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Growth of Bifidobacteria in Mammalian Milk

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Growth of Bifidobacteria in Mammalian Milk Czech J. Anim. Sci., 58, 2013 (3): 99–105 Original Paper Growth of bifidobacteria in mammalian milk Š. Ročková1, V. Rada1, J. Havlík1, R. Švejstil1, E. Vlková1, V. Bunešová1, K. Janda2, I. Profousová3,4 1Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 2Department of General Husbandry and Ethology of Animals, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 3Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic 4Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic ABSTRACT: Microbial colonization of the mammalian intestine begins at birth, when from a sterile state a newborn infant is exposed to an external environment rich in various bacterial species. An important group of intestinal bacteria comprises bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria represent major intestinal microbiota during the breast-feeding period. Animal milk contains all crucial nutrients for babies’ intestinal microflora. The aim of our work was to test the influence of different mammalian milk on the growth of bifidobacteria. The growth of seven strains of bifidobacteria in human milk, the colostrum of swine, cow’s milk, sheep’s milk, and rabbit’s milk was tested. Good growth accompanied by the production of lactic acid was observed not only in human milk, but also in the other kinds of milk in all three strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum of different origin. Human milk selectively supported the production of lactic acid of human bifidobacterial isolates, especially the Bifidobacterium bifidum species. The promotion of bifidobacteria by milk is species- specific. Human milk contains a key factor for the growth of specific species or strains of human-origin bifidobacteria compared to other kinds of milk. In contrast, some components (maybe lysozyme) of human milk inhibited the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis. Animal-origin strains of bifidobacteria were not able to significantly grow even in milk of animal origin, with the exception of B. animalis subsp. lactis 1,2, which slightly grew in sheep’s milk. Keywords: human milk; colostrum of swine; cow’s milk; sheep’s milk; rabbit’s milk; lysozyme In normal conditions the mammalian gastro- Mountzouris and Gibson, 2003). The dominating intestinal tract at birth is sterile. Since the birth, group of bacteria in the intestinal tract of breast-fed microorganisms coming from the environment newborns comprises bifidobacteria. Mammalian start colonizing the intestinal tract of the young. milk promotes the development of favourable The development of intestinal microflora depends intestinal bacteria that can protect the intestinal on numerous factors, such as the type of birth, tract from the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. environmental contamination, sanitary conditions, Mammalian milk is a heterogeneous complex of and the geographical distribution of bacterial spe- biological substances such as saccharides, mainly cies (Mackie et al., 1999; Orrhage and Nord, 1999; oligosaccharides, amino acids, essential nutrients, Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (Project No. QJ1210093). 99 Original Paper Czech J. Anim. Sci., 58, 2013 (3): 99–105 vitamins, and minerals, all of which promoting MATERIAL AND METHODS the development of gastrointestinal microflora in the newborn during the first few days of its life. Bacterial strains There are multiple variances between human and other kinds of mammalian milk. Human milk is The list of bifidobacterial strains used is shown in richer than cow’s milk especially in the content of Table 1. Three strains (2 B. bifidum and 1 B. longum) prebiotic oligosaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and were isolated from infant faeces. Two strains of antimicrobial compounds. Proteins found in human B. animalis were isolated from fermented milk milk (lactoferrin, haptocorrin, immunoglobulins, products. The remaining two strains were isolated lactoperoxidase, and lysozyme) protect the infants from commercial probiotic products. All strains against infectious diseases (Lönnerdal, 2003). For were isolated and identified using biochemical tests instance, the levels of lysozyme naturally present and PCR, as described by Vlková et al. (2005). The in the milk of dairy animals are 1600–3000 times subcultivation of bifidobacteria was performed in lower than those in human milk (up to 400 mg/l) Wilkins-Chalgren broth supplemented with 5 g/l (Chandan et al., 1968). Lysozyme is an enzyme of soya peptone. Strains were stored in Wilkins- which catalyzes the cleavage of the glycosidic Chalgren broth supplemented with soya peptone linkage in peptidoglycan, the main component of and glycerol (20% v/v) at –20°C. the cell walls of bacteria (Phillips, 1966). It also contributes to the stimulation of beneficial gut microflora and maturation of the intestinal tract Growth of bifidobacteria in milk (Lönnerdal, 2003). Other milk components that make human milk The human milk sample was obtained from the unique are prebiotic oligosaccharides, the third Institute for the Care of Mother and Child (Prague, largest solid group of milk components after lac- Czech Republic). The donor mother had delivered tose and lipids. Each kind of mammalian milk her child three months previously. The animal kinds possesses different oligosaccharide contents and of milk (Holstein breed) were sourced from the structures. Colostrum of humans and mature hu- Experimental Cowshed Station of the Czech Uni- man milk contains 22~24 g/l and 12~13 g/l of versity of Life Sciences Prague. Milk samples were oligosaccharides, respectively. Human milk oligo- pasteurized (62.5°C for 30 min), and then cooled saccharides have a far more complicated structure in a water bath in order to kill pathogenic micro- (Newburg and Neubauer, 1995; Kunz et al., 2000) organisms but with minimal loss to the product’s than oligosacharides in other mammalian milk; for intrinsic resistance factors and biologically active instance, bovine milk normally contains 1–2 g/l compounds (Packard, 1982; Ewaschuk et al., 2011). of free saccharides other than lactose but larger The bifidobacteria in the milk samples were amounts occur in the colostrum of cattle (Davis et cultivated and enumerated as described by Rada al., 1983). The role of individual oligosaccharides et al. (2010). Briefly: bifidobacteria grown at 37°C in mammalian milk has not been fully investigated for 24 h in Wilkins–Chalgren broth (Oxoid, Bas- yet, particularly in the case of non-human oligo- ingstoke, UK) were centrifuged (6000 g for 5 min), saccharides. Besides their bifidogenic effect, they the supernatant was discarded, bacterial cells were are also perceived as the soluble receptor analogs flushed with saline and then finally re-suspended that inhibit the attachment of pathogenic bacteria, in the saline to be prepared for bacterial suspen- viruses, and bacterial toxins to the mucosa of the sion (approximately 107 CFU/ml). The microtiter colon of newborns (Newburg et al., 2005). plate (Gama Group, Trhové Sviny, Czech Republic) In our previous study, the growth of different spe- contained 100 µl of milk sample, and each hole cies of bifidobacteria in human milk was tested and was inoculated with bifidobacterial suspension significant differences were discovered (Rockova et containing approximately 107 CFU/ml. After in- al., 2011). The aim of the present work was to test cubation, the pH and lactic acid were determined the influence of different kinds of animal milk on by Reflektoquant equipment (Merck, Darmstadt, the growth of bifidobacteria. In our previous re- Germany). Following cultivation, bifidobacteria search, the resistance of bifidobacteria to lysozyme were evaluated using TPY agar modified by add- was tested and, therefore, the content of lysozyme ing mupirocin (100 mg/l) and acetic acid (1 ml/l), in animal and human milk was tested, too. according to Rada and Petr (2000). 100 Czech J. Anim. Sci., 58, 2013 (3): 99–105 Original Paper Determination of lysozyme in milk samples Reader (TECAN, Durham, USA) at 450 nm. Exact levels were obtained from a standard curve using The human milk samples were collected from purified human lysozyme. 35 mothers and obtained from the Institute for The lysozyme content in all samples of milk was the Care of Mother and Child (Prague, Czech also determined using the agar plate (lyso-plate) Republic). The donors were mothers 10 ± 4 weeks technique (Osserman and Lawlor, 1966). after delivery. The samples of the macaque milk (Macaca mulatta) came from the Biotest (Konáro- vice, Czech Republic). Other animal milks were Statistical analyses obtained from Experimental Cowshed Station of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. All STATGRAPHICS Centurion XV.II software (Ver- milk samples were frozen immediately after col- sion 15.2.05, 2007) was used to perform analyses lection and stored at –30°C until used. Samples of variance with Duncan’s multiple range tests at a were thawed at 40°C in a water bath and homo- confidence level of 95% for the differences among genized immediately before analysis. The lysozyme bifidobacterial counts and pH values for all experi- content in human milk was determined using the mental groups. The significance of the contents of ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) lysozyme in milks was tested by a Student’s t-test. Kit (Biomedical Technologies
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