Chapter 14 Group 14 Elements

Occurrence, extraction and uses Physical Properties Elements Hydrides, halides, carbides, hydroxides, oxoacids Silicones Sulfides

1 Relative abundances of the group 14 elements in the Earth’s crust. • Data are on a logarithmic scan and units of abundance are ppm.

Occurrence

Extraction

Uses

http://www.abrasivediamond.com/

2 Uses of natural graphite in the US in 2009.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activated_Carbon.jpg http://www.koenigsegg.com/models/ccxr/

The declining use of leaded fuels in motor vehicles.

3 Physical properties of the group 14 elements, M, and their ions.

Physical properties of the group 14 elements, M, and their ions.

4 Experimental covalent bond enthalpy terms (kJ mol1)

C-C bonds are strong

Si-Si double bond Si-Si triple bond

mes =

5 -graphite proposed structure of CFn for n = 1

Allotropes element's atoms are bonded together in a different manner

6 Structure of the fullerene C60; the approximately spherical molecule is composed of fused 5- and 6-membered rings of carbon atoms.

Structure of C70

7 Halogenation reactions of C60

C60Br24 C60F18 C60Cl30

8 +

structure of C62(C6H4-4-Me)2

K3C60 and Rb3C60

9 tetraidecahedral dodecahedral

share a pentagonal face

Methane hydrates

Boiling points of the straight-chain silanes, SinH2n2, and hydrocarbons CnH2n2.

Synthesis:

10 Representative reactions of SiH3Cl

[Sn ]4- 9 3- [Ge9]

Zintl ions

Example preparation

Na in liquid NH3 2,2,2-crypt in Sn NaSn1.0-1.7 1,2-ethanediamine [Na(crypt-222)]2[Sn5]

11 6 arachno-[Sn8] Rb4Li2Sn8

6 [(Ge9)2]

12 [Sn12]

Wade’s Rules

6- [(Ge9)3]

12 2 4 [Pt@Pb12] [Pd2@Ge18]

Stabilization of large cage Zintl phases with an interstitial atom.

Selected physical properties of the carbon and silicon tetrahalides.

Propose a method to dry halogenated solvents (e.g. CCl4)

13 CFCs

2  [SiF6] [SiF5]

2 trans-[SiCl2(MeIm)4]

14 Halides of tin

  [SnCl2F] [Sn2F5]

4 6 [Pb3I10] [Pb5I16]

15 Selected properties of CO and CO2

Selected low-temperature baths involving dry ice.†

16 Transition temperatures between polymorphs of SiO2

Ionic radii of selected ions involved in silicates

17 Silicates

8 12 [Si8O20] [Si12O30]

18 Part of one of the double chains of general formula 6n [Si4O11]n present in the mineral tremolite

H-ZSM-5 zeolite is typical of a zeolite in possessing cavities which can accommodate guest molecules.

19 Two views (a) from the side and (b) from above of a part of one layer of the SnO and red PbO lattices. Colour code: Sn, Pb, brown; O, red.

• Part of the network structure of Pb3O4 (i.e. 2PbO PbO2) showing the (IV) interconnected chains of octahedral {Pb O6}-units and trigonal pyramidal (II) {Pb O3}-units. Colour code: Pb, brown; O, red.

20 Selected properties of ES2 (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn).

21