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Ludwig Von Mises E As Organizações Libertárias: Lições Estratégicas* MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy Law and Economics, Vol

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Ludwig Von Mises E As Organizações Libertárias: Lições Estratégicas* MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy Law and Economics, Vol MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy Law and Economics ISSN: 2318-0811 ISSN: 2594-9187 Instituto Ludwig von Mises - Brasil Hülsmann, Jörg Guido Ludwig von Mises e as Organizações Libertárias: Lições Estratégicas* MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy Law and Economics, vol. 4, núm. 1, 2016, Janeiro-Junho, pp. 161-181 Instituto Ludwig von Mises - Brasil DOI: 10.30800/mises.2016.v4.833 Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=586364159011 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Redalyc Mais informações do artigo Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina e do Caribe, Espanha e Portugal Site da revista em redalyc.org Sem fins lucrativos acadêmica projeto, desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa acesso aberto MISES: Revista Interdisciplinar de Filosofia, Direito e Economia ISSN 2318-0811 Volume IV, Número 1 (Edição 7) Janeiro-Junho 2016: 161-181 Ludwig von Mises e as Organizações Libertárias: Lições Estratégicas* Jörg Guido Hülsmann** Resumo: O autor apresenta a história do envolvimento de Ludwig von Mises em or- ganizações em prol da liberdade, desde a defesa do livre comércio nos anos 1920 até sua participação na fundação da Sociedade Mont Pèlerin em 1947. Dessa maneira, o autor ilustra o papel central desempenhado por Mises no desenvolvimento do pensa- mento liberal/libertário no século XX. Palavras-Chave: Ludwig von Mises. Liberalismo. Libertarianismo. Organizações li- bertárias. Ludwig von Mises and Libertarian Organisations: Strategic Lessons Abstract: The author presents the history of Ludwig von Mises’s participation in or- ganizations devoted to liberty, since his defense of free trade in the 1920’s until his participation in the foundation of Mont Pèlerin Society in 1947. Hence, the author il- lustrates the central role played by Mises in the development of the liberal/libertarian thought in the 20th century. Keywords: Ludwig von Mises. Liberalism. Libertarianism. Libertarian organizations. Classificação JEL: B31, B53. * Publicado originalmente em: New Perspectives on Political Economy. Vol. 8, Issue 1 (2012): 19-40. Traduzido do inglês para o português por Claudio A. Téllez-Zepeda. ** Jörg Guido Hülsmann é senior fellow no Mises Institute e autor de Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism e de The Ethics of Money Production. Leciona na França, na faculdade de Direito, Economia e Gestão da Université d’Angers. E-mail: [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.30800/mises.2016.v4.833 162 Ludwig von Mises e as Organizações Libertárias: Lições Estratégicas I - Introdução cia divina que ordena a ética e a justiça para o homem. No século XVI, então, a convicção de que havia critérios teológicos inabaláveis Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) se envol- para a arbitragem de conflitos políticos des- veu, em três diferentes momentos da vida, em moronou sob o impacto das insurreições pro- organizações libertárias: na década de 1920, testantes. Daí em diante, o debate se tornou foi membro de várias organizações defenso- cada vez mais secularizado e situado em ter- ras do livre comércio; em 1938, foi um parti- mos da prudência natural. Um produto inte- cipante proeminente do colóquio organizado lectual dessa abordagem foi a nova ciência da por Walter Lippmann (1889-1974) em Paris; Economia Política, que surgiu no século XVIII e, depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial, cola- e ofereceu o suporte científico para o liberalis- borou com a Foundation for Economic Edu- mo político. cation (FEE) de Leonard Read (1898-1983), O liberalismo clássico, no apogeu, carac- com a Libertarian Press de Frederick Nymeyer terizou-se por um grande número de econo- (1897-1981), e se tornou membro fundador da mistas inovadores que continuaram e amplia- Mont Pèlerin Society. Para posicionar sua in- ram os escritos dos fisiocratas franceses, de teração com essas organizações em contexto Adam Smith (1723-1790) e de David Ricardo histórico, começaremos por considerar breve- (1772-1823). Os escritos inspiraram um movi- mente como a produção acadêmica libertária mento internacional liberal clássico liderado era organizada no século XIX. Passaremos, por homens como Richard Cobden (1804- então, à defesa de Ludwig von Mises no sé- 1865) e John Bright (1811-1889) na Inglaterra, culo XX, primeiro caracterizando suas contri- Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) na França e John buições gerais à produção libertária e depois Prince-Smith (1809-1874) na Alemanha. Por discutindo seu envolvimento nas organiza- volta da década de 1860, esse movimento var- ções mencionadas. Concluiremos destacando reu os Estados Unidos e todos os países da a continuidade histórica entre Mises e os de- Europa Ocidental, incluindo a Alemanha. O fensores do laissez-faire no século XIX. ponto central de suas percepções era que as condições materiais da humanidade somen- te poderiam ser melhoradas pela produção e pela da troca, e qualquer coisa que estivesse II - Organização da produção no caminho da produção e do intercâmbio era acadêmica libertária no século XIX suscetível de ser abolida sem prejuízo para a sociedade. Assim, o governo só era justificá- vel à medida que prestasse os serviços que as A história política da civilização ociden- associações livres de particulares não podiam tal é, em grande medida, a história da batalha prestar. De acordo com Adam Smith e muitos entre os defensores do poder do governo – os outros, ele precisava proporcionar serviços intelectuais de corte – e os defensores da liber- policiais e militares, estradas, pontes e vias dade1. Para a maior parte da história ociden- marítimas, bem como todo um pacote do que tal, as linhas de frente nesta batalha não têm mais tarde seria chamado de bens públicos. De nenhuma relação com a economia. A defesa acordo com a escola francesa dos industrialis- da liberdade foi feita em termos da providên- tas no início do século XIX – Charles Comte (1782-1837), Charles Dunoyer (1786-1862) e outros –, o único papel do governo seria for- 1 ACTON, Lord. The History of Freedom. Grand Rapids: Acton Institute, 1993; ROTHBARD, Murray. necer serviços de segurança. Esperavam que An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic esse papel diminuísse constantemente como Thought. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2006. consequência do aumento da cultura huma- 2v. MISES: Revista Interdisciplinar de Filosofia, Direito e Economia Jörg Guido Hülsmann 163 na; o futuro utópico da civilização ocidental tagonistas eram homens ricos independentes; seria uma sociedade sem governo. Os pensa- não tinham de se curvar diante dos poderes dores mais radicais dentre os liberais clássicos existentes. Para difundir sua nova ciência, não viam razão alguma para justificar a exis- construíram uma série de instituições de pe- tência do governo. A seus olhos, a produção quena escala que variava desde redes soltas de segurança poderia ser confiada a empresas de contatos literários e pessoais, passando por privadas, assim como todos os demais ramos periódicos e revistas acadêmicas até campa- da produção. Nas famosas palavras de Gusta- nhas políticas mais ou menos organizadas e ve de Molinari (1819-1912): “Ou isso é lógico e associações de livre comércio4. verdadeiro, ou os princípios sobre os quais a ciên- O livre mercado de ideias foi decisivo 2 cia econômica está baseada são inválidos” . para a vitória arrebatadora que os liberais Em suma, a agenda liberal clássica visava clássicos alcançaram em meados do século a uma redução mais ou menos dramática do XIX. Por volta dos anos 1860, o establishment papel do governo e, por volta da na década de político e intelectual de todos os países oci- 1850, essa agenda se tornou explícita. Os pen- dentais percebeu o avanço liberal como uma sadores mais corajosos – homens como Gusta- ameaça mortal à sua posição, e com razão. Os ve de Molinari, Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), governos do Ancien Régime [Antigo Regime] Max Stirner (1806-1856) e Paul Émile de Puydt haviam estabelecido uma resposta estratégica (1810-1891) – chegaram a conquistar o respeito baseada em dois pilares: por um lado, surgiu pelo empreendimento intelectual de pensar a uma coalizão antiliberal entre o establishment respeito de uma sociedade sem Estado3. conservador e o nascente movimento socialis- 5 Os economistas do liberalismo clássico ta ; por outro lado, a criação de um mercado foram, em grande parte, impedidos de en- para economistas profissionais com o objetivo trar nas instituições públicas tradicionais de de controlar o mercado de ideias. Os governos ensino superior, que cultivavam o raciocínio começaram a criar um grande número de cá- nos moldes antigos a respeito das questões tedras de Economia Política em suas univer- políticas sob o controle do governo. Isso não sidades e a preencher a maioria desses novos era uma grande desvantagem naqueles dias, cargos com estadistas convincentes. Especu- porque, de qualquer maneira, havia poucos laram que a autoridade venerável das univer- economistas empregados publicamente. A sidades superaria a autoridade dos pioneiros competição das teorias econômicas e das pro- postas de políticas ocorreu em um mercado 4 Por exemplo, o jornal Censeur Européen, dos anos verdadeiramente livre para ideias. Seus pro- 1820 e 1830, gerenciado por Charles Dunoyer, Charles Comte e Augustin Thierry (1795-1856); a Anti-Corn Law League [Liga Contra as Leis de Cereais], fundada 2 MOLINARI, Gustave de. The Production of Securyti. em 1838 por Richard Cobden e John Bright; o jornal Trad. J. McCulloch. New York: Centre for Libertarian Libre Échange, fundado por Frédéric Bastiat, em 1844; Studies, 1977. p. 3. [Em língua portuguesa a obra está e o Kongress Deutscher Volkswirte [Congresso dos disponível na seguinte edição: MOLINARI, Gustave Economistas Alemães] fundado em 1863, do qual de. Da Produção de Segurança. Pref. Murray N. dentre os membros se destacam os nomes de John Rothbard; Trad. Erick Vasconcelos. São Paulo: Instituto Prince-Smith, Wilhelm Adolf Lette (1799-1868), Franz Ludwig von Mises Brasil, 2014. p. 21. (N. E.)] Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch (1808-1883), Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim (1819-1880), Julius Faucher 3 Ver: MOLINARI, Gustave de. “De la production (1820-1878), Karl Braun (1822-1893), Max Wirth (1822- dela sécurité”.
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