä, Joskärin hylkyä ympäröivän vedenvirtauksen vaikutusalueen ominaisuuksia ei voitu verrata tutkimusalueen ulkopuolisen pohjan ominaisuuksiin. Jatkotutkimuksilla voitaisiin selvittää mahdolliset eroavaisuudet virtausten ja pohjalla olevan objektin vaikutusalueen sedimenttien sekä vaikutusalueen ulkopuolella olevien sedimenttien välillä. Tämän tutkielman hypoteesina pohjaeläinyhteisöjen sekä sedimentin ominaisuuksien oletettiin vaihtelevan etäisyyden funktiona Joskärin hylystä. Sedimentin ominaisuuksien ilmentämät johdonmukaiset kehityssuunnat suhteessa etäisyyteen hylystä varmistavat osan hypoteesista todeksi, mikä vahvistaa sedimentin ominaisuuksien käyttöarvoa veden virtauksen aiheuttamien muutosten ilmentämisessä Joskärin hylyllä. Osa hypoteesista kuitenkin hylätään, sillä pohjaeläinyhteisöjen ominaisuuksia tutkittaessa johdonmukaisia kehityssuuntia ei löytynyt. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords: scour, infauna, sedimentti, orgaaninen aines, raekoko, hylky, Itämeri Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited: Helsingin yliopisto Muita tietoja - Övriga uppgifter - Additional information Table of Contents 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Scour ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Sediment characteristics ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Infauna .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Baltic Sea .............................................................................................................................
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