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Title Studies on Peat in the Coastal Plains of Sumatra and Borneo : Part Studies on Peat in the Coastal Plains of Sumatra and Borneo : Title Part I Physiography and Geomorphology of the Coastal Plains Author(s) Supiandi, Sabiham Citation 東南アジア研究 (1988), 26(3): 308-335 Issue Date 1988-12 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/56338 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Soutlutast Asian Studies, Vol. 26, No.3, December 1988 Studies on Peat in the Coastal Plains of Sumatra and Borneo Part I: Physiography and Geomorphology of the Coastal Plains SUPIANDI Sabiham* Abstract The physiography and geomorphology of the coastal plains in Jambi and South Kalimantan were studied with the aim of describing the recent sediments deposited there. For this purpose, borings were made along transects from inland to the coast to a depth of up to 6 meters. The results of these studies indicate the presence of five physiographic regions and fifteen geomorphic units in the coastal plain of Jambi. In the coastal plain of South Kalimantan, four physiographic regions and eleven geomorphic units were established. The landforms in both of these coastal plains were developed by peat and mineral soil deposits. These deposits started to accumulate during the Holocene period. In Jambi, peats situated in the ombrogenous peats zone, which sometimes exceed 6 meters in depth, have been deposited since the terrestrial soils on the Pleistocene terrace were transformed into fluviatile swampy soils to form the so-called peat-capped terrace. Peats on mangrove deposits situated in the riverine to brackish deposits zone were formed in later periods. In the brackish to marine deposits zone, the thin peats are very young. In South Kalimantan, peats situated in the riverine to brackish deposits zone have been deposited on mangrove deposits and on sand or gravel. I believe that the peat formation on sand or gravel is of the same age as the older peat in Jambi. and the physiography and geomorphology of recent sediments along the Batang Hari river in Introduction Jambi, Sumatra and the Barito river in South Since the 1930s, soil scientists have demon­ Kalimantan, Borneo. strated the presence of peats in the coastal The alluvial sediments in the coastal plains of plains of Insular Southeast Asia. However, the Jambi and South Kalimantan consist mostly of geomorphic process of peat development in the mineral materials containing plant debris de­ plains of Indonesian river basins was not clear, rived from former vegetation. As the vegeta­ and available data on landform development tion continues to grow, this plant debris be­ were limited. Therefore, I examined the peats comes buried by further remains of vegetation * Department of Soil Sciences, Bogor Agricultural and is stratified into horizons as peat deposits University, Bogor, Indonesia develop. In swampy depressions, peat deposits 308 SUPIANDI S. : Studies on Peat in the Coastal Plains of Sumatra and Borneo have gradually developed into thick, dome­ the collected data on the physiography and shaped formations of ombrogenous lowland geomorphology of the Sumatra and Kalimantan peat. The study of these peat deposits was coasts. divided into four parts, of which the results are presented in separate papers. Part one pre­ Field Studies and Sampling sents the physiography and geomorphology of the coastal plains in ]ambi, Sumatra and South Field study in the coastal plains of ]ambi was Kalimantan, Borneo. Part two describes the carried out along the Batang Hari river from clay mineral composition in order to differen­ October to November, 1983, and in South tiate the sediments which underlie the peat Kalimantan along the Barito river from August deposits. Part three is a micromorphological to September, 1985. Site maps of the study study of peats, which aims to characterize the area are illustrated in Fig. l. micromorphology of peats at varying stages of In ]ambi, field study was concentrated in the decomposition. Part four describes the floral Kumpeh, the Tanjung, the Dendang and the composition of peat in the coastal plains of Berbak Delta areas (Fig. 2). In the center of Brunei in order to study the vegetational the Kumpeh and Tanjung areas, dense forest change from the basal clay to the present-day still covers most of the deep peats. In the forest on the basis of pollen analysis. Dendang and the Berbak Delta areas, however, Part one, presented in this paper, discusses the land is used mainly for rice cultivation. Site Studied o 200 400 600 800 1000 '~;;;;;;;;I'=;;;;;;;;;:i';;;;:=:=:t:'=;:;;;;!;;;;'== km 950 1000 1050 1100 115 0 1200 A, Jambi; B, South Kalimantan; 1, Batang Hari river; 2, Barito river; _ Lowland peats Fig. 1 The Location of Study Areas 309 BERHAlA STRAIT R ~~~R1 ~~4-__152 GaK-11894.11895.11896 o 5, 10 15 20 1 . km •: Soil Sampling Site JA, Jambi; BA, Bangso; RP, Rantaupanjang; LD, Londerang; SI, Simpang; TB, Telukbuan; MS, Muarasabak; TM, Telukmajelis; KL, Kampung)aut; SR, Simburnaik; NP, Nipahpanjang Fig. 2 Field Study Area in the Coastal Plain of Jambi In South Kalimantan, field study was con­ tency and the depth of organic matter. ducted in the Pulau Petak Delta and the Marta­ Soil samples were collected from several pura areas (Fig. 3). The coastal plain in South profiles using gouge type augers and peat Kalimantan has almost entirely been exploited samplers, and wrapped up as core samples. for paddy growing. To study the vegetation types, specimens were In both of the study areas, soil borings were collected of the dominant species along the made along transects at intervals 0.5 to 2.0 km transects, and others were collected by H. to a depth of up to 6 meters. The soil prop­ Furukawa and Erizal from several observation erties observed were color, texture, consis- points. These specimens were identified by 310 SUPIANDI S. : Studies on Peat in the Coastal Plains of Swnatra and Borneo JAVA SEA o 5, 10; 15 20 25 km •: Soil Observation Site AT, Anjir Tamban (Tamban canal); AS, Anjir Sarapat; ATL,Anjir Talaran; BM, Banjannasin; MP, Martapura; RT, Rantau; KD, Kandangan; BA, Barabai; TA, Tanjung; AM, Amuntai; F, Folder of Alabio; NE, Negara; MAS, Margasari; MS, Mekarsari; PH, Pleihari; KI, Kintap; G, Gambut; ST, Sei Tabuk Fig. 3 Field Study Area in the Coastal Plain of South Kalimantan 311 staff of the Herbarium Bogoriense. 14C-datings were done at Gakushuin Uni­ Physiographic Regions of Coastal Plains versity, Tokyo (GaK) and the Radiation Center of Osaka Prefecture, Osaka (OR). Physiographic regions of study areas in the The degree of decomposition of peats was coastal plains of Jambi and South Kalimantan are ascertained by detennination of the humification delineated as shown in Fig. 4 and 5, respec­ degree [Kalla 1956]. A colorimetric method tively. They are based on the author's field based on the extraction of air-dried and ground observations, with supplementary information peat samples with 0.025 M Na-phyrophosphate from air photos and topographic maps. Based was used for this detennination. on the results of field observations, the phys- Berhala Strait MERATUS MOUNTAIN o 5 10 ! ! , km Java Sea o 10 20 km II Rd, Mineral Riverine Deposits Zone; Op, Ombrogenous Peats Zone; Bd, Riverine to Brackish Deposits Zone; Md, Brackish to Marine Deposits Zone; R, Remnant Hill ; F, Flooded Zone A, Bangso; B, Pulaumentaro; C, Rantaupanjang; A, Banjannasin; B, Sei Tabuk; C, Pembataan; D, Telukbuan; E, Simburnaik; F, Puding; G, D, Padangpanjang; E, Marabahan; F, Antaraya; Nipahpanjang; H, Lambur Luar G, Gambut T- la, Transects: from Bangso to Rantaupanjang; T-1, Transects: from Antaraya to the coast; T­ T-lb, from Rantaupanjang to Telukbuan; T-lc, 2, from Padangpanjang to Banjannasin from Lambur Luar to Simburnaik; T- 2, from Puding to Nipahpanjang Fig. 4 Physiographic Regions in the Coastal Plain Fig. 5 Physiographic Regions in the Coastal Plain of]ambi of South Kalimantan 312 SUPIANDI S. : Studies on Peat in the Coastal Plains of Sumatra and Borneo iographic regions of these plains are obviously species, because the local people have success­ related to the vegetation types, hydrography of fully exploited this area for coconut plantation main rivers, topography and human influence. and rice cultivation. RhizojJhora sp. normally Since the present vegetation was observed dominates the present mangrove forest. In along the transects, the observed patterns can the present beach forest, Avicennia sp. is be interpreted as being characteristic vegeta­ dominant. tion types. The present vegetation in the coastal In South Kalimantan only beach forest and plains of Jambi can be divided into five types: small areas of mangrove forest remain, which (i) freshwater-swamp forest, which occurs are dominated by Avicennia sp. and Rhizophora mainly near the rivers; (ii) peat-swamp forest, sp., respectively. In more open mangrove which normally starts about 2 to 5 km distance forest, the fern Acrostichum sp. may occur in from the rivers; (iii) riverine forest covering the undergrowth. On the levees along the river the levees along the rivers; (iv) present man­ estuaries, very few Sonneratia sp. sometimes grove forest; and (v) present beach forest with Nipa sp. were found. However, the covering the coastline. In the following discus­ freshwater-swamp and peat-swamp forests sion, only commonly occurring species are were already devastated. Likewise, the river­ mentioned in the characterization of these ine forests have almost completely disappeared, vegetation types. It cannot be ruled out that having been cleared for settlement. After the rare species are typical of certain vegetation completion of drainage canals, the soils types. gradually dry out, causing loss of peat and The freshwater-swamp forest is character­ release of sulfate acidity (pH oxidation!) 1), ized by Alstonia pneumatophora in the upper which eventually hamper crop growth. This is storey, and Antidesma spicatum in the under evidenced by the extensive areas of the storey.
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