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Periodontal, Metabolic, and Cardiovascular Disease Pteridines 2018; 29: 124–163 Research Article Open Access Hina Makkar, Mark A. Reynolds#, Abhishek Wadhawan, Aline Dagdag, Anwar T. Merchant#, Teodor T. Postolache*# Periodontal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disease: Exploring the role of inflammation and mental health Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 The First Decade (1964-1972) https://doi.org/10.1515/pteridines-2018-0013 receivedResearch September Article 13, 2018; accepted October 10, 2018. List of abbreviations Abstract: Previous evidence connects periodontal AAP: American Academy of Periodontology Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder disease, a modifiable condition affecting a majority of AGEs: Advanced glycation end products Americans,What withIs So metabolic Different and cardiovascular About morbidity AgP: Aggressive periodontitis and mortality. This review focuses on the likely mediation AHA: American Heart Association ofNeuroenhancement? these associations by immune activation and their anti-CL: Anti-cardiolipin potentialWas istinteractions so anders with mental am Neuroenhancement?illness. Future anti-oxLDL: Anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein longitudinal, and ideally interventional studies, should AP: Acute periodontitis focus on reciprocal interactions and cascading effects, as ASCVD: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease wellPharmacological as points for effective and Mentalpreventative Self-transformation and therapeutic C. pneumoniae in Ethic : Chlamydia pneumoniae interventionsComparison across diagnostic domains to reduce CAL: Clinical attachment loss morbidity,Pharmakologische mortality and improve und mentale quality of Selbstveränderung life. CBVD: imCerebrovascular disease ethischen Vergleich CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Keywords: Periodontitis; metabolic syndrome; CIMT: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness cardiovascularhttps://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 disease; mental illness; inflammation. CHD: Coronary heart disease received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published onlineCI: July Confidence 12, 2014 intervals CRP: C-reactive protein Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the CVD: Cardiovascular disease *Correspondingreference to author: the arguments Teodor T. Postolache: developed Mood around and Anxiety 1900. The main investigation also CVE: Cerebrovascular event Program,includes Department the period of Psychiatry, between the University entry intoof Maryland force and the presentation in its current School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Rocky Mountain COX: Cyclooxygenase version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), DM: Diabetes mellitus VeteransKeywords: Integrated Function, Service transmission, Network (VISN) 19,investigation, Military and Veteran principal, FPL: period Federal poverty level Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), GCF: Gingival crevicular fluid Denver, CO 80220, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and ClinicalDedicated Center to (MIRECC),Paul Placeholder Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) GOHAI: General Oral Health Assessment Index 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c E-mail: [email protected] HDL: High-density lipoprotein Hina Makkar, Abhishek Wadhawan, Aline Dagdag: Mood and Anxiety HR: Hazard ratio Program,1 Studies Department ofand Psychiatry, Investigations University of Maryland School of HSPs: Heat-shock proteins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA IDDM: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus MarkThe A. main Reynolds: investigation Department alsoof Advanced includes Oral theSciences period & between the entry into force and IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma Therapeutics,the presentation University in of itsMaryland current School version. of Dentistry, Their Baltimore, function as part of the literary por- MD 21201, USA Ig: Immunoglobulin trayal and narrative technique. Abhishek Wadhawan: Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Psychiatry Residency IHD: Ischemic heart disease Training Program, Washington, DC 20032, USA IL-: Interleukin Anwar T. Merchant: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein Arnold*Max School Musterman: of Public Institute Health, of University Marine Biology, of South NationalCarolina, Taiwan Columbia, Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol SCRoad 29208, Keelung USA 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] #Drs.Paul Reynolds, Placeholder: Merchant Institute and Postolacheof Marine Biology, contributed National equally Taiwan and Ocean University,LPS: Lipopolysaccharide 2 Pei-Ning shareRoad senior Keelung authorship. 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Open Open Access.Access. © © 2017 2018 Mustermann Hina Makkar and Placeholder, et al., published published by by De De Gruyter. Gruyter. ThisThis work work is is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivativeslicensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 4.0 License. The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Dedicated to Paul Placeholder 1 Studies and Investigations The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. Periodontal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disease: Exploring the role of inflammation and mental health 125 MI: Myocardial infarction in response to oral bacterial plaque and biofilm formation. MetS: Metabolic syndrome The two primary periodontal diseases are gingivitis and MMPs: Matrix metalloproteinases periodontitis. Gingivitis is characterized by inflammation NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination of the gingiva that is reversible (with proper oral hygiene) Survey and without evidence of periodontal breakdown NS: Non-surgical [1-3]. Over time, untreated gingivitis can progress to OHIP: Oral Health Impact Profile-14 destructive periodontitis [4]. Periodontitis, in contrast, OHQoL: Oral health-related quality of life is characterized by gingival inflammation that spreads OR: Odds ratio beyond the gingiva, resulting in the irreversible ox-LDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein breakdown of the connective tissue attachment to the root, P. gingivalis: Porphyromonas gingivalis and alveolar bone resorption in a susceptible person [3]. PAD: Peripheral arterial disease Progressive destruction of connective tissue attachment PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and alveolar bone resorption results in apical migration PAF: Platelet-activating factor of the gingival epithelium and pocket formation. Over PAVE: Post AV Nodal Ablation Evaluation time, untreated periodontitis can result in progressive PPD: Periodontal probing depth destruction of the periodontium, resulting in tooth RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products mobility, decreased masticatory function, and eventual RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B tooth loss [5]. ligand Over 700 different strains of bacteria have been ROS: Reactive oxygen species identified in the human oral cavity, with distinct RR: Relative risk subsets often predominating in different habitats, S. sanguis: Streptococcus sanguis which among others, include teeth and periodontal SG: Surgical sulcus. Streptococcus sanguis (S. sanguis), Streptococcus S+EMD: Surgical plus enamel matrix protein derivative oralis, Actinomyces odontolyticus and Actinomyces Th: T-helper naeslundii typically colonize the supragingival areas TNF: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha of the tooth [6-8]. In contrast, Streptococcus sanguis, t-PA: Tissue plasminogen activator Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces US: United States odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, and Fusobacterium vLDL: very low-density lipoprotein nucleatum frequently colonize subgingival sulcus [8, 9]. vWF: von Willebrand factor In the presence of chronic inflammation, an increase WHO: World Health Organization
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